Skip to main content

Full text of "Etymological geography"

See other formats 


UNIVERSITY  OF  TORONTO 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY 


\ 


ij 


etymological 

geograph 


By  C.  BLACKIE 


JVITII  AN  INTRODUCTION 

Bv  JOHN  STUART  BLACKIE 

PHOFKSSOR  OF  OMrr  „»,VERS,IV  OF  ED.NEORGH 


MlCROFOl^lMEDTr 


PkESEi 


\ y A i 


j. 


DATE... ^^6  1 4 1989 


LONDON 

DALDY,  ISBISTER,  & CO. 
s6,  LUDGATE  HILL 
1875 


PREFACE. 


The  Introduction,  by  which  the  present  work  is 
ushered  into  public  notice,  renders  any  lengthened 
Preface  on  my  part  quite  unnecessary.  Yet  I wish  to 
say  a few  words  with  regard  to  the  design  and  plan 
of  this  little  volume. 

The  subject,  though  no  doubt  possessing  a pecu- 
liar interest  to  the  general  reader,  and  especially  to 
tourists  in  these  travelling  days,  falls  naturally  under 
the  head  of  historical  and  geographical  instruction 
in  schools ; and  for  such  use  the  book  is,  in  the  first 
place,  specially  intended. 

When  I was  myself  one  of  a class  in  this  city  where 
geography  and  history  were  taught,  no  information 
connected  with  etymology  was  imparted  to  us.  We 
learned,  with  more  or  less  trouble  and  edification,  the 
names  of  countries,  towns,  &c.,  by  rote ; but  our 
teacher  did  not  ask  us  who  gave  the  names  to  these 
places,  nor  were  we  expected  to  inquire  or  to  know  if 
there  was  any  connection  between  their  names  and 


VI 


PREFACE. 


their  histories.  Things  are  changed  now;  and,  I 
believe,  the  first  stimulus  to  an  awakening  interest  in 
Geographical  Etymology  was  given  by  the  publica- 
tion of  the  Rev.  Isaac  Taylor’s  popular  work,  “ Words 
and  Places.”  About  ten  years  ago,  I found  that  the 
best  teachers  in  the  English  schools  of  this  city  did 
ask  questions  on  this  subject,  and  I discovered,  at  the 
same  time,  that  a book  specially  bearing  upon  it  was 
a desideratum  in  school  literature.  As  no  one  better 
qualified  came  forward,  I was  induced  to  make  the 
attempt ; and  I hope  the  following  pages,  the  result  of 
much  research  and  in  the  face  of  no  small  discourage- 
ment, may  prove  useful  to  teachers,  as  well  as  to  their 
pupils. 

The  index  at  the  end  of  the  volume,  although 
it  contains  many  names  not  included  in  the  body  of 
the  work,  does  by  no  means  include  all  that  I have 
given  there.  This  did  not  seem  necessary,  because, 
the  root  words  being  alphabetically  arranged,  an  in- 
telligent teacher  or  pupil  will  easily  find  the  key  to 
the  explanation  of  any  special  name  by  referring  to 
the  head  under  which  it  is  naturally  classed.  I must 
however  premise  that,  with  regard  to  names  derived 
from  the  Celtic  languages,  the  root  word  is  generally 
placed  at  the  beginning  of  the  name — that  is,  if  it 
contain  more  than  one  syllable.  This  is  the  case 
with  such  vocables  as  pen,  hen,  dun.  Us,  rath,  strath, 
&c. — e.g.  Lismore,  Benmore,  Dungarvan,  Strath- 


PREFACE. 


vii 

Allan.  On  the  other  hand,  in  names  derived  from 
the  Teutonic  or  Scandinavian  languages,  the  ro^ 
word  comes  last,  as  will  be  found  with  regard  to  ton, 
dale,  hurg,  herg,  stadt,  dorf,  ford.  See. 

The  index,  therefore,  may  be  expected  to  include 
principally  such  names  as,  either  through  corruption  or 
abbreviation,  have  materially  changed  their  form,  such 
as  are  formed  from  the  simple  root,  like  Fiirth,  Ennis, 
Delft,  or  such  as  contain  more  than  one,  as  in  Portrush, 
it  being  uncertain  under  which  head  I may  have  placed 
such  names.  Along  with  the  root  words,  called  by 
the  Germans  Grundworter,  I have  given  a number  of 
defining  words  [Bestimmungsw drier) — such  adjectives 
as  express  variety  in  colour,  form,  size.  See. 

It  is  to  be  regretted  that  many  names  have  neces- 
sarily been  omitted  from  ignorance  or  uncertainty 
with  regard  to  their  derivation.  This  is  the  case, 
unfortunately,  with  several  well-known  and  important 
towns — Glasgow,  Berlin,  Berne,  Madrid,  Paisley,  &c. 
With  regard  to  these  and  many  others,  I shall  be 
glad  to  receive  reliable  information. 

And  now  it  only  remains  for  me  to  express  my 
obligations  to  the  gentlemen  who  have  kindly  as- 
sisted me  in  this  work,  premising  that,  in  the 
departments  which  they  have  revised,  the  credit 
of  success  is  due  mainly  to  them ; while  I reserve  to 
myself  any  blame  which  may  be  deservedly  attached 
to  failures  or  omissions.  The  Celtic  portion  of  tny 


viii  PREFACE. 

proof-sheets  has  been  revised  by  Mr.  Skene,  the  well- 
known  Celtic  scholar  of  this  city,  and  by  Dr.  Joyce, 
author  of  “Irish  Names  of  Places.’^  I have  also  to 
thank  the  Rev.  Isaac  Taylor,  author  of  “ Words  and 
Places,”  for  the  help  and  encouragement  which  he 
has  given  me  from  time  to  time ; and  Mr.  Paterson, 
author  of  the  “ Magyars,”  for  valuable  information 
which  I received  from  him  regarding  the  topography 
of  Hungary.  I appreciate  the  assistance  given  me  by 
these  gentlemen  the  more,  that  it  did  not  proceed  from 
personal  friendship,  as  I was  an  entire  stranger  to  all 
of  them.  It  was  the  kindness  and  courtesy  of  the 
stronger  and  more  learned  to  one  weaker  and  less 
gifted  than  themselves  ; and  I beg  they  may  receive 
my  grateful  thanks,  along  with  the  little  volume 
which  has  been  so  much  their  debtor. 

C.  B. 


Edinburgh,  February,  1875. 


INTRODUCTION 


Among  the  branches  of  human  speculation  that,  in 
recent  times,  have  walked  out  of  the  misty  realm  of 
conjecture  into  the  firm  land  of  science,  and  from  the 
silent  chamber  of  the  student  into  the  breezy  fields 
of  public  life,  there  are  few  more  interesting  than 
Etymology.  For  as  words  are  the  common  counters, 
or  coins  rather,  with  which  we  mark  our  points  in 
all  the  business  and  all  the  sport  of  life,  any  man 
whose  curiosity  has  not  been  blunted  by  fami- 
liarity will  naturally  find  a pleasure  in  understanding 
what  the  image  and  superscription  on  these  markers 
mean  ; and  amongst  words  there  are  none  that  so 
powerfully  stimulate  this  curiosity  as  the  names  of 
persons  and  places.  About  these  the  intelligent 
interest  of  young  persons  is  often  prominently  mani- 
fested; and  it  is  a sad  thing  -when  parents  or  teachers, 
who  should  be  in  a position  to  gratify  this  interest, 
are  obliged  to  waive  an  eager  intelligence  aside,  and 
by  repeated  negations  to  repel  the  curiosity  which 
they  ought  to  have  encouraged.  Geography,  indeed 


X 


INTRODUCTION. 


a subject  full  of  interest  to  the  young  mind,  has  too 
often  been  taught  in  such  a way  as  neither  to  delight 
the  imagination  with  vivid  pictures,  nor  to  stimulate 
inquiry  by  a frequent  reference  to  the  history  of 
names ; and  this  is  an  evil  which,  if  found  to  a cer- 
tain extent  in  all  countries,  is  particularly  rank  in 
Great  Britain,  where  the  language  of  the  country  is 
composed  of  fragments  of  half-a-dozen  languages, 
which  only  the  learned  understand,  and  which,  to 
the  ear  of  the  many,  have  no  more  significance  than 
if  they  were  Hebrew  or  Coptic.  The  composite  struc- 
ture of  our  English  speech,  in  fact,  tends  to  conceal 
from  us  the  natural  organism  of  language  ; so  that  in 
our  case  it  requires  a special  training  to  make  us  fully 
aware  of  the  great  truth  announced  by  Horne  Tooke, 
that  “in  language  there  is  nothing  arbitrary.'*  Never- 
theless, the  curiosity  about  the  meaning  of  words, 
though  seldom  cherished,  is  not  easily  extinguished  ; 
and,  in  this  age  of  locomotion,  there  are  few  scraps  of 
information  more  grateful  to  the  intelligent  tourist 
than  those  which  relate  to  the  significance  of  topo- 
graphical names.  When,  for  instance,  the  London 
holiday-maker,  in  his  trip  to  the  West  Highlands, 
setting  foot  in  one  of  Mr.  Hutchinson’s  steamboats  at 
Oban,  on  his  way  to  the  historic  horrors  of  Glencoe, 
finds  on  his  larboard  side  a long,  low  island,  green 
and  treeless,  called  Lismore^  he  will  be  pleased,  no 
doubt,  at  first  by  simply  hearing  so  euphonious  a 


INTRODUCTION. 


XI 


word  in  a language  that  he  had  been  taught  to  believe 
was  harsh  and  barbarous,  but  will  be  transported  into 
an  altogether  different  region  of  intelligent  delight 
when  he  is  made  to  understand  that  this  island  is 
wholly  composed  of  a vein  of  limestone,  found 
only  here  in  the  midst  of  a wide  granitic  region 
skirted  with  trap ; that,  by  virtue  of  this  limestone, 
the  island,  though  treeless,  is  more  fertile  than  the 
surrounding  districts  ; and  that  for  this  reason  it  has 
received  the  Celtic  designation  of  Liosmor^  or  the 
great  garden.  Connected  with  this  etymology,  not 
only  is  the  topographical  name  made  to  speak  rea- 
sonably to  a reasonable  being,  but  it  contains  in  its 
bosom  a geological  fact,  and  an  ceconomical  issue, 
bound  together  by  a bond  of  association  the  most 
natural  and  the  most  permanent.  The  pleasant 
nature  of  the  intelligence  thus  awakened  leads  us 
naturally  to  lament  that,  except  to  those  who  are 
born  in  Celtic  districts  and  speak  the  Celtic  language, 
the  significance  of  so  many  of  our  most  common  topo- 
graphical names  in  the  most  interesting  districts  is 
practically  lost;  and  it  deserves  consideration  whether, 
in  our  English  and  classical  schools,  so  much  at  least 
of  the  original  speech  of  the  country  should  not  be 
taught  as  would  enable  the  intelligent  student  to 
know  the  meaning  of  the  local  names,  to  whose 
parrot-like  repetition  he  must  otherwise  be  con- 
demned. 


xii 


INTRODUCTION. 


Some  of  the  Celtic  words  habitually  used  in  the 
designation  of  places — such  as  Ben^  Glen,  Strathy  and 
Loch — have  been  incorporated  into  the  common  Eng- 
lish tongue ; and  the  addition  to  this  stock  is  not  very 
large,  which  would  enable  an  intelligent  traveller  to 
hang  the  points  of  his  picturesque  tour  on  a philological 
peg  that  would  most  materially  insure  both  their  dis- 
tinctness and  their  permanence.  Nay,  more;  the  germ 
of  appreciation  thus  begotten  might  lead  a sympathetic 
nature  easily  into  some  more  serious  occupation  with 
the  old  language  of  our  country  ; and  this  might  lead 
to  a discovery  full  of  pleasant  surprise,  that  in  the 
domain  of  words,  as  of  physical  growth,  the  brown 
moors,  when  examined,  often  produce  flowers  of  the 
most  choice  beauty  with  which  the  flush  of  the  most  cul- 
tivated gardens  cannot  compete,  and  that  a venerable 
branch  of  the  old  Indo-European  family  of  languages, 
generally  ignored  as  rude  and  unlettered,  is  rich  in  a 
popular  poetry,  as  fervid  in  passion,  and  as  healthy  in 
hue,  as  anything  that  Homer  or  Hesiod  ever  sang. 

In  the  realm  of  etymology,  as  everybody  now  knows, 
before  Bopp  and  Grimm,  and  other  great  scholars, 
laid  the  sure  foundation  of  comparative  philology  on 
the  principles  of  a philosophy,  as  all  true  philosophy 
is,  at  once  inductive  and  deductive,  the  license  of 
conjecture  played  a mad  part — a part,  it  is  only  too 
evident,  not  yet  fully  played  out — and  specially  raised 
such  a glamour  of  illusion  about  topographical  ety- 


INTRODUCTION. 


xiii 


mology,  that  the  theme  became  disgusting  to  all 
sober-minded  thinkers,  or  ludicrous,  as  the  humour 
might  be.  We  must,  therefore,  approach  this  subject 
with  a more  than  common  degree  of  caution,  anxious 
rather  to  be  instructed  in  what  is  solid,  than  to  be 
amazed  with  w^hat  is  ingenious.  It  shall  be  our 
endeavour  to  proceed  step  by  step  in  this  matter — 
patiently,  as  with  the  knowledge  that  our  foot  is  on 
the  brink  of  boggy  ground,  starting  from  obvious 
principles  given  by  the  constitution  of  the  human 
mind,  and  confirmed  by  a large  induction  of  unques- 
tioned facts. 

The  most  natural  and  obvious  reason  for  naming  a 
place  so-and-so  would  be  to  express  the  nature  of  the 
situation  by  its  most  striking  features,  with  the  double 
view  of  impressing  its  character  on  the  memory,  and 
conveying  to  persons  who  had  not  seen  it  an  idea  of 
its  peculiarity;  i.e,  the  most  obvious  and  natural  topo- 
graphical names  are  such  as  contain  condensed 
descriptions  or  rude  verbal  pictures  of  the  object. 
Thus  the  notion  of  the  highest  mountain  in  a district 
may  be  broadly  conveyed  by  simply  calling  it  the 
Mg  mounts  or,  according  to  the  order  of  words 
current  in  the  Celtic  languages,  mount  Mg ; which  is 
exactly  what  we  find  in  Benmore,  from  mor^  big,  the 
name  of  several  of  the  highest  mountains  in  the 
Highlands  of  Scotland,  specially  of  one  in  the  south 
of  Perthshire,  near  Killin,  of  another  in  Mull,  the 


XIV 


INTRODUCTION. 


highest  trap  mountain  in  Scotland,  and  a third  in 
Assynt.  Again,  to  mark  the  very  prooninent  feature 
of  mountains  elevated  considerably  above  the  normal 
height,  that  they  are  covered  with  snow  all  the  year 
round,  we  find  Lebanon,  in  the  north  of  Palestine, 
named  from  the  Hebrew  lehaUy  white ; Mont  Blanc, 
in  Switzerland,  in  the  same  way  from  an  old  Teutonic 
word  signifying  the  same  thing,  which  found  its  way 
into  Italian  and  the  other  Romanesque  languages, 
fairly  ousting  the  Latin  albus ; Olympus,  from  the 
Greek  Aa/x7rojaat,  to  shine ; the  Schneekoppe,  in  Silesia, 
from  schnee^  snow,  and  koppe,  what  we  call  kip  in  the 
Lowland  topography  of  Scotland,  i,e.  a pointed  hill, 
the  same  radically  as  the  Latin  caputy  the  head.  In 
the  same  fashion  one  of  the  modern  names  of  the 
ancient  Mount  Hermon  is  Jehel-eth-Thelj y the  snowy 
mountain,  just  as  the  Himalayas  receive  their  names 
from  the  Sanscrit  haima  — Greek  xCi\kay  winter. 

The  most  obvious  characteristic  of  any  place,  whether 
mountain  or  plain  or  valley,  would  be  its  shape  and 
size,  its  relative  situation  high  or  low,  behind  or  in  the 
front,  its  colour,  the  kind  of  rock  or  soil  of  which  it  is 
composed,  the  climate  which  it  enjoys,  the  vegetation 
in  which  it  abounds,  and  the  animals  by  which  it  is  fre- 
quented. Let  us  take  a few  familiar  examples  of  each 
of  these  cases ; and,  if  we  deal  more  largely  in  illus- 
trations from  the  Scottish  Highlands  than  from  other 
parts  of  the  world,  it  is  for  three  sufficient  reasons — 


INTRODUCTION. 


XV 


because  these  regions  are  annually  visited  by  the 
greatest  number  of  tourists  ; because,  from  the  general 
neglect  of  the  Celtic  languages,  they  stand  most 
in  need  of  interpretation ; and  because  they  are  most 
familiar— not  from  book-knowledge  only,  but  by  actual 
inspection — to  the  present  writer.  In  the  matter 
of  size,  the  tourist  will  find  at  Glenelg  (from  sealgy 
to  hunt),  in  Inverness-shire,  opposite  Skye,  where  there 
are  two  well-preserved  circular  forts,  the  twin  designa- 
tions of  Glenmore  and  Glenbeg;  that  is,  Glenbig 
and  Glenlittle — a contrast  constantly  occurring  in 
the  Highlands ; the  word  beagy  pronounced  vulgarly 
in  Argyllshire  peek,  signifying  little,  evidently  the 
same  as  in  the  Greek  fUKpos.  As  to  relative 
situation,  the  root  ardy  in  Latin  arduuSy  frequently 
occurs  ; not,  however,  to  express  any  very  high  moun^ 
tain,  but  either  a bluff  fronting  the  sea,  as  in  Ardna- 
MORCHUAN  (the  rise  of  the  great  ocean,  cuafiy  perhaps 
from  wKeai/os),  or  more  frequently  a slight  elevation 
on  the  shore  of  a lake,  what  they  call  in  England  a 
risey  as  in  Ardlui,  near  the  head  of  Loch  Lomond, 
Ardvoirlich,  and  many  others.  The  word  bm,  Gaelic 
laogh — the  gh  being  silent,  as  in  the  English  sigh — 
signifies  a calf  or  a fawn,  and  gives  name  to  the 
lofty  mountain  which  the  tourist  sees  on  his  right 
hand  as  he  winds  up  where  the  railway  is  now  being 
constructed  from  Dalmally  to  Tyndrum.  Another 
frequent  root  to  mark  relative  situation  is  cue. 


xvi 


INTRODUCTION. 


behind,  Latin  cuius,  French  cul,  a word  which  gives 
name  to  a whole  parish  'in  Aberdeenshire,  to  the 
famous  historical  site  of  Culross,  the  reputed  birth- 
place of  St.  Kentigern,  and  many  others.  This  word 
means  simply  behind  the  headland,  as  does  also 
CuLCHENZiE  (from  ceann,  the  head),  at  the  entrance  to 
Loch  Leven  and  Glencoe,  which  the  tourist  looks  on 
with  interest,  as  for  two  years  the  summer  residence 
of  the  noble-minded  Celtic  evangelist,  Dr.  Norman 
McLeod.  But  the  most  common  root,  marking  re- 
lative situation,  which  the  wanderer  through  Celtic 
countries  encounters  is  inver,  meaning  below,  or  the 
bottom  of  a stream,  of  which  aber  is  only  a syncopated 
form,  a variation  which,  small  as  it  appears,  has  given 
rise  to  large  controversy  and  no  small  shedding  of 
ink  among  bellicose  antiquarians.  For  it  required 
only  a superficial  glance  to  observe  that  while  Abers 
are  scattered  freely  over  Wales,  they  appear  scantly 
in  Scotland,  and  there  with  special  prevalence  only 
in  the  east  and  south-east  of  the  Grampians — as  in 
Aberdeen,  Aberdour,  Aberlemno,  in  Fife,  and 
others.  On  this  the  eager  genius  of  archaeological 
discovery,  ever  ready  to  poise  a pyramid  on  its  apex, 
forthwith  raised  the  theory,  that  the  district  of  Scot- 
land where  the  Abers  prevailed  had  been  originally 
peopled  by  Celts  of  the  Cymric  or  Welsh  type,  while 
the  region  of  Invers  marked  out  the  ancient  seats  of 
the  pure  Caledonian  Celts.  But  this  theory,  which 


INTRODUCTION. 


XVI 1 


gave  great  offence  to  some  fervid  Highlanders,  so  far 
as  it  stood  on  this  argument,  fell  to  the  ground  the 
moment  that  some  more  cool  observer  put  his  finger 
on  half-a-dozen  or  a whole  dozen  of  Invers,  in  per- 
fect agreement  hobnobbing  with  the  Abers,  not  far 
south  of  Aberdeen ; while,  on  the  other  hand,  a zealous 
Highland  colonel,  now  departed  to  a more  peaceful 
sphere,  pointed  out  several  Abers  straggling  far  west 
and  north-west  into  the  region  of  the  Caledonian  Canal 
and  beyond  it.  But  these  slippery  points  are  wisely 
avoided  ; and  there  can  be  no  doubt,  on  the  general 
principle,  that  relative  situation  has  everywhere  played 
a prominent  part  in  the  terminology  of  districts. 
Northumberland  and  Sutherland,  and  Cape  Deas  or 
Cape  South,  in  Cantire,  are  familiar  illustrations  of 
this  principle  of  nomenclature.  In  such  cases  the 
name,  of  course,  always  indicates  by  what  parties  it 
was  imposed;  Sutherland,  or  Southern-land,  having 
received  this  appellation  from  the  Orkney  men,  who 
lived  to  the  north  of  the  Pentland  Firth, 

The  next  element  that  claims  mention  is  Colour. 
In  this  domain  the  most  striking  contrasts  are 
black  and  white.  In  ancient  Greece,  a common 
name  for  rivers  was  Melas,  or  Black-water ; one  of 
which,  that  which  flows  into  the  Malaic  Gulf,  has 
translated  itself  into  modern  Greek  as  Mauro-nero, 
fiavpo  in  the  popular  dialect  having  supplanted  the 
classical  fxekas ; and  vipo,  as  old,  no  doubt,  as  Nereus  and 

d 


XVlll 


INTRODUCTION. 


the  Nereids,  having  come  into  its  pre-Homeric  rights 
and  driven  out  the  usurping  vSwp,  In  the  Scottish 
Highlands,  dubh^  black  or  dark^  plays,  as  might  be  ex- 
pected, a great  figure  in  topographical  nomenclature ; 
of  this  let  Benmuic  Dubh,  or  the  mount  of  the  black 
sow,  familiar  to  many  a Braemar  deer-stalker,  serve 
as  an  example ; while  CAIRNGORM,  the  cradle  of  many 
a golden-gleaming  gem,  stands  with  its  dark  blue 
[gorm]  cap  immediately  opposite,  and  recalls  to  the  a 
classical  fancy  its  etymological  congeners  in  the  Cya- 
NEAN  rocks,  so  famous  in  early  Greek  fable.  Of  the 
contrasted  epithet  white,  Leucadia  (XevKos),  where  the 
poetess  Sappho  is  famed  to  have  made  her  erotic  leap, 
is  a familiar  example.  In  the  Highlands,  ban  (fair), 
or  geal  (white),  is  much  less  familiar  in  topographical 
nomenclature  than  dubh ; Buidhe,  on  the  other 
hand  (yellow),  corresponding  to  the  ^av0ds  of  the 
Greeks,  is  extremely  common,  as  in  LOCHBUIE  at  the 
south-east  corner  of  Mull,  one  of  the  few  remaining 
scattered  links  of  the  possessions  of  the  Macleans, 
once  so  mighty  and  latterly  so  foolish,  in  those  parts. 
Among  other  colours,  glas  (grey)  is  very  common  ; so 
is  dearg  (red),  from  the  colour  of  the  rock,  as  in  one  of 
those  splendid  peaks  that  shoot  up  behind  the  slate 
quarries  at  the  west  end  of  Glencoe.  Breac,  also 
(spotted  or  brindled),  is  by  no  means  uncommon,  as  in 
Ben  Vrackie,  prominent  behind  Pitlochrie,  in  Perth- 
shire, in  which  word  the  initial  b has  been  softened 


INTRODUCTION. 


xix 

into  a V by  the  law  of  aspiration  peculiar  to  the  Celtic 

languages.  

There  remain  the  two  points  of  climate  and  vegeta- 
tion, of  which  a few  examples  will  suffice.  In  Sicily, 
the  town  of  Selinus,  whose  magnificence  remains 
preserved  in  indelible  traces  upon  the  soil,  took 
its  name  from  the  wild  parsley,  a-eAtvoi/,  which  grew 
plentifully  on  the  ground,  and  which  appears  on  the 
coins  of  the  city.  In  the  Scottish  Highlands,  no 
local  name  is  more  common  than  that  which  is 
familiarly  known  as  the  designation  of  one  of  the 
most  genuine  of  the  old  Celtic  chiefs,  the  head  of  the 
clan  MacPherson — we  mean  the  word  CLUNY  (Gaelic 
cluain  ; possibly  only  a variety  of  griin^  green),  which 
signifies  simply  a green  meadow,  a vision  often  very 
delightful  to  a pedestrian  after  a long  day’s  tramp 
across  brown  brae  and  grey  fell  in  those  parts.  The 
abundance  of  oak  in  ancient  Celtic  regions,  where  it 
is  not  so  common  now,  is  indicated  by  the  frequency 
of  the  termination  darach  (from  which  Derry,  in 
Ireland,  is  corrupted;  Greek  and  Sopu),  as  in 
the  designation  of  one  of  the  Campbells  in  Argyll, 
Auchin-darroch,  i.e.  oak-field.  The  pine,  giubhas^ 
appears  in  Kingussie,  pine-end,  in  the  midst  of  that 
breezy  open  space  which  spreads  out  to  the  north-west 
of  the  Braemar  Grampians.  In  Beith  and  Aultbea 
(birch-brook)  we  have  heathy  Latin  betula,  a birch-tree ; 
elm  and  ash  are  rare ; heather,  fraoch^  especially  in 


XX 


INTRODUCTION. 


the  designation  of  islands,  as  Eileanfraoch,  in 
Loch  Awe,  and  another  in  the  Sound  of  Kerrera, 
close  by  Oban.  Of  climate  we  find  traces  in  Auchna- 
SHEEN  [smn\  on  the  open  blasty  road  between  Ding- 
wall and  Janetown,  signifying  the  field  of  wind  and 
rain  ; in  Mealfourvonie,  the  broad  hill  of  the  frosty 
moor,  composed  of  the  three  roots  maol  (broad  and 
bald),  fuar  (cold),  and  mhonaid  (upland) ; in  Balfour 
(cold  town),  and  in  the  remarkable  mountain  in 
Assynt  called  Canisp,  which  appears  to  be  a corrup- 
tion of  Ceann-uisge,  or  Rainy-head. 

Lastly,  of  animals : madadh^  a fox,  appears  in  LOCPI- 
MADDY  and  Ardmaddy;  coin,  of  a dog,  in  Achna 
CHOIN,  or  Dog’s-field,  one  of  the  three  bloody  spots  that 
mark  the  butchery  of  the  false  Campbell  in  Glencoe  ; I 
and,  throwing  our  glance  back  two  thousand  years,  in  r 
Cynoscephal^,  or  the  Dog's-head,  in  Thessaly,  where 
the  sturdy  Macedonian  power  at  last  bowed  in  sub 
mission  before  the  proud  swoop  of  the  Roman  eagles  ; 
the  familiar  cow  [haa,  Lat.  hos)  gives  its  name  to  that 
fair  loch,  which  sleeps  so  quietly  in  the  bosom 
of  beautiful  Mull ; while  the  goat,  famous  also  in  the 
sad  history  of  Athenian  decline  at  Aigospotami,  or 
the  Goat’s-river,  gives  its  name  to  the  steepy  heights 
of  Ardgour  (from  gohhar,  Lat.  caper\  a fragment 
of  the  old  inheritance  of  the  Macleans,  which  rise  up 
before  the  traveller  so  majestically  as  he  steams  north 
ward  from  Ballachulish  to  Fort  William  and  Banavie; 


INTRODUCTION. 


XXI 


In  a country  composed  almost  entirely  of  mountain 
ridges,  with  intervening  hollows  of  various  kinds,  it 
is  only  natural  that  the  variety  in  the  scem^,  pr<> 
duced  by  the  various  slopes  and  aspects  of  the  ele- 
vated ground,  should  give  rise  to  a descriptive  nomen- 
clature of  corresponding  variety.  This  is  especially 
remarkable  in  Gaelic ; and  the  tourist  in  the  Scottish 
Highlands  will  not  travel  far  without  meeting,  in 
addition  to  the  Ben  and  Ard  already  mentioned,  the 
following  specific  designations  : — 

Drum — a ridge. 

Scour — a jagged  ridge  or  peak. 

Cruach — a conical  mountain. 

Mam — a slowly  rising  hill. 

Maol — a broad,  flat,  bald  mountain. 

Monagh — an  upland  moor. 

Tulloch  or  Tilly — a little  hill,  a knoll. 

Tom — a hillock,  a mound. 

Tor — a hillock,  a mound. 

Bruach — a steep  slope  (Scotch  brae). 

Craig — crag,  cliff. 

Cairn — a heap  of  stones. 

Lairg — a broad,  low  slope. 

Letter — the  side  of  a hill  near  the  water. 

Croit — a hump. 

Clach — a stone. 

Lech — a flagstone. 

In  the  Lowlands,  law,  fell,  hrce,  hope,  rise, 

edge,  indicate  similar  varieties.  Among  these  pen, 
as  distinguished  from  the  northern  ben,  evidently 
points  to  a Welsh  original.  Hope  is  a curious  word. 


xxu 


INTRODUCTION. 


which  a south-country  gentleman  once  defined  to  me 
as  ‘‘  the  point  of  the  low  land  mounting  the  hill  whence 
the  top  can  be  seen.'*  Of  course,  if  this  be  true,  it 
means  an  elevation  not  very  far  removed  from  the 
level  ground,  because,  as  every  hill-climber  knows, 
the  top  of  a huge  eminence  ceases  to  be  visible  the 
moment  you  get  beyond  what  the  Greeks  call  the 
“ fore-feet " of  the  mountain. 

In  the  designation  of  the  intervening  hollows,  or 
low  land,  the  variety  of  expression  is  naturally  less 
striking.  Glen  serves  for  almost  all  varieties  of  a 
narrow  Highland  valley.  A very  narrow  rent  or 
fissured  gorge  is  called  a glachd.  The  English  word 
dale,  in  Gaelic  dail,  means  in  that  language  simply  a 
field,  or  flat  stretch  of  land  at  the  bottom  of  the  hills. 
It  is  to  be  noted,  however,  that  this  word  is  both 
Celtic  and  Teutonic ; but,  in  topographical  etymology, 
with  a difference  distinctly  indicative  of  a two-fold 
origin.  In  an  inland  locality  where  the  Scandi- 
navians never  penetrated.  Dal  is  always  prefixed  to 
the  other  element  of  the  designation,  as  in  Dal- 
WHINNIE,  Dalnacardoch,  and  Dalnaspidel,  the 
field  of  meeting,  the  field  of  the  smithy,  and  the  field 
of  the  hospital,  all  in  succession  within  a short  distance 
on  the  road  between  the  Spey  uplands  and  Blair 
Athol.  On  the  other  hand,  a post-fixed  dale,  as  in 
Borrowdale,  Easdale,  and  not  a few  others,  indi- 
cates a Saxon  or  Norse  origin.  The  word  den  or  dean. 


INTPvODUCTION. 


xxm 


as  in  the  Dean  Bridge,  Edinburgh,  and  the  Den 
Burn,  Aberdeen,  is  Anglo-Saxon  denn,  and  appears 
in  the  English  Tenterden,  and  some  others.  Another 
Celtic  name  for  field  is  ach^  the  Latin  ag-er^  which 
appears  in  a number  of  Highland  places,  as  in  ACH- 
NA-CLOICHE  (stone  field),  in  Argyllshire.  A hollow 
surrounded  by  mountains  is  called  by  the  well-known 
name  of  laggan,  which  is  properly  a diminutive  from 
lag,  in  Greek  X<xkkos,  in  Latin  lacus,  a hollow  filled 
with  water,  and  in  German  a mere  loch,  or  hole,  into 
which  a mouse  might  creep.  A special  kind  of  hollow, 
lying  between  the  outstretched  arms  of  a big  Ben, 
and  opening  at  one  end  into  the  vale  below,  is  called 
in  Gaelic  coire,  literally  a cauldron — a word  which  the 
genius  of  Walter  Scott  has  made  a permanent  posses- 
sion of  the  English  language.  In  England  such 
mountain  hollows  are  often  denominated  combs,  as  in 
Addiscombe,  Ashcomb,  a venerable  old  British 
word  of  uncorrupted  Cornish  descent,  and  which,  so 
far  as  I know,  does  not  appear  in  Scottish  topography, 
unless  it  be  in  Cummertrees  (on  the  shore,  traigh), 
near  Annan,  and  Cumbernaui.d  ; but  this  I am  not 
able  to  verify  by  local  knowledge.  The  word  cumar 
appears  in  O’Reilly’s  Irish  dictionary  as  ‘‘the  bed  of  a 
large  river  or  a narrow  sea,  a hollow  generally,”  but 
seems  quite  obsolete  in  the  spoken  Gaelic  of  to-day. 
The  termination  holm  is  well  known  both  in  English 
and  Scotch  names,  and  proclaims  itself  as  character- 


XXIV 


INTRODUCTION. 


istically  Scandinavian,  in  the  beautiful  metropolis  of  i 
the  Swedes.  In  Gaelic  districts  a holm,  that  is  a low 
watery  meadow,  is  generally  called  a lon^  a word  which  i 
has  retained  its  place  in  Scotch  as  loan — Loaning,  ; 
Loanhead,  Loanend,  and  is  fundamentally  identical  ; 
with  the  English  lane  and  lawn.  The  varieties  of  sea-  : 
coast  are  expressed  by  the  words  traigh,  cladach^  camuSy  ' 
corrany  wick,  loch,  rutha,  ross,  caolas,  stron,  salen, 
among  which,  in  passing,  we  may  specially  note  ■ 
camus,  from  the  root  cam,  Greek  KdfXTTTO},  to  bend  : ^ 
hence  Morecambe  Bay,  near  Lancaster,  signifies  i 
the  great  bend;  corran,  a scythe,  evidently  allied  to  i 
the  Latin  curvus,  and  used  in  the  Highlands  to  I 
denote  any  crescent-shaped  shore,  as  at  Corranferry,  I 
Ardgour,  in  Lochfinne ; wick,  a familiar  Scandinavian  J 
word  signifying  a bay,  and  which,  with  the  Gaelic  J 
article  prefixed,  seems  to  have  blundered  itself  into  1 
NIGG  at  Aberdeen,  and  near  Fearn  in  Ross-shire  ; I 
caolas,  a strait,  combining  etymologically  the  very  I 
distant  and  very  different  localities  of  Calais  and  1 
Ballachulish  ; stron  or  sron,  a nose,  which  lends  its  I 
name  to  a parish  near  the  end  of  Loch  Sun  art,  in  I 
Morvern,  and  thence  to  a famous  mineral  found  in  " 
its  vicinity ; lastly,  salen  is  nothing  but  salt,  and 
appears  in  the  south  of  Ireland  and  the  north-west  of 
Scotland,  under  the  slightly  varied  forms  of  Kinsale  | 
and  Kintail,  both  of  which  words  signify  the  head  ' 
of  the  salt  water ; for  Irish  and  Gaelic  are  only  one  | 


INTRODUCTION. 


XXV 


language  with  a slightly  different  spelling  here  and 
there,  and  a sprinkling  of  peculiar  words  now  and 
then.  --  ^ 

The  only  other  features  of  natural  scenery  that  play 
a noticeable  part  in  topographical  etymology  are  the 
rivers,  lakes,  wells,  and  waterfalls  ; and  they  need  not 
•detain  us  long.  The  Gaelic  uisge^  water,  of  which  the 
Latin  aqua  is  an  abraded  form,  appears  in  the  names 
of  Scottish  rivers  as  Esk^  and  of  Welsh  rivers  as  Use, 
The  familiar  English  Avon  is  the  Gaelic  amhain7i^ 
evidently  softened  down  by  aspiration  from  the  Latin 
amnis.  This  avon  often  appears  at  the  end  of  river 
names  curtailed,  as  in  Garonne,  the  rough  river, 
from  the  Gaelic  root  garhh,  rough.  The  Don,  so 
common  as  a river  name  from  the  Black  Sea  to  Aber- 
deen, means  either  the  deep  river  or  the  brown  river. 
A small  river,  hrook  in  English,  gives  name  to  not 
a few  places  and  persons.  In  the  Scottish  Highlands, 
and  in  those  parts  of  the  Lowlands  originally  inhabited 
by  the  Celtic  race,  the  word  alt  performs  the  same 
functions.  Loch,  in  Gaelic,  answering  to  the  English 
mere  (Latin  mare]^  appears  most  commonly  in  the 
Highlands,  as  Kinloch,  i,e.  the  town  or  house  at  the 
head  of  the  lake ; and  lobar,  a well,  frequently,  as  in 
Holywell,  connected  with  a certain  religious  sanctity, 
appears  in  Tobermory,  i.e,  the  well  of  the  Virgin 
Mary,  one  of  the  most  beautiful  quiet  bits  of  bay 
scenery  in  Great  Britain.  Of  places  named  from 


XXVI 


INTRODUCTION . 


waterfalls  [eas^  from  esk),  a significant  element  in  High- 
land scenery,  Inverness  and  Moness,  near  Aber- 
feldy,  are  the  most  notable,  the  one  signifying  “ the 
town  at  the  bottom  of  the  river,  which  flows  from  the 
lake  where  there  is  the  great  waterfall,”  i,e.  Foyers  ; 
and  the  other,  ‘‘  the  waterfall  of  the  moorish  uplands,” 
which  every  one  understands  who  walks  up  to  it. 

So  much  for  the  features  of  unappropriated  nature, 
stereotyped,  as  it  were,  at  once  and  for  ever,  in  the 
old  names  of  local  scenery.  But  as  into  a landscape 
an  artist  will  inoculate  his  sentiment  and  symbolize 
his  fancy,  so  on  the  face  of  the  earth  men  are  fond  to 
stamp  the  trace  of  their  habitation  and  their  history. 
Under  this  influence  the  nomenclature  of  topography 
becorne_^at  once  changed  from  a picture  of  natural 
scenery  to  a record  of  human  fortunes.  And  in  this 
department  it  is  plain  that  the  less  varied  and  strik- 
ing the  features  of  nature,  the  greater  the  necessity 
of  marking  places  by  the  artificial  differentiation  pro- 
duced by  the  presence  of  human  dwellings.  Hence, 
in  the  flat,  monotonous  plains  of  North  Germany,  the 
abundance  of  places  ending  in  hausen  and  heimy  which 
are  only  the  Saxon  forms  of  our  English  house  and 
home.  Of  the  termination  hausen^  Sachsenhausen, 
the  home  of  the  Saxons,  and  Frankenhausen,  the 
home  of  the  Franks,  are  amongst  the  most  notable 
examples.  Heim  is  pleasantly  associated  with  refresh- 
ing draughts  in  Hochheim,  ^'.^.high  home,  on  the  north 


INTRODUCTION. 


XXVll 


bank  of  the  Rhine  a little  below  Mainz,  whence  a sharp, 
clear  wine  being  imported,  with  the  loss  of  the  second 
syllable,  and  the  transformation  of  ch  into  produced 
the  familiar  hock.  This  heim  in  a thousand  places 
of  England  becomes  ham,  but  in  Scotland,  where  the 
Celtic  element  prevails,  appears  only  rarely  in  the 
south-east,  and  near  the  English  border,  as  in  COLD- 
INGHAM  and  Ednam — the  birthplace  of  the  poet 
Thomson — contracted  from  Edenham.  Another  root 
very  widely  expressive  of  human  habitation,  under 
the  varying  forms  of  heth^  ho,  and  hy,  is  scattered  freely 
from  the  banks  of  Jordan  to  the  islands  of  the  He- 
brides, in  the  north-west  of  Scotland.  First  under  this 
head  we  have  the  great  army  of  Hebrew  heths,  not  a 
few  of  which  are  familiar  to  our  ear  from  the  cherished 
teachings  of  early  childhood,  as — Bethabara,  the 
house  of  the  ferry;  Bethany,  the  house  of  dates;  Beth- 
AVEN,  the  house  of  naughtiness ; Bethcar,  the  house 
of  lambs  ; Bethdagon,  the  house  of  the  fish-god 
Dagon ; Bethel,  the  house  of  God  ; Bethshemesh, 
the  house  of  the  sun  (like  the  Greek  Heliopolis) ; and 
a score  of  others.  Bo  is  the  strictly  Danish  form  of 
the  root,  at  least  in  the  dictionary,  where  the  verb  hoe, 
to  dwell,  also  appears.  Examples  of  this  are  found 
in  Skibo,  in  Ross-shire,  and  Buness,  at  the  extreme 
end  of  Unst,  the  seat  of  the  Edmonstones,  a family 
well  known  in  the  annals  of  Shetland  literature ; but 
more  generally,  in  practice,  it  takes  the  softened  form 


xxviii  INTRODUCTION.  | 

1 

of  hy^  as  in  hundreds  of  local  designations  in  England,  i 
specially  in  Lincolnshire,  where  the  Danes  were  for  a ■ 
long  time  at  home.  Near  the  English  border,  as  in  ; 
Lockerby,  this  same  termination  appears;  otherwise  I 
in  Scotland  it  is  rare.  In  the  Sclavonic  towns  of  | 
Mecklenburg  and  Prussia,  it  takes  the  form  of  hus^  as  I 
in  Pybus,  while  in  Cornish  it  is  hos^  which  is  a later  I 
form  of  hod  (German  hudoy  English  hoothy  Scotch  I 
bothy\  which  stands  out  prominently  in  Bodmin  and  I 
other  towns,  not  only  in  Cornwall,  but  in  Wales.  The  1 
termination  hus  appears  likewise  in  not  a few  local  | 
designations  in  the  island  of  Islay,  where  the  Danes 
had  many  settlements.  In  Skye  it  appears  as  hosty  as  J 
in  Skeabost,  one  of  the  oldest  seats  of  the  Mac-  ,, 
donalds.  The  other  Saxon  or  Scandinavian  terms  " 
frequently  met  with  throughout  England  and  in  the 
north-east  of  Scotland  are — toriy  setter  or  steTy  steady 
stoWy  stokey  hayy  parky  worthy  huryy  thorpy  tofty  thwaite.  In 
Germany,  besides  hewi  and  hauseriy  as  already  men- 
tioned, we  have  the  English  hayy  under  the  form  hageriy 
a fence ; and  thorp  under  the  form  dorfy  a village ; and 
worth  under  the  forms  worth  and  which  are  merely 
variations  of  the  Greek  English  yard,  and  the 

Sclavonic  gard  and  gorody  and  the  Celtic  garady  the 
familiar  word  in  the  Highlands  for  a stone  wall  or 
dyke.  In  Germany,  also,  wetter y from  weileriy  to  dwell, 
and  leheriy  to  live,  are  thickly  sprinkled ; hofy  also,  is 
extremely  common,  signifying  a court  or  yard — a suffix 


INTRODUCTION. 


XXIX 


which  the  French,  in  that  part  of  Germany  which  they 
stole  from  the  Empire,  turned  into  court  or  ville^  as  in 
Thionville  from  Diedenhofen, 

So  much  for  the  Teutonic  part  of  this  branch  of 
topographical  designation.  In  the  Highlands  tigh 
and  hail  are  the  commonest  words  to  denote  a human 
dwelling,  the  one  manifestly  an  aspirated  form  of  the  ^ 
Latin  lignum  (Greek  o-reyos,  German  dach\  and  the 
other  as  plainly  identical  with  the  ttoAis  which  appears 
in  Sebastopol,  and  not  a few  cities,  both  ancient  and 
modern,  where  Greek  influence  or  Greek  affectation 
prevailed.  With  regard  to  hal^  it  is  noticeable  that  in 
Ireland  it  generally  takes  the  form  of  hally,  which  is 
the  full  form  of  the  word  in  Gaelic  also,  baile^  there 
being  no  final  mute  vowels  in  that  language ; but  in 
composition  for  topographical  use  final  e is  dropped, 
as  in  Balmoral,  the  majestic  town  or  house,  from 
morail^  magnificent,  a very  apt  designation  for  a 
royal  residence,  by  whatever  prophetic  charm  it  came 
to  be  so  named  before  her  present  Majesty  learned 
the  healthy  habit  of  breathing  pure  Highland  air 
amid  the  fragrant  birches  and  clear  waters  of 
Deeside.  Tigh^  though  less  common  than  hal^  is  not 
at  all  unfrequent  in  the  mountains ; and  tourists  in 
the  West  Highlands  are  sure  to  encounter  two  of  the 
most  notable  between  Loch  Lomond  and  Oban.  The 
first,  Tyndrum,  the  house  on  the  ridge,  at  the  point 
where  the  ascent  ceases  as  you  cross  from  Killin  to 


XXX 


INTRODUCTION. 


Dalmally ; and  the  other  Taynuilt,  or  the  house  of 
the  brook,  in  Scotch  burnhouse,  beyond  Ben  Cruachan, 
where  the  road  begins  to  wend  through  the  rich 
old  copsewood  towards  Oban.  I remember  also  a 
curious  instance  of  the  word  tigh  in  a local  designa- 
tion, half-way  between  Inverary  and  Loch  Awe.  In 
that  district  a little  farmhouse  on  the  right  of  the  road 
is  called  Tighnafead,  i.e,  whistle-house  {fead^  a 
whistle,  Latin  fides\  which  set  my  philological  fancy 
immediately  on  the  imagination  that  this  exposed 
place  was  so  called  from  some  peculiar  whistling  of 
the  blast  down  from  the  hills  immediately  behind ; 
but  such  imaginations  are  very  unsafe ; for  the  fact 
turned  out  to  be,  if  somewhat  less  poetical,  certainly 
much  more  comfortable,  that  this  house  of  call,  in 
times  within  memory,  stood  at  a greater  distance  from 
the  road  than  it  now  does,  which  caused  the  traveller, 
when  he  came  down  the  descent  on  a cold  night, 
sharp-set  for  a glass  of  strong  whiskey,  to  make  his 
presence  and  his  wish  known  by  a shrill  whistle 
across  the  hollow. 

So  much  for  tigh.  The  only  other  remark  that  I 
would  make  here  is,  that  the  word  clachan^  so  well 
known  from  Scott’s  Clachan  of  Aberfoyle,  does  not 
properly  mean  a village,  as  Lowlanders  are  apt  to 
imagine,  but  only  a churchyard,  or,  by  metonomy,  a 
church — as  the  common  phrase  used  by  the  natives, 
Di  do7n]i7iaich  dot  dd7i  chlacha7t^  ‘‘  going  to  church  on 


INTRODUCTION. 


XXXI 


Sunday/’  sufficiently  proves — the  word  properly 
meaning  only  the  stones  in  the  churchyard,  which 
mark  the  resting-place  of  the  dead ; and  if  the  word 
is  ever  used  for  a village,  it  is  only  by  transference  to 
signify  the  village  in  which  the  parish  church  is,  and 
the  parish  churchyard. 

But  it  is  not  only  the  dwellings  of  men,  but  their 
actions,  that  make  places  interesting;  and  as  the 
march  of  events  in  great  historical  movements  gene- 
rally follows  the  march  of  armies,  it  follows  that 
camps  and  battle-fields  and  military  settlements  will 
naturally  have  left  strong  traces  in  the  topography  of 
every  country  where  human  beings  dwell.  And 
accordingly  we  find  that  the  Chester  and  the  easier^ 
added  as  a generic  term  to  so  many  English  towns,  are 
simply  the  sites  of  ancient  Roman  castra,  or  camps  ; 
while  Cologne,  on  the  Rhine,  marks  one  of  the  most 
prosperous  of  their  settlements  in  Germany.  Curiously 
analogous  to  this  is  the  Coin,  a well-known  quarter  of 
Berlin,  on  the  Spree,  where  the  German  emperors 
first  planted  a Teutonic  colony  in  the  midst  of  a 
Sclavonic  population.  In  the  solemn  march  of  Ossianic 
poetry,  the  word  hlar  generally  signifies  a field  of 
battle  ; but,  as  this  word  properly  signifies  only  a large 
field  or  open  space,  we  have  no  right  to  say  that  such 
names  as  Blair  Athol  and  Blairgowrie  have  any- 
thing to  do  with  the  memory  of  sanguinary  collisions. 
Alexandria,  in  Egypt,  is  one  of  the  few  remaining 


XXXll 


INTRODUCTION. 


places  of  note  that  took  their  name  from  the  brilliant 
Macedonian  Helleniser  of  the  East.  Alexandria, 
in  the  vale  of  Leven,  in  Dumbartonshire,  tells  of  the 
family  of  Smollett,  well  known  in  the  annals  of  Scottish 
literary  genius,  and  still,  by  their  residence,  adding 
a grace  to  one  of  the  most  beautiful  districts  of  lake 
scenery  in  the  world.  Adrianople  stereotypes  the 
memory  of  one  of  the  most  notable  of  the  Roman 
emperors,  who  deemed  it  his  privilege  and  pleasure  to 
visit  the  extremest  limits  of  his  vast  dominions,  and 
leave  some  beneficial  traces  of  his  kingship  there. 
The  name  Petersburg,  whose  Teutonic  character  it 
is  impossible  to  ignore,  indicates  the  civilisation  of  a 
Sclavonic  country  by  an  emperor  whose  early  training 
was  received  from  a people  of  German  blood  and  breed ; 
while  Constantinople  recalls  the  momentous  ch  ange 
which  took  place,  in  the  centre  of  gravity  of  the 
European  world,  when  the  declining  empire  of  the 
Roman  Caesars  was  about  to  become  Greek  in  its 
principal  site,  as  it  had  long  been  in  its  dominant 
culture.  The  streets  of  great  cities,  as  one  may  see 
prominently  in  Paris,  in  their  designations  often  con- 
tain a register  of  the  most  striking  events  of  their 
national  history.  Genuine  names  of  streets  in  old 
cities  are  a historical  growth  and  an  anecdotal 
record,  which  only  require  the  pen  of  a cunning 
writer  to  make  them  as  attractive  as  a good  novel. 
London,  in  this  view,  is  particularly  interesting ; and 


INTRODUCTION. 


xxxiii 


Emerson,  I recollect,  in  his  book,  ‘‘  How  the  Great 
City  grew”  (London,  1862),  tells  an  amusing  story 
about  the  great  fire  in  London,  which  certain  pious 
persons  observed  to  have  commenced  at  a street 
called  Pudding  Lane,  and  ended  at  a place  called 
Pye  Corner,  in  memory  of  which  they  caused  the 
figure  of  a fat  boy  to  be  put  up  at  Smithfield,  with  the 
inscription  on  his  stomach,  “This  boy  is  in  memory 
put  up  for  the  late  fire  of  London,  occasioned  by  the 
sin  of  gluttony,  1666.”  Many  a dark  and  odorous 
close  in  old  Edinburgh  also,  to  men  who,  like  the 
late  Robert  Chambers,  could  read  stones  with  know- 
ing eyes,  is  eloquent  with  those  tales  of  Celtic  adven- 
ture and  Saxon  determination  which  make  the  his- 
tory of  Scotland  so  full  of  dramatic  interest ; while,  on 
the  other  hand,  the  flunkeyism  of  the  persons  who,  to 
tickle  the  lowest  type  of  aristocratic  snobbery,  baptized 
certain  streets  of  New  Edinburgh  with  Buckingham 
Terrace,  Belgr A VE  Crescent,  Grosvenor  Street,  and 
such-like  apish  mimicry  of  metropolitan  West  Endism, 
stinks  in  the  nostrils  and  requires  no  comment.  But 
not  only  to  grimy  streets  of  reeking  towns,  but  to 
the  broad  tract  of  the  march  of  the  great  lines  of  the 
earth’s  surface,  there  is  attached  a nomenclature 
which  tells  the  history  of  the  adventurous  captain,  or 
the  courageous  commander,  who  first  redeemed  these 
regions  from  the  dim  limbo  of  the  unknown,  and 
brought  them  into  the  distinct  arena  of  cognisable 


XXXIV 


INTRODUCTION. 


and  manageable  facts.  In  the  frosty  bounds  of  the  far 
North-west,  the  names  of  Mackenzie,  Maclintock, 
and  Maclure  proclaim  the  heroic  daring  that  belongs 
so  characteristically  to  the  Celtic  blood  in  Scotland. 
But  it  is  in  the  moral  triumphs  of  religion,  which 
works  by  faith  in  what  is  noble,  love  of  what  is  good, 
and  reverence  for  what  is  great,  that  the  influence 
of  history  over  topographical  nomenclature  is  most 
largely  traced.  In  ancient  Greece,  the  genial  piety 
which  worshipped  its  fairest  Avatar  in  the  favourite 
sun-god  Apollo,  stamped  its  devotion  on  the  name  of 
Apollonia,  on  the  Ionian  Sea,  and  other  towns  whose 
name  was  legion.  In  Cornwall,  almost  every  parish 
is  named  after  some  saintly  apostle,  who,  in  days  of 
savage  wildness  and  wastefulness,  had  brought  light 
and  peace  and  humanity  into  these  remote  regions. 
In  the  Highlands  of  Scotland,  the  Kilbrides  [kill 
from  cella^  a shrine),  Kilmartins,  Kilmarnocks,  and 
Killmallies  everywhere  attest  the  grateful  piety 
of  the  forefathers  of  the  Celtic  race  in  days  which,  if 
more  dark,  were  certainly  not  more  cold  than  the 
times  in  which  we  now  live.  In  the  Orkneys  the 
civilizing  influence  of  the  clergy,  or  in  some  cases,  no 
doubt,  their  love  for  pious  seclusion,  is  frequently 
marked  by  the  Papas  or  priests’  islands.  In  Germany, 
Munich,  or  Monacum,  which  shows  a monk  in  its 
coat-of-arms,  has  retained  to  the  present  day  the 
zeal  for  sacerdotal  sanctitude  from  which  it  took  its 


INTRODUCTION. 


XXXV 


name;  and  the  same  must  be  said  of  Muenster, 
in  Westphalia  (from  fiovaa-rypty  in  modern  Greek  a 
cathedral,  English  minster),  the  metropolis  of  Ultra- 
montane polity  and  priestly  pretension  in  Northern 
Germany. 

But  it  is  not  only  in  commemorating,  like  coins, 
special  historical  events,  that  local  names  act  as  an  im- 
portant adjunct  to  written  records  ; they  give  likewise 
the  clue  to  great  ethnological  facts  and  movements 
of  which  written  history  preserves  no  trace.  In  this 
respect  topographical  etymology  presents  a striking 
analogy  to  geology ; for,  as  the  science  of  the  consti- 
tution of  the  earth’s  crust  reveals  a fossilized  history 
of  life  in  significant  succession,  long  antecedent  to  the 
earliest  action  of  the  human  mind  on  the  objects  of 
terrestrial  nature,  so  the  science  of  language  to  the 
practised  eye  discloses  a succession  of  races  in  regions 
where  no  other  sign  of  their  existence  remains. 
If  it  were  doubted,  for  instance,  whether  at  any 
period  the  Lowlands  of  Scotland  had  been  possessed 
by  a Celtic  race,  and  asserted  roundly  that  from  the 
earliest  times  the  plains  had  been  inhabited  by  a 
people  of  Teutonic  blood,  and  only  the  mountain 
district  to  the  west  and  north-west  was  the  stronghold 
of  the  Celt,  the  obvious  names  of  not  a few  localities 
in  the  east  and  south-east  of  Scotland  would  present 
an  impassable  bar  to  the  acceptance  of  any  such  dogma. 
One  striking  instance  of  this  occurs  in  Haddington- 


XXXVl 


INTRODUCTION. 


shire,  where  a parish  is  now  called  Garivalt— by  the 
very  same  appellation  as  a well-known  waterfall  near 
Braemar,  in  the  hunting-forest  of  the  late  Prince 
Consort ; and  with  the  same  propriety  in  both  cases, 
for  the  word  in  Gaelic  signifies  a rough  hrook^  and 
such  a brook  is  the  most  striking  characteristic  of 
both  districts.  Cases  of  this  kind  clearly  indicate  the. 
vanishing  of  an  original  Celtic  people  from  districts 
now  essentially  Teutonic  both  in  speech  and  character.' 
The  presence  of  a great  Sclavonic  people  in  Northern, 
Germany,  and  of  an  extensive  Sclavonic  immigration 
into  Greece  in  mediaeval  times,  is  attested  with  the! 
amplest  certitude  in  the  same  way.  A regular 
fringe  of  Scandinavian  names  along  the  north  and 
north-west  coast  of  Scotland  would,  to  the  present 
hour,  attest  most  indubitably  the  fact  of  a Norse 
dominion  in  those  quarters  operating  for  centuries,) 
even  had  Haco  and  the  battle  of  Lairgs  been  swept 
altogether  from  the  record  of  history  and  from  thej 
living  tradition  of  the  people.  To  every  man  who 
has  been  in  Norway,  Laxfiord,  in  West  Ross-shire,j 
a stream  well  known  to  salmon-fishers,  carries  this 
Scandinavian  story  on  its  face ; and  no  man  who  has 
walked  the  streets  of  Copenhagen  will  have  any  diffi-j 
culty,  when  he  sails  into  the  beautiful  bay  of  Portree,! 
in  knowing  the  meaning  of  the  great  cliff  called  the! 
Storr,  which  he  sees  along  the  coast  a little  towardsl 
the  north  ; for  this  means  simply  the  great  cliff,  storrA 


INTRODUCTION 


xxxvn 


being  the  familiar  Danish  for  great,  as  mor  is  the 
Gaelic.  Ethnological  maps  may  in  this  way  be  con- 
structed exactly  in  the  same  fashion  as  geological^- 
and  the  sketch  of  one  such  for  Great  Britain  the 
reader  will  find  in  Mr.  Taylor’s  well-known  work  on 
“ Names  and  Places.” 

With  regard  to  the  law  of  succession  in  these 
ethnological  strata,  as  indicated  by  topographical  no- 
menclature, the  following  three  propositions  may  be 
safely  laid  down  : — i.  The  names  of  great  objects  of 
natural  scenery,  particularly  of  mountains  and  rivers, 
will  generally  be  significant  in  the  language  of 
the  people  who  were  the  original  inhabitants  of  the' 
country.  2.  Names  of  places  in  the  most  open  and 
accessible  places  of  a country  will  be  older  than 
similar  names  in  parts  which  are  more  difficult  of 
access ; but — 3,  these  very  places  being  most  exposed 
to  foreign  invasion,  are  apt  to  invite  an  adven- 
turous enemy,  whose  settlement  in  the  conquered 
country  is  generally  accompanied  with  a partial, 
sometimes  with  a very  considerable,  change  of  local 
nomenclature. 

In  reference  to  this  change  of  population,  Mr. 
Taylor  in  one  place  uses  the  significant  phrase,  “ the 
hills  contain  the  ethnological  sweepings  of  the 
plains.”  Very  true;  but  the  effect  of  this  on  the 
ethnological  character  of  the  population  of  the  places 
is  various,  and  in  the  application  requires  much 


XXXVlll 


INTRODUCTION. 


caution.  It  is  right,  for  instance,  to  say  generally 
that  the  Celtic  language  has  everywhere  in  Europe 
retreated  from  the  plains  into  the  mountainous  dis- 
tricts ; but  the  people  often  still  remain  where  the 
language  has  retreated,  as  the  examination  of  any 
directory  in  many  a district  of  Scotland,  where  only 
English  is  now  spoken,  will  largely  show.  In  Greece, 
in  the  same  way,  many  districts  present  only  Greek 
and  Sclavonic  names  of  places,  where  the  popula- 
tion, within  recent  memory,  is  certainly  Albanian. 
Inquiries  of  this  nature  always  require  no  less  caution 
than  learning ; otherwise,  as  Mr.  Skene  observes, 
what  might  have  been,  properly  conducted,  an  all- 
important  element  in  fixing  the  ethnology  of  any 
country,  becomes,  in  rash  hands  and  with  hot  heads, 
a delusion  and  a snare.* 

But  the  science  of  language,  when  wisely  con- 
ducted, not  only  presents  an  interesting  analogy  to 
geological  stratification  ; it  sometimes  goes  further, 
and  bears  direct  witness  to  important  geological 
changes  as  conclusive  as  any  evidence  derived  from 
the  existing  conformation  of  the  earth's  crust.  How 
this  comes  to  pass  may  easily  be  shown  by  a few 
familiar  examples.  The  words  wold  and  weald  origi- 
nally meant  wood  and  forest^  as  the  Anglo-Saxon 
Dictionary  and  the  living  use  of  the  German  lan- 

* “ Ancient  Books  of  Wales,”  vol.  i.  p.  144,  with  reference  to  the 
famous  work  of  Chalmers,  the  “ Caledonia.” 


INTRODUCTION. 


XXXIX 


guage — wald — alike  declare ; but  the  wolds  at  present 
known  in  Yorkshire,  Gloucestershire,  and  other  parts 
of  England  are  generally  bare  and  treeless,  and  in 
bad  weather  very  cheerless  places  indeed.  If,  then, 
there  is  nothing  arbitrary  in  language,’'  and  all 
local  names  tell  an  historical  tale,  it  is  certain  that,  at 
the  time  when  those  names  were  imposed,  these  same 
sites  were  part  of  an  immense  forest.  The  geologist, 
when,  in  the  far-stretching  bogs  east  of  Glencoe,  and 
near  Kinloch  Ewe,  and  in  many  other  places  of  Scot- 
land, he  calls  attention  to  the  fact  of  layers  of  gigantic 
trees  lying  now  deeply  embedded  under  the  peat, 
adduces  an  argument  with  regard  to  the  primitive 
vegetation  of  our  part  of  the  world  not  a whit 
more  convincing.  The  same  fact  of  a lost  vegeta- 
tion is  revealed  in  not  a few  places  of  England 
which  end  in  the  old  word  hurst,  signifying  a 
forest.  Again,  there  is  a large  family  of  places  in 
and  about  the  Harz  Mountains,  in  Germany,  ending 
in  ode,  as  OsTERODE,  Hasselrode,  Werningerode, 
and  so  forth.  Now  most  of  these  places,  as  specially 
Hasselrode,  are  now  remarkably  free  from  those 
leagues  of  leafy  luxuriance  that  give  such  a marked 
character  to  the  scenery  of  that  mountain  district. 
It  is  certain,  however,  that  they  were  at  one  time  in 
the  centre  of  an  immense  forest ; for  the  word  rode, 
radically  the  same  as  our  rid,  and  perhaps  the  Welsh 
rhydd,  Gaelic  reidh,  simply  means  ‘Ho  make  clear” 


xl 


INTRODUCTION. 


or  clean/’  and  teaches  that  the  forest  in  that  part 
had  been  cleared  for  human  habitation.  I 

Once  more : it  is  a well-known  fact  in  geology 
that  the  border  limit  between  sea  and  land  is  con- 
stantly changing,  the  briny  element  in  some  cliffy 
places,  as  to  the  north  of  Hull,  systematically  un- 
dermining the  land,  and  stealing  away  the  farmer’s 
acreage  inch  by  inch  and  foot  by  foot ; while  in 
other  places,  from  the  conjoint  action  of  river  deposits 
and  tidal  currents,  large  tracts  of  what  was  once  a* 
sea-bottom  are  added  to  the  land.  The  geological 
proof  of  this  is  open  often  to  the  most  superficial 
observer  ; but  the  philological  proof,  when  you  once 
hold  the  key  of  it,  is  no  less  patent.  In  the  Danish  lan- 
guage— which  is  a sort  of  half-way  house  between  high 
German  and  English — the  word  oe  signifies  an  island. 
This  oe,  in  the  shape  of  ay,  ea,  ey,  ory,  appears  everywhere 
on  theBritish  coast,  particularly  in  the  West  Highlands, 
as  in  Colons  AY,  Toro  say,  Oransay,  and  in  Ork- 
ney ; and  if  there  be  any  locality  near  the  sea  wear- 
ing this  termination,  not  now  surrounded  by  water,  the 
conclusion  is  quite  certain,  on,  philological  grounds, 
that  it  once  was  so.  Here  the  London  man  will  at  once 
think  on  BERMONDSEY  and  Chelsea,  and  he  will 
think  rightly;  but  he  must  not  be  hasty  to  draw 
Stepney  under  the  conditions  of  the  same  category, 
for  the  EY  in  that  word,  if  I am  rightly  informed,  is  a 
corruption  from  hithe,  a well-known  Anglo-Saxon 


INTRODUCTION. 


xli 


and  good  old  English  term  signifying  a haven;  and 
generally,  in  all  questions  of  topographical  etymology, 
there  is  a risk  of  error  where  the  old  spelling  of  the 
word  is  not  confronted  with  the  form  which,  by  the 
attritions  and  abrasions  of  time,  it  may  have  assumed. 

These  observations,  which  at  the  request  of  the 
author  of  the  following  pages  I have  hastily  set 
down,  will  be  sufficient  to  indicate  the  spirit  in 
which  the  study  of  topographical  etymology  ought 
to  be  pursued.  Of  course,  I have  no  share  in  the 
praise  which  belongs  to  the  successful  execution  of  so 
laborious  an  investigation ; neither,  on  the  other  hand, 
can  blame  be  attached  to  me  for  such  occasional  slips 
as  the  most  careful  writer  may  make  in  a matter 
where  to  err  is  easy,  and  wffiere  conjecture  has  so  long 
been  in  the  habit  of  usurping  the  place  of  science. 
But  I can  bear  the  most  honest  witness  to  the  large 
research,  sound  judgment,  and  conscientious  accuracy 
of  the  author;  and  feel  happy  to  have  my  name,  in 
a subsidiary  way,  connected  with  a work  which,  I am 
convinced,  will  prove  an  important  addition  to  the 
furniture  of  our  popular  schools. 

College,  Edinburgh,  1875. 


d 


LIST  OF  ABBREVIATIONS. 


Anc.  (ancient). 

Ar.  (Arabic). 

A.S.  (Anglo-Saxon). 

Cel.  (Celtic). 

Cym.-Cel.  (including  Welsh, 
Cornish,  and  Breton). 

Dan.  (Danish). 

Fr.  (French). 

Gadhelic  (including  Gaelic,  Irish, 
~ and  Manx). 

Gael.  (Gaelic). 

Ger.  (German). 

Gr.  (Greek). 

Heb.  (Hebrew). 


Hung.  (Hungarian). 
Ind.  (Indian). 

It.  (Italian). 

Lat.  (Latin). 

Pers.  (Persian). 

Phoen.  (Phoenician). 
Port.  (Portuguese). 
Sansc.  (Sanscrit). 
Scand.  (Scandinavian). 
Sclav.  (Sclavonic). 
Span.  (Spanish). 

Teut.  (Teutonic). 

Turk.  (Turkish). 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


A 

A (Old  Norse),  a possession  ; e.g.  Craika,  Torfa,  Ulpha  (the  posses- 
sion of  Krak,  Torf,  Ulp,  Norse  settlers). 

AA,  A (Scand.),  a stream  ; from  Old  Norse  a,  Goth,  ahva^  Old  Ger. 
aha  (water).  The  word,  in  various  forms,  occurs  frequently 
in  river  names  throughout  Western  Europe,  especially  in 
Germany  and  the  Netherlands  ; and  often  takes  the  forms  of 
au  or  achj  e.g.  Aa,  Ach,  Aach  (rivers) ; Saltach  (salt  river) ; 
Wertach  (a  river  with  many  islands) ; Trupach  (troubled 
stream) ; Weser,  i.e.  Wisar-aha  (Western  stream) ; Lauter, 
i.e.  Hlauter-aha  (clear  stream) ; Danube,  or  Donau,  i.e. 
Tuon-aha  (thundering  stream) ; Main,  or  Magin-aha  (great 
stream) ; Fisch-aha  (fish  stream) ; Schwarza  (black  stream) ; 
Zwiesel-au  (the  stream  of  the  whirlpool) ; Erlach  (alder-tree 
stream) ; Gron-aha  (green  stream) ; Dachau  (the  clayey 
stream) ; Fulda,  i.e.  Fold-aha  (land  stream) ; Rodaha  (reedy 
stream) ; Saale  and  Saala  (salt  stream).  The  simple  a or  <7, 
with  a prefix  expressive  of  the  character  of  the  stream,  is 
the  most  frequent  form  of  the  word,  in  Iceland  and  Scandi- 
navia, and  in  the  districts  of  Great  Britain  colonised  by 
Norsemen  or  Danes  ; e.g.  Laxa  (salmon  river) ; Hvita  (white 
river) ; Brora  (bridge  river) ; Rotha  (red  river) ; Greta  (weep- 
ing river) ; Storaa  (great  river) ; Thurso  (Thor’s  river),  which 
gives  its  name  to  the  town ; Lossie,  anc.  Laxi-a  (salmon 
river). 


B 


2 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


r water ; e.g.  Doab  (the  district  of  two  waters) ; Punj- 
/p  ^ streams) ; Menab  (the  mouth  of  the 

AW  ( ers,),  water),  on  the  Persian  Gulf ; Busheab,  or  Khoshaub  ' 
(good  water),  a river  in  Hindostan,  also  an  island  in  the 
Persian  Gulf;  Neelab  (blue  water).  Cognate  with  this  root 
is  the  Gadhelic  abh^  in  its  forms  of  au  or  ow.  Thus,  in  Scot- 
land, we  have  the  river  Awe  and  Loch  Awe  ; in  Ireland,  the 
Ow,  and  Ow-beg  (little  stream) ; Ow-nageerah  (the  stream  of 
the  sheep) ; Finn-ow  (clear  stream).  Cognate  with  these 
root-words  is  the  Lat.  aqua,  and  its  derivatives  in  the 
Romance  languages,  as  well  as  ae  or  ea  (A.  S.,  water). 
Forsteman  finds  river  names,  allied  to  the  foregoing,  through- 
out Germany  and  France,  in  such  forms  as  op,  ep,  &c.,  as 
in  the  Oppa,  Lennep,  Barop,  Biberaffa. 

ABAD  (Pers.  and  Sansc.),  a dwelling  or  town,  generally  connected 
with  the  name  of  its  founder ; eg.  Hyderabad  (the  town  of 
Hyder  Ali,  or  of  the  Lion) ; Ahmedabad  (of  the  Sultan 
Ahmed) ; Furrackabad  (founded  by  Furrack,  the  Fortunate) ; 
Nujibabad  (of  Nujibah  - Dowlah)  ; Agra,  or  Achberahad 
(founded  by  Akber)  ; Auringabad  (by  Aurungzebe) ; Jalfer- 
abad  (the  city  of  Jaffier) ; Jehanabad  (of  Shah  Jehan) ; 
Jellalabad  (of  Jellal,  a chief) ; Moorshedabad  (the  town  of 
Moorshed-Khooly-Khan) ; Mooradabad  (named  after  Morad, 
the  son  of  Shah  Jehan) ; Shaabad  (of  the  Shah) ; Abbasabad 
(founded  by  AblDas  the  Great) ; Dowladabad  (the  town  of 
wealth) ; Hajiabad  (of  the  pilgrim) ; Meschidabad  (of  the 
Mosque) ; Islamabad  (of  the  true  faith) ; Allah-abad  (of 
God) ; Shiekabad  (of  the  Shiek) ; Secunderabad  (of  Secunder- 
Lodi) ; Resoulabad  (of  the  prophet) ; Asterabad  (on  the  river 
Aster) ; Futteabad  (the  town  of  victory) ; Sadabad,  or  Suffi- 
abad  (of  the  sadi  or  suffi,  i.e.  the  sage). 

( a confluence  of  waters  ; applied,  in ! 
< topography,  to  places  at  the  conf.  of! 


ABER  (Cym.-Cel), 


ABHIR  an  OBAIR  ( ae  .),  streams,  or  at  the  embouchure  of 

a river.  The  derivation  of  the  term  has  been  traced  by  somei 
etymologists  to  the  conjunction  of  ath  (a  ford)  and  bior 
(water) ; although  Colonel  Robertson,  in  his  Gaelic  topo 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


3 


graphy,  traces  it  to  the  union  of  the  words  abh  and  hior^  both 
meaning  water  water  to  water).  This  prefix  is  general  in 
almost  all  the  counties  of  Scotland,  throughout  Wales,  and, 
in  a few  instances,  in  Ireland,  although  in  the  latter,  thV 
synonymes  inver  and  cumar  are  more  frequent.  In  Wales, 
Aberconway,  Aberfraw,  Aberistwyth,  Aberavon,  Aberayron, 
Aberdare,  Aberdaron,  Abergavenny,  at  the  embouchure  of 
the  Conway^  Fraw,  Istwyth^  Avon,  Aeron,  Dar,  Daron, 
Gaveny ; in  Scotland,  Aberbrothwick,  or  Arbroath,  Aber- 
corn,  Aberdour,  Abergeldie,  Abernethy  (in  Morayshire),  at 
the  embouchure  of  the  Brothock,  Cornie,  Dour,  Geldie,  and 
Nethy.  Aberchirder  is  Abhir-chiar-dur  (the  conf.  of  the 
dark  water) ; Abercrombie  (the  curved  conf.) ; Aberfeldy, 
i.e.  Abhir-feathaile  (the  smooth  conf.) ; Aberfoyle  (the  conf. 
of  the  ^oo\,phuill) ; Aberlemno  (the  conf.  of  the  leaping  water, 
leumnach) ; Arbirlot,  anc.  Aber-Elliot  (at  the  mouth  of  the 
Elliot) ; Applecross,  for  Abkzr-croisan(the  conf.  of  trouble) ; 
Aberdeen,  anc.  Abyrdin  (on  the  estuary  of  the  Don  and 
Dee). 

ABI  (Turk.),  a river ; e.g.  Abi-shiran  (sweet  river) ; Abi-shur  (salt 
river) ; Abi-gurm  (warm  river) ; Abi-gard  (yellow  river) ; 
Abi-kuren  (the  river  of  Cyrus) ; Ab- Allah  (God’s  river). 

_ - --  N rr  . f These  and  similar  words,  in 

AET  (Teut.),  an  abbot, (Lat.)  abbatem.)  the  Romance  languages,  de- 


( rived  from  the  Heb.  abba 


ABTE,  an  abbey. 

(father),  were  introduced  into  the  languages  of  Europe,  in 
connection  with  the  monastic  system,  and  are  attached  to  the 
names  of  places  founded  by  monks  and  abbots,  or  belonging 
to  church  lands.  Thus : Absberg  (abbot’s  hill) ; Apersdorf,  for 
Abbatesdorf  {?iMcioi!sv^2Jg€) ; Absholz  (abbot’s  wood) ; Abts- 
roda  (abbot’s  clearing),  in  Germany  : Appenzell,  anc.  Abbatis- 
cella  (abbot’s  church),  founded  by  the  abbot  of  St.  Gall, 
A.D.  647  ; Abbeville  (abbot’s  dwelling),  France  : Abbotsbury 
(the  abbot’s  fortified  place),  Dorset ; Abbeydare  (on  the  river 
Dare),  Hereford ; Abbotshall,  in  Fife,  so  called  from  having 
been  the  occasional  residence  of  the  abbots  of  Dunfermline  ; 
Abdie  (belonging  to  the  abbey  of  Lindores) ; Abington,  anc. 


4 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


AC,  or  AEC  (A.S.), 
EK,  or  EG  (Scand.), 
EYKE  (Dutch), 
EICHE  (Ger.), 


Abbendon  (abbot’s  hill),  Berks  : in  Ireland,  Abbeyfeale  (the 
abbey  on  the  river  Feale) ; Abbey leix  (the  abbey  of  Lewy, 
an  Irish  chief) ; Abbeylara  (the  site  of  the  abbey,  lathair) ; 
Abbeyshrule  (on  the  stream,  struther)  ; Abbensee  (the  lake 
of  the  abbey) : in  Upper  Austria,  Badia-San-Salvatore  (the 
abbey  of  the  holy  Saviour) : Badia-Torrita  (the  abbey  with 
the  little  tower),  in  Italy. 

I'  an  oak ; e.g.  Acton,  Acworth  (oak  enclosure 
I or  manor) ; Oakley  (oak  meadow) ; Oakham 
-j  (oak  dwelling) ; Auckland  (oakland) ; Acrise 
I (oak  ascent) ; Wokingham,  or  Oakingham 
[ (the  dwelling  among  oaks),  England  : Eich 
stad,  Eichdorf,  Eikheim  (oa:k  dwelling  or  town)  ; Ekholta 
(oak  wood)  ; Eichhalden  (oak  height)  ; Eichstegen  (oak 
path) ; Eykebusch  (oak  thicket),  in  Germany  and  Holland. 

ACH,  or  ICH,  a form  of  the  Teut.  aha^  water ; as  in  Salzach  (salt 
stream) ; but  it  is  also  a common  affix  to  words  in  the  Teut. 
and  Cel.  languages,  by  means  of  which  a noun  is  formed  intd^ 
an  adjective,  equivalent  to  the  Lat.  terminations  etum  and 
iacum.  Thus,  in  German  topography,  we  find  Lindach; 
Aichach,  Aschach,  Buchach,  Tannich,  Fichtig,  i.e.  (abound 
ing  in  lime,  oak,  ash,  beech,  fir,  and  pine  wood) ; Affal-^ 
trach  (in  apple-trees) ; Erlicht  (in  elms) ; Heselicht  (in 
hazels) ; Laubach  (in  leaves).  In  Ireland  : Darach,  Farnach 
(abounding  in  oak  and  alders);  Eanach  and  Abhnach^ 
(abounding  in  streams).  In  the  Sclav,  language,  the  aflfix_ 
zig  has  the  same  meaning,  as  in  Leipzig  (abounding  in  lime 
trees). 


a field,  plain,  or  meadow  ; eg} 
Aghinver  (the  field  of  the  con^ 
fluence)  ; Aghindarragh  (of  the 
oak  wood) ; Achonry,  anc. 
Achadh-Chonaire  (Conary’s  field) ; Ardach  (high  field) ; 
Aghabeg  (little  field) ; Aghaboy  (yellow  field) ; Aghamore 
(great  field) ; Aghaboe  (the  field  of  the  cow)  ; Aghadown 
(of  the  fort) ; Aghadoe  {i.e.  Achadh-da-eo,  of  the  two 


ACHADH,  ACH,  AGH  (Gadhelic), 
AUCH,  AUGH, 

AUCHEN, 


E TYMOL  OGICAL  GE 0 GRA PHY. 


5 


yew-trees) — in  Ireland.  In  Scotland,  Auchinclach  and 
Auchinleck  (the  stony  field)  ; Auchinbreck  (the  spotted  field)  ; 
Auchinfad  (the  long  field) ; Auchenrath  (of  the  fort) ; Auchin- 
cruive  (of  the  tree,  craoibhe) ; Auchline  (of  the  pool) ; Auch^ 
nacraig  (of  the  rock)  ; Auchindoir  (the  field  of  pursuit)  ; 
! Auchindinny  and  Auchteany  (the  field  of  fire — teine — i.e. 

probably  places  where  the  Beltane  fires  were  kindled)  ; 
Auchinleith  (grey  field) ; Aghaboe  (the  ford  of  the  cow) — 
Ireland. 


I the  ash-tree ; e.g.  Ashton,  Ashby,  Askham 
(ash-tree  dwelling)  ; Ashford  (a  ford  near  ash- 
trees)  ; Ashrigg  (the  ash-tree  ridge) — in  Eng- 
land ; Eschdorf,  Eshweil,  Eschweiller  (ash- 
tree  dwelling) ; Eschenbach  (ash-tree  brook). 

AESP  (A.S.),  i the  aspen,  or  poplar;  e.g.  Aspley,  Aspden 
ASP  (Scand.),  ( (poplar  field,  or  valley). 

. fa  fountain  ; e.g.  Aenon  (the  fountains)  ; En- 

AIN,  EN  ( emitic),  I shemish  (the  fountain  of  the  sun) ; Engedi 

( (of  the  goat)  ; Enrogel  (of  the  fuller’s  field) ; 
Dothan  (the  two  fountains) ; Aayn-el-kebira  (the  great  foun- 
tain) ; Ain-halu  (the  sweet  fountain) ; Aayn-taiba  (the  good 
fountain). 

/r-  r \ place,  a possession  ; e.g.  Daviot,  anc. 

AIT  (Gad  e ic),  I Damh-aite  (the  place  of  the  ox). 

AEHT,  EIGEN  (Teut.),  | Ireland  the  word  is  used  in  com- 

bination with  tigh  (a  house) ; e.g.  Atty  (the  dwelling-place) ; 
Atty-Dermot  (the  dwelling  of  Dermot)  ; Atti-duff  (the  dark 
dwelling).  Iberstolfs-eigen,  Smurses-eigen  {i.e.  the  posses- 
sion of  Iberstolf  and  Smurse)  ; Sonder-eygen  (south  posses- 
sion) ; Oedht  (the  possession),  a town  in  Germany ; Ede? 
Eda,  in  Sweden. 

AITH,  AED,  or  EID  (Scand.),  a tongue  of  land ; e.g.  Aithsvoe  (the 
bay  on  the  headland) ; Aithsthing  (the  place  of  meeting  on 
the  headland) ; Eidfoss  (the  waterfall  on  the  headland). 

AK  (Turk.),  white ; e.g.  Ak-dagh,  Ak-tag  (the  White  Mountains)  ; 
Ak-su  (white  water) ; Ak-hissar  (white  castle) ; Ak-serai 


AESC  (A.S.), 
ASK  (Scand.), 
ESCHE  (Ger.), 


6 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


(white  palace) ; Ak-shehr  (white  dwelling) ; Ak-meschid 
(white  mosque) ; Ak-klat  (white  fortress). 

AL  (the  Arabic  definite  article) ; e.£-.  Al-kalat  (the  fortress) ; Al- 
gesira  (the  island) ; Alcantara  (the  bridge) ; Al-kasar  (the 
palace) ; Algarve  (the  West). 

ALDEA  (Span,  and  Port.),  a village  ; e.£\  Aldea-del-Cano  (the  dog’s 
village) ; Aldea-vieya  (old  village) ; Aldea-el-Muro  (the  walled 
village  ; Aldea-del-Rio  (of  the  river)  ; Aldea  Galliga  (of  the 
Gauls). 


....  fa  rock  or  cliff ; e.g.  the  Alps  ; Albainn  (the 
ALP,  AILPE  ( e tic),  j land),  the  anc.  name  of  Scotland ; 


mountainous  region) ; Alva,  Alvie,  Alvah  (the  rocky),  parishes 
in  Scotland  ; Alyth  (for  Alb-aille,  Gael.,  beautiful  cliff) ; 
Cantal  (the  head  of  the  rock),  in  France.  In  Ireland  the 
word  ail  (cliff)  takes  the  form  of  oil,  aspirated  foyle,  or 
faill,  aspirate  of  ail j eg.  Ailla-gower  (goat’s  cliff) ; Alleen 
or  Failleen  (little  cliff) ; Foylycleara  (O’Cler/s  cliff)  ; but 
foyle  as  an  affix  is  commonly  derived  from  poll  (a  hole). 


(old  boundary) ; Altkirch  (old  church) ; Altofen  (old  oven),  in 
Germany,  so  called  from  its  warm  baths ; Oudenarde  (old 
earth  or  land) ; Oudenbosch  (old  thicket) ; Oldenzeel  (old 
dwelling) ; Oude-capel  (old  chapel).  In  England— Oldham, 
Althorpe,  Alcaster,  Aldwark  (old  dwelling,  farm,  camp, 
fortress) ; Audlem  (old  lyme  or  border). 


ALB, 

AIL  (Irish), 


(Alpnacht  or  Alpenach  (the 
at  the  foot  of  Mount  Pil 


the  mountain  stream), 
Pilate ; Albania  (the 


ALR  (A.S.), 


ALT  (Ger.), 

ALD,  EALD  (A.S.), 

OUDE,  olden,ollen(  Dutch) 


ALLT  (Celtic),  a height, 
ALTAN  (a  little  cliff), 


I 


eg.  Alltmaur  (the  great  cliff) ; Builth, 
i.e.  Bu-allt,  the  steep  place  of  the  cattle 
— in  Wales.  The  Allts,  or  cliffs,  in  oo. 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


7 


Monaghan  ; Altnachullion  (the  cliff  of  the  holly)  ; Altinure 
(the  cliff  of  the  yew-tree) ; Altanagh  (abounding  in  cliffs). 

ALT  (Celtic),  a stream  ; e.£-.  the  Alt,  Aldan,  Alta  (rivers) ; Alt-dowran 
(otter  stream) ; Ault-sigh  (resting  stream)  ; Alt-na-guish  (the- 
fir-tree  stream) ; Aldivalloch,  Gael.  Allt-a-bhealaich  (the 
stream  of  the  pass) ; Alness,  Gael.  AUt-an-casa  (of  the  cas- 
cade) ; Alltmore  (great  stream) ; Auldearn,  Gael.  Allt-fearn 
(alder-tree  stream) ; Cumbernauld,  Gael.  Comar-n-uilt  (the 
confluence  of  the  streams)  ; Herault,  in  France,  smc.  Aranas 
(slow  stream). 

ALTUN,  ALTAN  (Tartar),  golden ; e.g-.  the  Altai,  or  golden  mountains ; 
Alta-Yeen  (the  golden  mountains);  Altanor  (golden  lake); 
Altan-su  (golden  river) ; Altun-tash  (golden  rock) ; Altun- 
kupri  (golden  bridge). 

AM,  or  AN ; contrac.  from  Ger.  an-den  (on  the,  or  at  the) ; e.g. 
Amberg  (at  the  hill) ; Amdorf,  Ambach,  Amsteg,  Amwalde 
at  the  village,  brook,  path,  wood. 

AMAR  (Old  Ger.),  a kind  of  grain ; eg.  Amar-bach,  Amar-thal, 
Amar-wang,  Amar-veld  (the  brook,  valley,  and  field  where 
this  grain  grew). 

AMBACHT,  or  AMT  (Ger.),  a district  under  the  government  of  an 
Amtman,  or  bailiff ; e.g.  Amt-sluis  (the  sluice  of  the  Am- 
bacht) ; Amthof  (the  court  of  the  Amtman) ; Graven- Ambacht 
(the  duke’s  district) ; Ambachts-brug  (the  bridge  of  the 
Ambacht). 

AMBR,  an  Indo-Germanic  word,  signifying  a river,  allied  to  the 
Sansc.  ambu  (water).  According  to  Forsteman,  the  suffix  r 
was  added  by  most  European  nations  before  their  separa- 
tion from  the  Asiatic  tribes,  as  appears  in  the  Greek  ombros 
and  the  Lat.  imber  (a  shower).  The  word  appears  in  the 
name.s  of  persons  and  tribes,  as  well  as  of  places,  on  the 
European  continent — e.g.  the  Ambrones  (or  dwellers  by 
the  water),  and  perhaps  in  Umbria ; Amberloo,  and  Amers- 
foort  (the  meadow  and  fort  by  the  water),  in  Holland  ; and 
in  such  river  names  as  the  Ammer,  Emmer,  Emmerich, 
Ambra,  &c. 

ANGER  (Ger.),  a meadow  or  field ; e.g.  Rabenanger  (the  raven’s  field) ; 


8 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


Moosanger  (mossy  field)  ; Wolfsanger  (the  wolfs  field,  or 
the  field  of  Wolf,  a man’s  name)  ; Vogelsanger  (birds’  field) ; 
Angerhusen  (the  field  houses) ; Angerbach  (the  field  brook)  ; 
Anger  (the  field),  a town  in  Austria. 

ANGRA  (Port.),  a creek  or  bay ; e.g.  Angra  (a  sea-port  in  the 
Azores) ; Angra-de-los-reyes  (the  king’s  bay). 


contii),  in  Dauphiny ; Aix-les-bains  (the  bath  waters),  in 
Savoy ; Aachen,  or  Aix-la-Chapelle,  celebrated  for  its 
mineral  springs,  and  for  the  chapel  erected  over  the  tomb 
of  Charlemagne  ; Plombi^res,  anc.  Aquce-plombaricB  (waters 
impregnated  with  lead)  ; Veraqua,  corrupt,  of  Verdes-aguas 
(green  waters).  New  Granada;  Aigue-Perse  (the  bubbling 
water),  in  Auvergne  ; Aigue-vive  (the  spring  of  living  water) ; 
Aigues-mortes  (the  stagnant  waters) ; Dax,  corrupt,  from 
Civitas-aquensis  (the  city  of  waters),  celebrated  for  its  saline 
springs  ; Aguas-bellas  (beautiful  waters),  Portugal ; Aguas- 
calientes  (warm  waters),  Mexico ; Eaux-bonnes  (good 
waters) ; Les  Eaux-chaudes  (warm  waters) ; Eauze  (the 
waters)  ; Evaux,  Evreux,  Evron  (on  the  waters),  towns  in 
France  ; Evian,  anc.  Aquarum  (the  place  of  waters),  cele- 
brated for  its  baths.  Savoy ; Entraignes,  anc.  Interaquce 
(between  the  waters)  ; Yvoire,  anc.  Aquaria  (the  watery 
district),  on  Lake  Geneva  ; Aas,  or  Les  Eaux  (the  waters), 
Basses  Pyrenees ; Acalpulca,  corrupt,  from  Portus-aqucB 
pulchrcB  (the  port  of  beautiful  waters),  Mexico ; Amboise 
and  Amboyna  (surrounded  by  water) ; Bex  (upon  the  two 
waters),  at  the  junction  of  the  Rhone  and  Aven^on ; Bor- 
deaux (on  the  brink  of  the  waters) ; Outre  I’Eau  and  Outre- 
leau  (beyond  the  water),  France  ; Lewes,  in  Sussex,  Laft 
Aquis  — hence  Les  Ewes  (waters),  A.  S.  Loeswes  (wet 
pastures). 

ARA,  a frequent  element  in  river  names,  but  with  various  and  even 


P water  ; eg.  Aix,  anc.  Aquce-Sextice  (the 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


9 


opposite  meanings.  Some  of  the  river  names  may  have 
come  from  the  Sanscrit  ara  (swift,  or  that  which  flows),  and 
in  Tamil  aar  means  simply  a river.  There  is  another 
Sanscrit  word,  arb  (to  ravage  or  destroy),  with  which  the 
Celtic  words  garw,  garbh  (rough,  violent),  may  be  con- 
nected ; and,  on  the  other  hand,  there  is  the  Welsh  araf 
(gentle).  According  to  the  locality  and  characteristics  of  the 
stream,  one  must  determine  to  which  of  these  roots  each 
may  belong.  There  are,  in  England,  the  rivers  Aire,  Arre, 
Arrow,  Arro  ; in  Ireland,  Araglin,  Aragadeen ; in  France, 
Arve,  Erve,  Arvieron,  &c. ; in  Switzerland  and  Germany, 
Aar,  Are ; in  Spain  and  Italy,  Arva,  Arno ; in  Scotland, 
Ayr,  Aray,  Irvine,  &c.  Many  of  these  names  may  signify 
simply  flowing  water  (the  river) ; while  others,  beginning 
with  the  syllable  may  be  referred  to  the  adjectival  forms, 
araf^  arb.,  ara,  or  garbh,  followed  by  another  root-word  for 
water,  as  in  Arrow  (the  swift  stream)  ; Yarrow  (the  rough 
stream  ; ow,  water) ; Arvieron  (the  furious  stream ; avon, 
water)  ; Arar  (the  gentle  stream),  now  the  Saone. 

ARD,  AIRD  (Gadhelic),  a height,  or,  as  an  adjective,  high ; e.g. 
the  Aird,  the  Airds,  in  Inverness-shire  and  Lewis ; Aird- 
point,  in  Skye  ; Aird-dhu  (black  height) ; Airdrie  (the  smooth 
height),  reidh  (or  the  king’s  height) ; Ardmore  (great 
height) ; Ardoch  (high  field) ; Ardclach  (high  stone) ; Ar- 
drishaig  (the  height  full  of  briars,  driseach) ; Ardnamurchin, 
Gael.  Ard-na-mor-chinn  (the  height  of  the  great  headland)  ; 
Ardgower,  gobhar  (goat’s  height)  ; Ardtornish,  Gael.  Ard- 
thor-n-casa  (the  high  cliff  of  the  cascade) ; Ardross  and  Ard- 
rossan  (high  point) ; Ardchattan  (the  height  of  St.  Catan, 
one  of  St.  Columba’s  companions) ; Ardersier,  Gael.  Ard- 
ros-siar  (the  high  western  promontory)  ; Ardgay  (the  windy 
height) ; Ardlui  (of  the  fawns) ; Ardblair  (high  field) ; 
Ardentinny  (the  height  of  the  fire,  teine),  Scotland  : in 
Ireland,  Ardglass  (green  height) ; Ardbeg  (little  height) ; 
Ardeen,  Ardan  (the  hillock) ; Ardan-reigh  (grey  hillock) ; 
Ardboe  (the  cow’s  height)  ; Ardbraccan  (of  St.  Brachan) ; 
Ardclare  (high  plain) ; Ardfert  (the  height  of  the  grave) ; 


lO 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY, 


Ardfinnan  (of  St.  Finnan) ; Ardnaree,  Irish  Ard-na-righ 
(of  the  executions)  : the  Latin  arduus  (high),  cognate  with 
these  Celtic  roots,  is  found  in  Ardea,  in  Italy ; the  Ardes,  or 
heights,  in  Auvergne,  and  the  name  Auvergne  itself  is 
Ar-fearann  (high  land) ; Arden,  and  Ardennes  (high  wooded 
valleys) ; Ardwick-le-street  (the  high  town  on  the  great 
Roman  road),  strata^  in  England.  Ard,  arty  and  artha  are 
also  Persian  prefixes,  signifying  high,  noble,  eminent,  as  in 
such  names  as  Artaxeres,  Artabanes,  Artamenes.  Ardboodha 
(the  high  place  of  Buddha) ; Aravalli  (the  hill  of  strength). 

"a  place,  a farm,  a dwelling;  eg.  Heddern 
(hiding  place) ; Beddern  (sleeping  place) ; 
Suthern  (south  place) ; Arne,  a town  in  York- 
shire ; Chiltern  (the  chalk  place),  Wilts ; 
Whithorn,  in  Wigton  (A.  S.  Whitern  ; Lat. 
Candida-casa  (white  place  or  dwelling) ; As- 
perne  (the  place  of  poplar  trees) ; Thalern  (valley  dwelling) ; 
Femern  (the  place  of  cattle) ; Mauthern  (toll  place) ; Bevem, 
and  Bevergern  (the  dwelling  on  the  R.  Bever) ; Domem  (the 
place  of  judgment) ; Aire  (Lat.  Area- A tredates,  the  dwelling 
of  the  Atrebates,  a tribe) ; Bavaria,  Ger.  Baiern  (the  dwelling 
of  the  Boii) ; Aire  (the  farm),  on  the  Adour,in  France  ; Aros, 
Gael,  (the  dwelling),  in  Mull ; Arosaig  (the  comer  dwelling), 
Argyle. 


ARN,  ERN  (Teut.), 
AERN,  ARNE, 
AREN  (Lat.), 

AIRE  (Fr.), 

AROS  (Celtic), 


/ an  eagle.  The  word  is  employed  in  topo- 
) graphy  either  with  reference  to  the  bird  itself, 
j or  to  a personal  name  derived  from  it ; thus, 
V Arnfels  (eagle  rock)  ; Arnberg,  Arnstein,  Arl- 
berg  (eagle  mountain) ; Arisdale  (eagle  valley) ; Amecke 
(eagle  corner) ; Arnau  (eagle  meadow) ; Arendal  (eagle 
valley) ; Arenoe  (eagle  island). 

(Lat.),  a fortress  ; e.g.  Arco,  in  Tyrol ; Arcis-sur-Aube,  in 
France  ; Arcole  and  Areola,  in  Lombardy  and  Sardinia ; 
Saar- Louis,  anc.  Arx-Lttdovici-Sarum  (the  fortress  of  Louis 
on  the  Saar),  founded  by  Louis  XIV.,  1680  ; Arx-fontana,  or 
Fuentes  (the  fortress  on  the  fountain),  in  Spain ; Monaco, 


ARN  (Old  Ger.), 
ARI, 

ADLER  (Scand.), 


ARX 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


II 


anc.  Arx-MoncBci  (the  fortress  of  the  Monseci),  on  the  Gulf 
of  Genoa ; Thouars,  anc.  Tuedce-Arx  (the  fortress  on  the 
R.  Thouet),  in  France. 

AS,  or  AAS  (Scand.),  a hill  ridge  ; e.g.  Astadr  (ridge  dwelling)  ; As. 
and  Aas,  the  names  of  several  towns  in  Sweden  and 
N orway ; Aastrap,  Aasthorp  (the  village  or  farm  on  the 
ridge). 

AST,  AWEST,  or  AWi  (Old  Ger.),  a sheep,  cognate  with  the  Latin 
ovisj  eg.  Owbach  (sheep  brook)  ; Owperch  (sheep  park) ; 
Ausweil  (sheep  dwelling) ; but  ast  in  A.  S.  meant  a kiln, 
and  may  be  the  root-word  in  many  of  the  Astons  and  Ast- 
wicks  in  England. 

ASTA  (Basque),  a rock ; e.g.  Astorga,  in  Spain,  Lat.  Asturiea 
Augusta  (the  great  city  on  the  rocky  water,  urd) ; Astiapa 
(the  dwelling  at  the  foot  of  a rock)  ; also  Estepa,  formerly 
Astapaj  Astulez,  Astobeza,in  Spain  ; Asti,  a district  in  Sar- 
dinia which  was  peopled  by  Iberians,  or  Basques  ; Ast-ura 
(the  rocky  river)  ; Asturias  (the  country  of  the  dwellers  by 
the  rocky  river)  ; Ecija,  in  Spain,  anc.  Astigi  (the  rock 
dwelling) ; Estepar,  Estepona  (rocky  ground). 

( a ford ; a root-word  more  common  in 
< Ireland  than  in  Scotland,  cognate  with 
( the  Latin  vadum^  and  A.  S.  wath  or 
wade;  e.g.  Athmore  (great  ford)  ; Athdare  (the  ford  of  oaks)  ; 
Athenry  (the  king-’s  ford)  ; Athy,  i.e.  Ath-Ae  (the  ford  of  Ae, 
a Munster  chief  who  was  slain  at  the  spot)  ; Athlone  (the 
ford  of  St.  Luan)  ; Athleague  (of  the  stones) ; Agolagh  (the 
forked  ford),  goblach  (forked) ; Ahane  (little  ford) ; Aghan- 
loo  (Lew/s  little  ford) ; the  town  of  Trim  is  in  Irish  Ath- 
truim  (the  ford  of  alder-trees). 

noble,  or  the  nobles  ; e.g.  Adelsdorf,  Adels- 
heim,  Adelshofen,  Attelbury  (the  nobles’  dwell- 
ing) ; Athelney  (the  island  of  the  nobles),  in 
Somersetshire,  formerly  insulated  by  the  rivers 
Tone  and  Parret ; Adelsfors  (the  nobles’  waterfall);  Adels- 
berg  (the  nobles’  hill) ; Adelschlag  (the  nobles’  wood  clear- 


ATH,  AGH  (Gadhelic), 
AUGH, 


ATHEL  (A.S.), 
ADEL  (Ger.), 
ADELIG  (Gothic), 


12 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


ATISKS  (Teut.), 
EZISH,  ESCH, 


AU,  AUE  (Ger.), 
AUGIA  (Lat.), 


ing) ; Adelsoe  (the  nobles’  island)  ; Adelmanns-felden  (the] 
nobleman’s  field). 

a sowed  field ; e.£-.  Dannesch  (the  Dane’s] 
field) ; Kaeseresch  (the  emperor’s  field) ;] 
Hohenosch  (high  field) ; Muller-osch  (mill] 
field);  Bramesche  (blackberry  field).  As  a however,  [ 
esch  generally  signifies  the  ash-tree — v.  iESC. 

{ a meadow — formed  from  the  word  aka  (water),] 

< and  frequently  annexed  to  the  name  of  a river  ;] 

( e.£-.  Aar-au,  Ilmen-au,  Rhein-au,  Wetter-au, 
Oppen-au,  Muhr-au  (the  meadow  of  the  Aar,  Ilmen,  RheinX 
Wetter,  Oppa,  Muhr ; Frankenau  (the  Frank’s  meadow)  ;| 
Lichtenau  (the  cleared  meadow,  or  meadow  of  light) 
Reichenau  (rich  meadow)  ; Lindau  (of  lime-trees)  ; Schoenau^ 
(beautiful  meadow) ; Grunau  (green  meadow) ; Weidenau 
(pasture  meadow) ; Langenau  (long  meadow)  ; Rosenau  (the  \ 
meadow  of  roses) ; Herisau,  Lat.  Augia-dominus  (the  Lord’sj 
meadow) ; Eu  (the  meadow),  in  France ; Hanau  (the  enq 
closed  meadow). 

AUCHTER  or  OCHTER  (Gadhelic),  the  summit ; as  an  adjective,] 
upper ; e.g.  Auchtertyre,  anc.  Aucterardower  (height  on  t 
the  water) ; Auchterarder  (the  upper  high  land) ; Auch-  % 
terblair  (upper  field) ; Auchtercairn  (upper  rock) ; Auchter- 
muchty  (the  upper  dwelling,  tigh,  of  the  wild  boar,  muc) 
Auchterau  (the  upper  water) ; Auchtertool  (the  upper  \ 
hollow,  tidl) ; Auchterless  (the  upper  side,  slios).  In  Ire- 
land it  takes  the  form  of  oughterj  e.g.  OugTiter-ard  (upper  ^ 
height) ; Oughter-lough  (upper  lake),  in  reference  to  Lough 
Erne  ; Outragh,  or  Oughteragh  (upper  field). 

/ water,  a river ; e.g.  Avon,  Aven, 


AVON,  AEON  (Cym.-Cel.), 
ABHAIN,  ABHUINNE  (Gadhelic), 
AMNIS  (Lat.) 


J Auney,  Inney,  Ewenny,  Aney, 
J Eveny,  river  names  in  England 
V and  Ireland  : Inn,  in  the  Tyrol 
and  in  Fife  ; Aven-gorm  (red)  ; Aven-banna  (white)  ; Aven- 
bui  (yellow  river);  Avonmore  (great  river),  Ireland;  Aisne, 
or  Axona  ; Seine,  or  Sequiana  ; Mayenne,  or  Meduana.  The" 
Ain,  Avenne,  Vilaine,  Vienne,  in  France ; Abona,  in  Spain. 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


13 


In  Scotland,  the  Almond,  or  Awmonj  Devon,  Doon  (dark 
river) ; Kelvin  (woody  river) ; Annan  (quiet  river) ; Leith, 
Leithen,  Lethen  (broad,  or  grey  river) ; Ancrum  (crooked 
river)  ; Irvine  and  Earn  (the  west-flowing  river)  ; the  Boyne, 
in  Ireland  (the  cow  river).  Many  towns  derive  their  names 
from  their  rivers,  or  from  their  vicinity  to  waters  : thus, 
Avignon  and  Verona,  i.e.  on  the  water  ; Amiens,  the  cap.  of 
the  Ambiani  (dwellers  on  the  water),  called  formerly  Samara 
briva^  i.e.  on  the  brink  of  the  Samara,  or  Somme  ; Teramo, 
anc.  Interamnia,  Lat.  (between  the  rivers)  ; and  Terni,  with 
the  same  meaning  ; Avenay,  anc.  Avenacum  (on  the  river)  ; 
Avesnes  (the  place  of  waters),  celebrated  for  its  mineral 
springs  ; but  such  names  as  Avenay,  Avennes,  may  have 
been  in  some  cases  derived  from  avena,  Lat.,  avoine, 
Fr.  (oats). 


BAAL,  a prefix  in  Phoenician  names,  derived  from  the  worship  of 
the  sun-god  among  that  people ; e.g.  Baalath,  Kirjath-Baal 
(the  city  of  Baal)  ; Baal-hazor  (Baal’s  village),  in  Palestine  ; 
sometimes,  however,  used  as  synonymous  with  beth  (a 
dwelling),  as  Bethtamar  for  Baaltamar;  Baalbec  (the  city 
of  the  sun),  in  Syria. 

BAB  (Ar.),  a gate,  or  court ; e.g.  Babel  (the  gate  or  court  of  God)  ; 
Baab,  a town  in  Syria ; El-Baab,  in  the  Sahara ; Bab-el- 
Mandeb  strait  (the  gate  of  tears),  so  called  by  the  Arabs 
from  its  dangerous  navigation ; Bab-el-fotook  (the  gate  of 
conquest),  in  Egypt ; Bab-el-estrecho  (the  gate  of  the  narrow 
passage),  the  Arabic  name  for  the  Strait  of  Gibraltar. 


Skarbeck  (dividing  brook) ; Griesbach  and  Sandbach  (sandy 
brook) ; Gronenbach  (green  brook)  ; Overbeck  (upper 
brook)  ; Reichenbach  (rich  brook) ; Marbeck  (boundary 
brook)  ; Schoenbach  (beautiful  brook) ; Beckford  (the  ford 


B 


BACH,  BATCH,  BEC  (Teut.) 
BEC,  BOEK  (Scand.), 


14 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


over  the  brook)  ; Bacheim  and  Beckum  (the  dwelling  at  the 
brook) ; Beckermet  (the  meeting  of  brooks) ; Bickersteth 
(the  station  at  the  brook) ; Laubach  and  Laybach  (the  warm 
or  leafy  brook)  ; but  Laubach  may  also  mean  abounding  in 
leaves — v.  ach. 

BAD  (Teut  > f ^ bath,  or  mineral  spring ; e.g.  Baden,  anc. 

BADD  (Cvm^-Cel ) 1 ThermcB  Austricce  (the  Austrian  warm  springs),' 

’ ^ ( in  the  Grand  Duchy  of  Austria ; Baden-Baden, 
anc.  Civitas  Aquensis  Aureliai^^  watering-place  of  Aurelius); 
in  Baden ; Baden-bei-Wien  (the  baths  near  Vienna)  ; Baden- 
ober  (the  upper  baths),  Switz. ; Franzens-bad  (the  bath  of| 
the  Franks) ; Carlsbad  or  Kaiser-bad  (the  bath  town  of  the 
Emp.  Charles  IV.  of  Bohemia) ; Marien-bad,  Lat.  Balneum 
Marice  (the  bath  of  the  Virgin  Mary) ; Wiesbaden,  anc. 
Fo7ites  Mattiaci  (the  meadow  baths,  or  the  springs  of  the  \ 
Mattiaci^  dwellers  on  the  meadow)  ; Badstube  (bath  sheep-  V 
fold)  ; Badborn  (bath  well)  ; Wildbad  (the  natural  bath,  i.e. 
not  prepared  by  art),  in  the  Black  F orest ; Slangen-bad  (the* 
bath  of  snakes),  so  called  from  the  number  of  snakes  found 
in  the  mineral  springs  ; Badsdorf  (bath  village),  Bohemia.’ 
The  city  of  Bath,  Celtic  Caer-badon  (bath  city),  Lat.  Aqzice 
soils  (the  waters  of  the  sun),  A.S.  Akeman-ceaster  (the  sick 
man’s  camp). 

BAGH  (Ar.  and  Turk.),  a garden  : eg.  Bag,  or  Baug  (Hindostan) ; 
Baghdad  (the  garden  of  Dad,  a monk  who  had  his  cell  near 
the  site  of  the  city)  ; Bala-Bagh  (high  garden),  in  Affghan-  | 
istan;  Karabagh  (black  garden),  a district.in  Armenia,  so 
called  on  account  of  its  thick  forests  ; Alum-bagh  (the  garden 
of  the  Lady  Alum),  Hindostan. 

a bath ; e.g.  Bagna-cavallo  (the 
horses’  bath) ; Begna-di-aqua  (wa- 
ter-bath) ; Bagnazo,  Bagnara,  Bag- 
naria,  towns  in  Italy  celebrated  for 
their  baths  ; Bagneaux  (bath  waters),  France ; Bagn^res-de- 
Bigorre  (the  baths  of  the  Bigorones,  i.e.  the  dwellers  be- 
tween two  heights),  in  the  Pyrenees  ; Bagneres-de-Luchon 
(the  baths  on  the  R.  Luchon),  Languedoc;  Bagnols,  Bag- 


BAGNA  (It.),  BALNIUM  (Lat.), 
BANHO  (Port.),  BANG  (Span.), 
BAIN  (Fr.), 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


15 


nolets,  Bagnol-les-Bains  (bathing  places),  in  France  ; Bains- 
les-du-Mont-dor^  (the  baths  of  the  Golden  Mount) ; Banos 
(the  baths) ; Bagni-di- Lucca,  Bagni-di-Pisa  (the  baths  of 
Lucca  and  Pisa),  in  Italy.  — 

BAHIA  (Port.),  a bay  ; e.g.  Bahia,  or  St.  Salvador  (the  bay  town  of  ^ 
the  Holy  Saviour),  Brazil ; Bahia-blanca  (white  bay)  ; Bahia- 
hermosa  (beautiful  bay) ; Bahia-honda  (deep  bay) ; Bahia- 
negra  (black  bay) ; Bahia-neuva  (new  bay) ; Bahia-de- 
Neustra-Senora  (the  bay  of  Our  Lady)  ; Bahia-Escosesa,  in 
Hayti  (Scottish  bay) ; Bayonna,  in  Spain,  and  Bayonne,  in 
France  ; Basque  (the  good  bay) ; Baia  (the  town  on  the  bay), 
Naples. 

BAHN  (Ger.),  a way  or  path  \ eg.  Bahn-stagen  (the  way  post)  ; 
Schief-bahn  (crooked  path) ; Langen-bahn  (long  path) ; 
Wild-bahn  (wild  or  uncultivated  path). 

BAHR,  or  BAHAR  (Ar.),  a sea,  a lake,  sometimes  a river ; eg.  Bahar- 
el-Abiad  (the  white),  Bahr-el-azrak  (the  blue  river),  forming 
together  the  Nile ; Bahar-belame  (waterless  river),  Egypt ; 
Baraach  (the  sea  of  wealth),  Hindostan ; Bahari  (the  mari- 
time district  (Lower  Egypt)  ; Bahr-assal  (salt  lake),  Africa ; 
Bahrein  (the  two  seas),  a district  in  Arabia,  between  the 
Persian  Gulf  and  the  Red  Sea ; also  a group  of  islands,  on 
the  same  coast. 

BAILE,  BALLY  (Gadhelic),  originally  a place,  a home ; then  a fort, 
a town,  allied  to  the  Greek  polis.  The  word  is  often  con- 
tracted into  balj  or  into  ballin,  for  baile-an  (of  the) ; e.g. 
Ballinrobe  (the  town  of  the  R.  Robe)  ; Balbriggan  (Brecon’s 
town)  ; Ballintra,  Ballintrae,  and  Ballintraid  (the  dwelling  on 
the  sea-shore),  in  Ireland,  Ayrshire,  and  Ross-shire;  Bal- 
later  (the  dwelling  on  the  hill  slope,  leitir) ; Ballinacarrig 
(of  the  rock) ; Ballinahinch  (of  the  island) ; Ballinakill  (of 
the  church,  or  of  the  wood) ; Ballinascalleg  (of  the  rocky 
islands),  Kerry ; Ballinaspeg  (of  the  bishop,  easbuig) ; Ballin- 
derry  (of  the  oak  wood)  ; Ballingarry  (of  the  garden,  garr- 
adha)  ; Ballintober  and  Ballintubbert  (of  the  well)  ; Ballintoy 
(north  dwelling) ; Ballycastle  (castle  town) ; Ballyclare  (the 
town  of  the  plain) ; Ballymena  (middle  town) ; Ballymony 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


i6 


(of  the  shrubbery) ; Ballymore  and  Ballmore  (great  town,  or 
dwelling) ; Bally-Mahon  (the  dwelling  of  Mahon,  a king  of 
Thomond);  Ballymurtach  (the  dwelling  of  Murtach),  a 
mountain  in  co.  Wicklow,  abounding  in  rich  copper  mines  ; 
Nohoval,  corrup.  from  Nuachongbhail  (new  habitation) — 
localities  in  Ireland.  In  Scotland,  Balmoral  (the  majestic 
dwelling,  morail),  Bal-na-cross  (the  dwelling  of  the  cross) ; 
Balmerino  (on  the  sea-shore,  inuir) ; Balachulish,  Gael. 
Baile-na-caolish  (the  dwelling  on  the  narrow  strait) ; Bal- 
dernock,  Gael.  Baile-dair-cnoc  (the  dwelling  at  the  oak,  or 
Druid’s  hill) ; Balnacraig  (dwelling  of  the  rock) ; Balfour 
(cold  dwelling, ; Balnaljcilly  (the  dwelling  of  the  wood) ; 
Ballinluig  (of  the  hollow) ; Balblair  (of  the  field  or  plain) ; 
Balgay,  Balgie  (windy  dwoUing,  £’aotL,  wind) ; Balnachraggan 
(of  the  little  rock) ; Balfron  (of  mourning,  bhroin)^  so  called, 
according  to  tradition,  because  a number  of  children  had 
been  devoured  by  wolves  at  the  place ; Balgreen  (dwelling 
of  the  sun,  i.e.  a spot  with  a sunny  aspect)  ; Balbardie  and 
Balvaird  (the  bard’s  dwelling) ; Bal-sagart  (the  priest’s  dwell- 
ing) ; Ballagan  and  Ballogie  (the  dwelling  in  the  hollow) ; 
Balfern  (the  dwelling  among  alder-trees) ; Ballicurrie  (the 
dwelling  of  the  ravine) ; Beladrum  (of  the  ridge)  ; Balgarvie 
(of  the  rough  stream). 

BALA  (Cym.-Cel.),  the  head  of  a river,  flowing  into  a lake  ; e.g. 
Bala,  in  North  Wales. 

BALA  (Turk,  and  Ar.),  high  ; eg.  Bala-hissar  (high  castle) ; Bala- 
dagh  (high  mountain) ; Bala- Ghauts  (the  country  above  the 
Ghauts)  ; Balasore  (high  dwelling) ; Balkan*  (high  ridge), 
also  called  Mount  Haemus  (the  snowy  mount),  from  hima.^ 
snow  (Sansc.)  ; Balkh  (the  high  town). 

BALKEN  (Ger.),  a ridge  ; e.g.  Gries-balken  (sandy  ridge) ; Moes- 
balken  (mossy  ridge). 

BALTA  (Scand.),  f ^ f 

_ . /X  ( ■<  strait);  Baltia  (the  country  of  the  belts  or 

( straits,  the  ancient  name  of  Scandinavia)  ; 
Baltic  (the  sea  that  washes  the  shores  of  Baltia) ; the  Great 
or  Little  Belt,  or  strait. 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


17 


BANT,  BANZ  (Ger.),  ( ^ " “^osure  from  Old  Ger. 

POINT  or  PUND  (A.S.),  1 P‘«>^t>  Py»dan,  to  confine,  cognate  with 

ypant-Cym-cel,  a valley ; e.g.  Brabant,  t.e. 
Brach-bant  (the  ploughed  district)  ; Altenbanz  (the  old)  r 
Ostrevant  (the  eastern  district)  ; Grunnenbant  (the  green 
district) ; Paint-miihle  (the  mill  district)  ; Hasel-point  (the 
district  of  hazels) ; Pound-stock  (the  enclosed  place)  ; Pan- 
teg  (beautiful  valley),  Monmouth  ; Pant-y-goitre  (the  valley 
of  the  town  in  the  wood),  Monmouth  ; Drenthe,  corrupt, 
from  Thri-banta  (the  three  districts),  a town  in  Holland  ; 
Bantz  (the  district),  in  Bavaria. 

BANYA  (Hung.),  a mine ; eg.  Uj-banya  (new  mine) Banya-nagy 
(great  mine),  Ger.  Neustadt,  a town  in  Hungary  with 
gold  and  silver  mines  ; Abrud-banya  (the  mine  on  the  R. 
Abrud,  a district  abounding  in  metals). 

BARR  (Gadhelic)  f ^ ^ projection  ; e.g.  Barmona  (the  top 

BARD  (Scand.)  ' ) ’ Barra-vore  (great  summit,  mor)  ; 

^ ^ ( Barmeen  (smooth  summit),  in  Ireland.  In 

several  counties  in  Scotland  we  find  Barr  (the  uplands) ; 
Barbreac  (the  spotted  point) ; Barrie  and  Barra  (the  head  of 
the  stream) ; Barcaldine  (hazel  point)  ; Barbeth,  Barnbeth 
(birch-tree  point) ; Barrglass  (grey  height)  ; Bar-darroch 
(the  summit  of  the  oak  grove)  ; Bardearg  (red  summit)  ; 
Barcaple  (the  horses’  point)  ; Burntisland,  in  Fife,  was  for- 
T merly  Bertila7id  (probably  a Scand.  name),  as  its  other 
name  was  Western  Kinghorn,  Gael,  ceaitn-cearn  (corner 
headland) ; the  town  of  Perth,  anc.  Barr-Tatha  (the  height 
on  the  R.  Tay)  ; the  Bard  of  Mousa,  and  the  Bard  of  Bressy, 
in  the  Shetlands  (Scand.,  the  projection  on  these  islands). 
The  prefix  bar,  in  France,  is  applied  to  strongholds,  as  in 
Bar-le-Duc  (the  duke’s  citadel). 

RART^nw  ^ ^ "^o^nd  of  earth,  especially  over  a grave; 

BEORH  (AS)  ' ] ^^^’^ow-by  (the  dwelling  at  the  mound) ; 

^ ( Ingle-barrow  (the  mound  at  the  grave  of 

Ingold).  But,  in  some  cases,  barrow  may  be  a form  of  the 
A.S.  boerw  (a  grove),  as  in  Barrow-den  (the  grove  hollow), 
Rutland. 


c 


i8 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


BAU  (Ger.),  a building ; e.g.  Brun-bau  (the  well  house) ; Neu-bau 
and  Alten-bau  (the  old  and  new  building) ; Tichel-boo  (brick 
building) ; Forst-gebaude  (the  building  in  the  forest). 

ia  tree,  a post ; Baumburg  (tree  town) ; Baum- 
garten  (the  orchard)  ; Baumgartental  (orchard 
valley) ; Baum-kriig  (the  inn  at  the  tree) ; 
Schoen-baum  (beautiful  tree)  ; Heesbaum  (the 
hazel-tree),  Germany ; Bampton  and  Bempton  (tree  town), 
in  Oxford  and  Yorkshire ; Bamford  (tree  ford),  Devon- 
shire. 


BAUM  (Ger.), 
BEAM  (A.S.), 
BOOM  (Dutch), 


BEDW  (Cym.-Cel.), 
BEITH  (Gadhelic), 


f the  birch-tree,  cognate  with  the  Latin 
■<  behtlaj  eg.  Beddoe  (the  birches),  Salop  ; 
( Bedwelty,  i.e.  Bediv-gwal-ty  (the  wild 
beast’s  dwelling  among  the  birches),  in  Monmouth  ; Pen- 
bedw  (birch  hill),  Salop  : in  Ireland,  Beagh,  Beaghy,  Behagh, 
Behy  (birch  land) ; Kilbeheny,  i.e.  Coill-beithne  (birch 
wood)  ; Beheenagh  (abounding  in  birches)  ; Ballybay  (the 
ford  mouth  of  the  birch)  ; Aghavea,  Aghaveagh  (birch  field). 
In  Scotland,  Beith  and  Beath  (the  birch),  in  Fife  and  Ayr- 
shire ; Dalbeth,  Dalbeath,  Dalbeathie  (birch  field)  ; Barbeth, 
Barnbeth  (the  summit  of  the  birches). 

BEER,  BIR  (Heb.  and  Ar.),  a well ; e.g.  Beer-sheba  (the  well  of  the 
oath)  ; Beer-Elim  (the  well  of  heroes),  Beirout  (the  city  of 
wells),  in  Palestine. 


BEER,  BERE,  Or  BYR  (Teut.),  f f Dwelling  or  farm  ; ^Beer.regis 
^ ^ ^ 'I  (the  king’s  dwelling) ; Beer- Alston 


BUR  (A.S.,  a cottage). 


( (the  dwelling  of  Alston)  ; Beardon 
and  Berewood  (dwelling  on  a hill,  and  in*a  wood)  ; Ayles- 
bear  (the  dwelling  of  Aegle)  ; Burford  (cottage  ford),  in  Eng- 
land ; Beuren  (the  dwelling  place),  the  name  of  several 
towns  in  Germany  ; also  Buren,  in  Switzerland  ; Grasbeu- 
ren  (grassy  dwelling)  ; Sandbuur  (sandy  dwelling) ; Erles- 
bura  (dwelling  among  elms) ; Beerendrecht  (dwelling  on  the 
pasture). 

BEEMD  (Dutch),  a meadow  ; e.g.  Beemd  and  Beemte  ; Haagsh- 
beemden  (enclosed  meadow) ; Beemster-polder  (the  meadow 
embankment. 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


19 


BEG,  BEAG  (Gadhelic), 
BIHAN,  BYCHAN,  or  FECHAN, 


) champ,  Bel-castro  (beauti- 
I ful  field  and  camp)  ; Bel- 


little  ; e.£-.  Morbihan  (the  little 
sea),  in  Brittany  ; Taafe-fechan 
(Cym.-Cel.),  ( (the  little  R.  Taafe),  Wales. 

BEIM,  contraction  for  bei-am  (Ger.),  by  the  ; e.g.  Beimbach,  Beim-^ 
berg,  Beimhofen  (by  the  brook,  hill,  court). 

BEL,  BELLE,  BEAU  (Fr.),  l'  beautiful,  fine  ; Bel- 

BELLO,  BELLA  (Port.,  Span.,  and  It.), 

BELLUM  (Lat.),  , Belleisle  (beautiful 

island) ; Beaucaire,  Lat.,  Bellum  Quadrum  (fine  square),  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Rhone  ; Beaufort,  Beaulieu,  Beaumont, 
Beau-manoir  (fine  port,  place,  mount,  manor) ; Beaumaris 
(the  beautiful  marshy  land) ; Bel  voir  (fine  view),  Rutland  ; 
Bewley  and  Bewdley,  corrupt,  from  Beau-lieu  ; Beauley  river 
and  village  in  Inverness-shire,  named  from  Prioratus-de- 
bello-loco  (the  priory  of  the  beautiful  place),  founded  in  1230  ; 
Beachy-head,  corrupt,  from  Fr.  beau-chef  (beautiful  head- 
land) ; Beau-desert  (beautiful  desert) ; Beau-repaire  (beauti- 
ful retreat),  in  Warwick  and  Derbyshire  ; Leighton-Buzzard, 
Fr.  beau-desert,  in  connection  with  its  ancient  name,  Legeaii- 
buhr  (the  fortress  of  the  legion) ; Balaclava,  corrupt,  from 
the  It.  Bella-chiava  (beautiful  quay). 

BEL,  BIALA  (Sclav.),  white  ; eg.  Biela  (white  stream) ; Bilowes  and 
Belowiz  (white  village,  waes)  ; Bela,  Belaia  (white  place)  ; 
Belgrade,  Ger.  Weissenburg  (white  fortress) ; Bialgorod, 
Turc.  Akkerman  (white  castle)  ; Belki  or  Bielki  (a  name 
applied  in  Russia  to  snow-capped  mountains)  ; Berat,  in 
Albania,  corrupt,  from  Belgrade  (white  fort). 

( an  estuary,  or  ford.  The  word  some- 
< times  takes  the  forms  of  bailie  and 
( bally,  and  is  thus  apt  to  be  confounded 
with  the  root  baile  (a  town).  In  connection  with  ath  (a 
ford),  it  forms  Ballina,  from  Bel-an-atha ; e.g.  Ballina  (co. 
Mayo),  for  Bel-a7i-atha-an-feadha  (the  ford  mouth  of  the 
wood) ; Belfast,  anc.  Bel-feirsde  (the  ford  of  the  farset  or 
sandbank)  ; Ballinaboy,  Bel-an-atha-buidhe  (the  mouth  of 
the  yellow  ford) ; Ballinagar,  Bel-atha-na-gcarr  (the  ford 


BEL,  BEAL  (Gadhelic), 
BEOL,  a mouth. 


20 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


mouth  of  the  cars) ; Ballinasloe  {Bel-atha-na-sluaigheadh 
(the  ford  mouth  of  the  armies)  ; Bally  shannon,  Bel-atha- 
Sea7iaigh  (the  mouth  of  Seanaigh’s  ford),  co.  Donegal ; Bally- 
shannon  in  co.  Kildare,  Irish  A Ik-Seajtazgk  (Seanagh’s  ford)  ; 
Belclare,  Bel-an-chlair  (the  ford  or  entrance  to  the  plain)  ; 
Ballinafad  (the  mouth  of  the  long  ford)  ; Lisbellaw  (the  fort 
of  the  ford  mouth).  Bel  (a  ford)  is  not  found  in  Scotland, 
that  I am  aware  of,  but  the  kindred  word  bealach  (a  pass  or 
opening  between  hills)  is  frequent  there,  as  well  as  in  Ire- 
land ; and  takes  the  forms  of  ballagh  or  ballochj  e.g.  Bal- 
laghboy  in  Ireland,  and  Ballochbuie  in  Scotland  (the  yel- 
low pass)  ; Ballaghmore  (great  pass) ; Ballaghkeen  (the 
beautiful  pass,  ccsin)  ; Ballaghadereen  (the  pass  of  the  little 
oak  grove).  The  name  Balloch  occurs  alone  in  several 
counties  of  Scotland,  the  best  known  being  Balloch  at  the  foot 
of  Loch  Lomond.  There  is  Ballochgoy  (windy  pass) ; Bal- 
lochray  (the  smooth  pass)  ; Ballochmyle  (the  bare  pass)  ; 
Ballochgair  (short  pass)  ; Ballochcraggan  (of  the  little  rock) ; 
Bealach-nam-bo  (the  pass  of  the  cattle),  &c. 

BELED  (Ar.),  a district ; eg.  Beled-es-Shurifa  (the  district  of  the 
nobles) ; Belad-es-Sukkar  (sugar  district)  ; Belad-t-moghrib 
(the  district  of  the  West),  the  Arabian  name  for  Morocco  ; 
also  called  Beled-el-Djered  (the  land  of  dates)  ; Belad-es- 
Sudan,  or  Soudan  (the  south  land) ; Belad-el-Sham  (the 
country  on  the  left  or  north),  the  Arabic  name  for  Syria,  to 
distinguish  it  from  Yemen  (to  the  south  or  right).  It  was 
called  by  Turks  Soristan,  and  by  the  Greeks  Suria,  i.e.  the 
country  of  Tyre,  i.e.  Tzur  (the  rock).  • 

PFV  ('rndhelic'i  ( ^ mountain,  cognate  with  the  Cym.-Cel.  penn  j 
^ < e.g.  Beanach  (a  hilly  place)  ; Benmore  (great 

( mountain)  ; Ben-a-buird  (table  mountain)  ; 
Ben-a-bhaird  (the  bard’s  mountain) ; Benan  (the  hill  of 
birds,  eunj  or  the  little  hill ; Bencleuch  (stony  mountain) ; 
Ben-cruachan  (the  stack-shaped  mountain)  ; Bendearg  (red 
mountain) ; Bendronag  (the  mountain  with  the  hunch)  ; 
Benglo  (with  the  covering  or  veil,  glotk) ; Beanna  (plural, 
the  peaks) ; Bannamore  and  Benamore  (great  peaks) ; 


BEINN, 


It 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


2 


Bembo,  contracted  from  Beanna-bo  (the  peaks  of  the  cows) ; 
Dunmanway,  in  Cork,  corruption  from  Dun-na-mbeann  (the 
fortress  of  the  pinnacles) ; Ben  Lomond,  named  from  Loch 
Lomond  ; Benmacdhui,  Beinn-na-muc-dubh  (the  moun.- 
tain  of  the  black  sow) ; Ben  Nevis  (perhaps  the  cloud- 
capped  mountain,  but  uncertain) ; Benvenue  (the  little 
mountain),  as  compared  with  Benledi,  near  it ; Ben wy vis 
(stupendous  mountain,  uabhais)  ; Benvrachie  (spotted  moun- 
tain) ; Sulven  (the  mountain  with  the  fine  view)  ; Benvoir- 
lich  (the  mountain  of  the  great  loch).  In  Ireland,  ben  is 
more  generally  applied  to  small  steep  hills  than  to  large 
mountains ; e.g.  Bengore,  bean-gabhar  (the  peak  of  the 
goats)  ; Benburb,  Lat.  Pin7ia  superba  (proud  peak),  Tyrone  ; 
the  Twelve  Finns,  i.e.  benns  or  peaks,  in  Connemara  ; Ban- 
nagh  and  Benagh  (a  place  full  of  peaks)  ; Bannagbane  and 
Bannaghroe  (white  and  red  hilly  ground)  ; Beannchar  (a 
pointed  hill) — thus  Banag/iar,  King’s  co.  (the  peaks),  and 
Bangor,  co.  Down,  anc.  Beannchar  (the  pointed  hill)  ; but 
Bangor  in  Wales  signifies  the  high  choir  ; Drumbanagh  (the 
ridge  of  the  peaks) ; Lough  Banagher  (the  lake  of  the 
peaks). 

BENDER  (Ar.),  a market  or  harbour.  The  name  of  several  towns 
on  the  Persian  Gulf ; also  a town  on  the  Dneister) ; Bender- 
Erekli  (the  harbour  of  the  ancient  Heraclea),  on  the  Black 
Sea. 

BENI  (Ar.),  sons  of ; eg.  Beni-Hassan  (the  town  named  from  the 
descendants  of  Hassan) ; Beni-Araba  (belonging  to  the  sons 
of  the  desert)  ; Beni-Calaf  (to  the  sons  of  the  Caliph). 


Finsterberg  (dark  hill)  ; Groenberg  (green  hill) ; Teubelsberg 
(devil’s  hill) ; Greiffenberg  (of  the  griffin)  ; Geyersberg  (of 
the  vulture) ; Jarlsberg  (earl’s  hill)  ; Dreisellberg  (the  hill 
of  the  three  seats)  ; Kaiserberg  (the  hill  fort  of  the  Emperor 


BERG  (Gpr 
BIERG, 

BRIG,  Bxx^i-VJxx 


a summit. 


( a hill ; e.g.  Ailberg  (eagle  hill)  ; Bley- 
j berg  (lead  hill)  ; Schneeberg  (snowy 
-|  hill)  ; Walken-berg  (the  hill  of  clouds) ; 
I Donnersberg  (of  thunder)  ; Habsberg, 
Falkenberg,  and  Valkenberg  (of  hawks); 


22 


E TYMOL O GICA L GEO GRA PHY. 


Frederick  II.)  ; Kupperberg  (copper  hill) ; Heilberg  (holy 
hill)  ; Silberberg  (near  a silver  mine)  ; Schoenberg  (beautiful 
hill).  Berg  is  often  applied  to  the  names  of  towns  instead 
of  biLTgj  and  when  this  is  the  case,  it  indicates  that  the 
town  was  built  on,  or  near,  a hill,  or  in  connection  with  a 
fortress  ; thus,  Lemberg,  Lowenburg,  or  Leopolis  (the  for- 
tress of  Leo  Danielowes),  in  Galicia  ; Nurnberg,  anc.  Nor- 
imberga  (the  fortress  of  the  Noricii)  ; Lahnberg  (on  the  Y.. 
Lahn) ; Munchberg  (the  monk’s  town  or  fort)  ; Spermberg 
(the  hill  fort  on  the  R.  Spree)  ; Wittenberg  (the  white  for- 
tress) ; Konigsberg  (the  king’s  fort),  in  E.  Prussia  and  Nor- 
way ; Bamberg  (the  town  of  Babe,  daughter  of  the  Emperor 
Otho  II.),  in  Bavaria  ; HaveIberg(on  the  R.  Havel).  There 
are  several  towns  called  simply  Berg,  or  Bergen,  in  Germany 
and  Scandinavia  : Bergen-op-Zoom  (the  hill  fort  on  the  R. 
Zoom),  Holland  ; Bergamo  (on  a hill),  in  Italy.  Berg  (a 
hill)  sometimes  takes  the  form  of  berry,  as  in  Queensberry, 
Dumfries-shire  ; also  of  borough,  as  in  Flamborough  Head 
and  Ingleborough  (the  hill  of  the  beacon  light).  Gebirge 
signifies  a mountain  range  ; e.g.  Schneegebirge  (the  sh^wy 
range)  ; Siebengebirge  (the  range  of  seven  hills)  ; Fichtelge- 
birge  (of  the  pines)  ; Erzegebirge  (the  ore  mountain  range)  ; 
Glasischgebirge  (of  the  glacier) ; Eulergebirge  (of  the 
owls). 


m b house  ; e.g.  Bethany  (the  house  of  dates)  ; Beth- 
’ A ? J phage  (of  figs) ; Bethsaida  (of  fish) ; Bethoron  (of 
^ [ caves) ; Bethabara  (of  the  ford)  ; Bethlehem  (of 

bread)  ; Bethesda  (of  mercy)  ; Bethzur  (tSe  dwelling  on  the 
rock  ; Betharaba  (desert  dwelling)  ; Beth jesimoth  (the  house 
of  wastes) ; Bethshemish,  Gr.  Heliopolis  (the  house  or  city 
of  the  sun),  Egyptian  Aun-i-Aun  (light  of  light),  contracted 
to  On. 

BETTWS  (Cym.-Cel.),  a portion  of  land  lying  between  a river  and 
a hill,  hence  a dwelling  so  situated;  e.g.  Bettws-y-coed  (the 
dwelling  in  the  wood) ; Bettws-disserth  (in  the  desert) ; 
Bettws-Garmon  (the  portion  of  St.  Germanus) ; Bettws- 
Newydd  (new  dwelling). 


I 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


23 


BIBER,  SEVER  (Teut.), 
BOBR  (Sclav.), 


the  beaver ; e.g.  Biber,  Biberich,  Beber, 
Beber-bach  (rivers  in  Germany) ; Bober, 
Bobronia  (beaver  river),  in  Silesia  and 
Russia;  Bobersburg,  a town  on  the  R.  Bober;  Biberschlag 
(beaver  wood  clearing) ; Biberstein  (beaver  rock) ; BeverleyT^ 
in  Yorkshire,  anc.  Beverlac  (beaver  lake),  surrounded  for- 
merly by  marshy  ground,  the  resort  of  beavers  ; Beaver- 
stone,  Gloucester  ; Beaverloo  (beaver  marsh),  in  Belgium. 

BILL,  BIL,  an  old  German  word,  signifying  a plain,  or  level ; e.g. 
Bilderlah  (level  field)  ; Billig-ham  (level  dwelling)  ; Wald- 
billig  (woody  plain)  ; Wasser-billig  (the  watery  plain)  ; Bil- 
stein  (level  rock) ; Bielefeld  (level  field)  ; Bieler-see  (the  lake 
on  the  plain). 

BIOR  (Gadhelic),  water,  an  element  in  river  names  ; eg.  the  Bere,  in 
Dorset ; Ver,  in  Hereford ; Bervie,  in  Mearns.  The  town  of  Lif- 
ford, in  Donegal,  was  originally  Leith-bhearr  (the  grey  water) ; 
Berra,  a lake  in  Trance  ; the  Ebura,  or  Eure,  in  Normandy. 

EIRCE,  BIRKE  (Teut.),  ( birch-tree  ; Birkenhead  (the  head 

BIRK  BERC  \ birch-trees)  ; Berks  (the  birches)  ; 

’ ^ ( Birch-holt  (birch  wood) ; Berkeley  (birch 

field)  ; Birchington,  Birkhoff  (the  birch-tree  court  and  dwell- 
ing) ; Oberbirchen  (the  upper  birches). 

BLAENE  (Cym.-Cel.),  the  source  of  a stream ; eg.  Blaene-Avon, 
Blaen-au,  Blaen-Ayron,  Blaen-Hounddu  (river  sources  in 
Wales) ; Blaen-porth  (the  head  of  the  harbour),  Wales. 

BLAIR,  BEAR  (Gadhelic),  a plain — originally  a battle-field ; eg. 
Blair- Athol,  Blair- Logie,  Blair-Gowrie  (the  battle-field  in 
these  districts)  ; Blair-more  (the  great),  Blaircreen  (the  little 
plain)  ; Blairdaff  (the  plain  of  the  oxen,  daimh) ; Blair-burn 
(of  the  stream) ; Blair-craig  (of  the  rock)  ; Blair-linne  (of  the 
pool)  ; Blair-beth  (of  the  birches) ; Blair-glass  (grey  plain) ; 
Blair-Drummond,  Blair-Adam  (modern  names  from  per- 
sons) ; Blarney,  in  Ireland,  Blairne  (little  field). 


BLANC,  BLANCHE  (Fr.), 
BLANCO,  BLANCA  (Span.),  j 
BIANCO  (It.),  BRANCO  (Port.),  | 
BLANK  (Teut.), 


r white  ; Mont-Blanc,  Cape-blanco, 
1 Sierra-blanca  (white  mountain 
Castella  - bianca  (white 
I castle)  ; Bianca-Villa  and  Blanken- 
[ burg  (white  town)  ; Blanken-havn, 


24 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


Blanken-ham,  Blankenloch,  Blankenrath,  Blankenese  (white 
enclosure,  dwelling,  marsh,  wood-clearing,  cape)  ; Bianchi- 
mandri  (white  sheep-folds),  in  Sicily ; Branco  (the  white 
stream),  in  Brazil ; Brancos-Los  (the  white  mountains)  ; 
Cata-branca  (the  white  cove)  ; Casa  branca  (the  white  house), 
in  Brazil. 

BLISKO  (Sclav.),  near ; e.g-.  Bliesdorf,  Bliesendorf,  Blieskendorf 
(near  village)  ; Bliskau  (near  meadow). 

BLOTO,  BLATT  (Sclav.),  a marsh  ; e.g-.  Blotto,  Blottnitz  (marshy 
land)  ; Wirchen-blatt  (high  marsh) ; Sa-blatt,  Sablater, 
Zablatz  (behind  the  marsh)  ; Na-blat  (near  the  marsh).  In 
some  cases  the  d in  this  word  is  changed  into  p,  as  in  Plotsk 
and  Plattkow  (the  marshy  place) ; Plattensee,  or  Balaton 
(the  lake  in  the  marshy  land). 

BOCA  (Span.,  Port.,  and  It.),  a mouth — in  topography,  the  narrow 
entrance  of  a bay  or  river ; e.g‘.  Boca-grande,  Boca-chica 
(great  and  little  channel),  in  South  America ; Desemboque 
(the  river  mouth),  Brazil ; La  Bochetta  (the  little  opening),  a 
mountain  pass  in  the  Apennines. 

BODEN  (Ger,),  the  ground,  the  soil — in  topography,  a meadow  ; 

Gras-boden  (the  grassy  meadow).  Sometimes,  however,  it 
is  a corruption  of  the  word  dan^  ox  puintj  and  in  Bodenburg, 
in  Brunswick,  it  is  a corruption  oiponte  (a  bridge). 

BODDEN  (Teut.),  a bay,  Scand.  bod  (the  ocean  swell) ; e.g.  Bodden 
(an  arm  of  the  sea,  which  divides  the  Isle  of  Rugen  from 
Pomerania)  ; Bodden-ness  (the  headland  of  the  bay),  on  the 
east  coast  of  Scotland. 

BOGEN  (Ger.),  a bend — in  topography,  applied  ta  the  bend  of  a 
river ; eg.  Bogen  (the  bending  river)  ; Bogen,  a town  of 
Bavaria,  on  a bend  of  the  Danube ; Ellbogen,  or  Ellen- 
bogen,  Lat.  Cubitus  (the  town  on  the  elbow,  or  river  bend), 
in  Bohemia ; Bogenhausen  (the  houses  on  the  river  bend) ; 
Langen-bogen  (the  long  bend)  ; Entli-buch  (the  bend  on  the 
R.  Entle),  in  Switzerland. 


BOLD,  BOLT,  BOTTLE,  or  BATTLE, 
BUTTEL,  BLOD  (Teut.), 

BOL,  or  BO  (Scand.), 


a dwelling;  eg.  New-battle 
and  Newbottle,  New-bold 
(new  dwelling) ; More-battle 
(the  dwelling  on  the  marshy 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


25 


land)  ; Erri-bold  (the  dwelling  on  the  tongue  of  land,  Scand. 
ei'P) ; Harbottle  (the  dwelling  of  the  army,  her),  a place 
in  Northumberland  where,  in  former  times,  soldiers  were 
quartered ; Wolfenbiittel,  in  Brunswick  (the  dwelling  of- 
Wolfa,  or  Ulpha) ; Brunsbottle  (the  dwelling  of  Bruno), 
Ritzbiittel  (of  Richard) ; Griesenbottel  (on  the  sandy 
ground)  ; Resc-biittel  (among  rushes). 

good ; e.g.  Bonavista,  Boavista  (good  view) ; 
Buenos-Ayres  (good  breezes).  South  America ; 
Buenaventura  (good  luck),  in  California. 


BONUS  (Lat.), 
BUEN  (Span.), 
BOA, 

BOM  (Port.), 


BOOM  (Sansc.),  Bhuina,  land,  country ; eg.  Birboom  (the  land  of 
heroes)  ; Singboom  (the  land  of  lions) ; Arya-Bhuma  (the 
noble  land),  the  Sansc.  for  Hindostan. 

BOR  (Sclav.),  wood ; eg.  Bohra,  Bohrau,  Borow,  Borowa  (woody 
place)  ; Borovsk  (the  town  in  the  wood)  ; Sabor  and  Zabo- 
rowa  (behind  the  wood)  ; Borzna  (the  woody  district) ; the 
Borysthenes,  or  R.  Dnieper  (the  woody  wall)  ; Ratibor  (the 
wood  of  Razi,  a Sclavonic  god)  ; Ratzebuhr,  in  Pomerania, 
with  the  same  meaning. 

BRACHE,  ERAAK  (Teut.),  f "P/”  ^er. 

BRAK  (Scand.),  i to  plough  ; Brabant  (the 

( ploughed  district,  bant) ; Brachstadt, 
Brach-felde,  Brach-rade  (the  ploughed  place,  field,  clearing) ; 
Brakel,  in  Holland,  and  Hoog-brach  (the  high,  ploughed 
land). 

BRAND  (Ger.),  a place  cleared  of  wood  by  burning  ; e.g.  Eber-brand 
and  Ober-brand  (the  upper  clearing)  ; Newen-brand  and 
Alten-brand  (the  old  and  new  clearing) ; Brandenburg  (the 
burned  city),  according  to  Buttman,  so  called  by  Germans, 
and  translated  by  the  Wends  Brennabor  and  Schorelitz  (the 
destroyed  city),  because,  in  their  mutual  wars,  it  had  been 
destroyed  by  fire.  Bran  and  Brant,  in  English  names,  are 
probably  connected  with  the  name  of  the  original  proprietors 
of  the  places,  as  in  Brandon,  Cwmbran,  Brandeston  (the 
town  and  dingle  of  Brand)  ; Brantingham  (the  home  of  the 
children  of  Brand). 


26 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


BRASA  (Sclav.)  f birch-tree;  e.g.  Braslav,  Bratslav,  Brisau, 
BERESA  ^ 1 Brezowo,  Braski,  Beresoff,  Beresek,  Beresin-' 

’ ( skoi,  Beresovoi  (places  where  birch-trees 

abound);  Birsk,  the  town  on  the  Birsa  (birch  river);  Pod- 
breze  (near  the  birches)  ; Brzce-Litovski  (the  house  of  mercy 
at  the  birch-trees).  The  letter  b in  this  word  is  often  changed 
into  p by  the  Germans,  as  in  Pressnitz  for  Brezenice  (birch- 
tree  village),  Bohemia — also  Priebus,  with  the  same  meaning, 
in  Silesia ; Priegnitz  (the  town  of  the  Brizanen,  or  dwellers 
among  birches)  ; Briesch  (the  place  of  birches),  in  Moravia, 
is  Germanised  into  Friedeck  (woody  corner). 

ERElT(Ger.),BRAD(A.S.),  Gen,  Dutch,  a 

BRED  (Scand.),  1 B>-e'«en-buch  and  Bredan- 

( beke,  now  Bremke  (broad  brook) ; 
Breda  (the  flat  meadow-land),  in  Holland  ; Breiten-brunn 
(broad  well) ; Breitenstein,  Breitenburg  (broad  fortress) ; 
Bradford,  in  England,  and  Bredevoort,  in  Holland  (broad 
ford) ; Bredy  (broad  water),  Dorset ; Brading,  Isle  of 
Wight,  and  Bradley  (broad  meadow) ; Brattleby,  i.e. 
Brad-ley-by  (broad  meadow  dwelling) ; Bradshaw  (broad 
thicket). 

BRIA  (Thracian),  a town  ; e.g.  Selymbria,  Mesymbria. 

( a general  name,  among  the  Celts,  for  a town — so  called? 
J apparently,  from  the  Celtic  words  braigh,  brugh^  brig, 
( a heap,  pile,  or  elevation,  because  the  nucleus  of  towns 
we  among  uncivilised  tribes,  in  early  times,  merely  fortified 
places  erected  on  heights.  Cognate  with  this  Celtic  root  are 
the  Teut.  and  Scand.  burg,  by  rig,  the  Sclav,  brieg  (an  em- 
bankment or  ridge),  and  the  Scottish  brae  (a  rising  ground). 
Hence  the  name  of  the  Brigantes  (dwellers  on  hills) ; the 
word  brigand  (literally  a mountaineer) ; Brian^on,  anc. 
Brigantium  (the  town  on  the  heights) ; Brieg  (Sclav,  the 
ridge),  a town  in  Silesia  ; Braga  and  Braganga,  fortified 
cities  in  Portugal ; Talavera,  in  Spain,  i.e.  Tala-briga  (the 
town  on  the  tala.  Span,  (a  wood  clearing)  ; Bregenz,  anc. 
Brigantium,  in  the  Tyrol ; Breisach  Alt  and  Neuf  (the  old 
and  new  town  on  the  declivity  of  the  water) ; Brixen  (the  town 


BRIGA, 

BRIVA, 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


among  hills),  in  the  Tyrol.  In  Scotland,  we  have  Braemar 
(the  hilly  district  of  Mar)  ; Braedalbane  (the  hill  country  of 
Albainn,  the  ancient  name  of  Scotland) ; Braeriach  (the 
grey  mountain)  ; Brerachen  (the  grey  stream  of  the  heights),, 
a river  and  district  in  Perthshire  : Brugh  and  Bruighean,  in 
Ireland,  signifying  originally  a hill,  is  used  now  in  the  sense 
of  a palace  or  distinguished  residence.  The  term,  as  applied 
to  the  old  royal  residences,  presupposes  the  existence  of  a 
fortified  brugh  or  rath,  several  of  which  still  remain.  The 
word  has  suffered  many  corruptions : thus,  Bruree,  in 
Limerick,  is  from  brugh-righ  (the  king’s  fort),  and  Bruighean 
(little  fort)  has  been  transformed  into  Bruff,  Bruis,  Bruce, 
or  Bryan. 

BRINK  (Ger.),  a grassy  ridge  ; e.g.  Oster-brink  (east  ridge) ; Mittel- 
brink  (middle  ridge)  ; Zandbrink  (sand  ridge) ; Brinkhorst 
(the  edge  of  the  thicket). 

BRO  (Cym.-Cek),  a district ; eg.  Broburg  (the  fort  of  the  district), 
Warwickshire  ; Pembroke  (the  head  of  the  district,  penii)., 
Wales. 

BROC  (A.S.),  a rushing  stream  ; e.g.  Cranbrook  (the  stream  of  the 
cranes) ; Wallbrook  (the  stream  at  the  wall) ; Wambrook 
(Woden’s  stream). 

BR0C,BR0X(A.S.),  Brox-bourne  Brogden, 

< Broken-hurst,  Brock-ley,  Broxholme  (the 
^ ( stream,  hollow,  thicket,  meadow,  and  hill  of 


the  badger). 

BROEK,  BRUOCH  (Teut.),  a marsh  or  moor.  Broek,  a town  in  Hol- 
land ; Bogen-brok  (the  bending  marsh)  ; Breiden-bruch  (the 
broad  marsh)  ; Aalten-broick  (the  old  marsh)  ; Eichen- 
bruch  (the  oak  marsh)  ; Broekem  and  Broickhausen  (marsh 
dwelling) ; Bruchmiihle  (the  mill  on  the  marsh) ; Brussels, 
or  Bruxelles,  anc.  Bruoch-sella  (the  seat  or  site  on  the 
marsh). 

BROD  (Sclav.),  a ford  ; e.g.  Brod  and  Brody  (the  ford),  the  name  of 
several  towns  in  Moravia,  Bohemia,  Hungary,  and  Turkey  ; 
Brod-sack  (ford  dwelling)  ; Brod-Ungarisch  (the  Hungarian 
ford),  on  the  Olsawa ; Brod-Deutsch  (the  German  ford),  on  the 


28 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


Sazawa  ; Brod-Bohmisch  (the  Bohemian  ford),  on  the  Zem- 
bera ; Krasnabrod  (beautiful  ford)  ; Isenbrod  (the  ford  of  the 
Iser)  ; Brodselten  (ford  station). 

BROG,  BROW  (Sclav.),  ( a dam  ; Blesenbrow,  and  Priebrow, 
BRZEG, 


BRUCKE,  BRUGG  (Ger.), 
BRIGGE  (A.S.), 

BRO,  BRU  (Scand.), 


< from  Pschibrog  (elder-tree  dam) ; in 
( German,  called  Furstenberg  (on  the 
Oder)  ; Colberg,  Sclav.  Kola-brog  (around  the  dam). 

a bridge  ; eg.  Brugg-Furstenfeld  (the 
bridge  at  the  prince’s  field)  ; Brugg- 
an-der-Leitha  (the  bridge  across  the 
Leitha)  ; Brugg-kloster  (the  bridge  at 
the  monastery)  ; Bruges  (a  city  with  many  bridges), 
Belgium  ; Langenbriick,  Langenbriicken  (long  bridge) ; 
Saarbrook  (on  the  R.  Saar) ; Osnaburg,  in  Hanover,  anc. 
Osnabriicke  or  Asenbriicke  (the  bridge  on  the  R.  Ase)  ; 
Voklabriick  (on  the  R.  Vokle) ; Bruchsal,  in  Baden  (the 
bridge  on  the  Salzbach) ; Bridgenorth,  Salop,  according 
to  Camden,  Brugge-Morfe  (the  bridge  of  the  wood  called 
Morfe^  on  the  opposite  bank  of  the  Severn)  ; Brixham,’Brix-' 
worth,  Brixton,  and  Brigham  (bridge  town)  ; Cambridge, 
A.S.  Granta-brigge,  Cel.  Caer-Graunt  (the  fort  or  bridge  on 
the  Granta,  now  the  Cam)  ; Zwei-brucken,  or  Deux-ponts  (the 
two  bridges),  Bavaria  ; Trowbridge,  not  from  this  root,  but 
corrupted  from  T rutha-burh  (the  loyal  town) ; Bridgewater, 
corrupt,  from  Burgh-Waiter  (the  town  of  Walter  Douay, 
its  founder). 

BRUEL  (Teut.),  a marshy  place  overgrown  with  brushwood,  cognate 
with  the  French  breuil  and  bruyere  (a  thicket),  the  Welsh 
pryskle,  and  the  Breton  briigekj  eg.  Bruhl,  Prull,  and  Priel 
(the  thicket),  in  Germany  ; Bruyeres,  Broglie,  and  Broully, 
in  France. 

fn  \ ( ^ mineral  well ; e.g.  Halbron  (holy 

* /c  < well) ; Frau-brunnen,  Lat.  Fons- 

^ ( beatce-  Virginis  (the  well  of  Our 

Lady) ; Brunn-am-Gebirge  (the  well  at  the  hill  ridge)  ; 
Haupt-brun  (well  head)  ; Lauter-brunnen  (clear  well)  ; Salz- 
brunn,  Warm-brunn,  Schoen-brunn,  Kaltenbrunn  (the  salt. 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


29 


warm,  beautiful,  cold,  mineral  wells)  ; Baldersbrunnen,  Bal- 
dersbrond  (the  well  of  the  god  Balder)  ; Cobern,  corrupt, 
from  Cobrimnen  (the  cows’  well)  ; Paderborn  (the  well  or 
source  of  the  R.  Pader). 

BRYNN  (Cym.-Cel.),  a hill  ridge”;  bron,  a round  hill;  e.g.  Brin-, 
croes,  Brin-eglwys,  Bron-llys  (the  cross,  church,  palace  on 
the  hill)  ; Bryn-gwynn  (the  white  or  fair  hill)  ; Brynn-uchel 
(high  hill)  ; Bron-Fraidd  (St.  Bridget’s  hill) ; Braintree  (hill 
dwelling,  tre)  ; Brienne-le-chateau  (castle  hill),  France  ; 
Brientz,  on  the  Brienz  See  (a  lake  surrounded  by  hills), 
Switzerland : Brown- Willy,  in  Cornwall,  corrupt,  from  Brynn- 
huel  (the  tin-mine  ridge). 

" a hut,  a dwelling  ; eg.  Budin,  Budzin, 
Bautzen,  or  Budissen  (the  huts)  ; Bud- 
weis  (the  district  of  hut  villages),  Bo- 
hemia ; Tre-bus  (the  three  dwellings) ; 
Potbus  (under  the  hut)  ; Budzow,  Bot- 
^zen(the  place  of  huts)  ; Lebus  (pleasant 
dwelling)  ; Priebus  (birch-tree  dwelling).  Buda,  in  Hun- 
gary, takes  its  name  from  Buda,  the  brother  of  Attila,  as  well 
as  Bud-var  and  Bud-falva  (Buda’s  fort  and  village).  The 
island  of  Bute,  in  the  Frith  of  Clyde,  is  said  to  have  derived 
its  name  from  a bwth  or  cell  of  St.  Brandon,  but  its  Gaelic 
name  is  Baile-Mhoide  (the  dwelling  of  the  court  of  justice)  ; 
Bothwell,  anc.  Both-uill  (the  dwelling  on  the  angle  of  the 
R.  Clyde).  In  Ireland  we  meet  with  Shanboe,  Shanbogh, 
Shanbo  (the  old  hut)  ; Raphoe,  in  Donegal,  is  Rath-boe 
(the  fort  of  the  huts)  ; Bodoney,  from  Both-do7nh7iaigJi  (the 
hut  of  the  church)  ; Knockboha  (the  hill  of  the  hut)  ; Bod- 
min (stone  dwelling),  Cornwall ; Bod-Ederyryn  (Edryn’s 
dwelling). 

^ the  beech-tree ; e.g.  Buch-au,  Buch-berg, 
Buch-egg  (the  meadow,  hill,  and  corner  of  the 
beeches)  ; Buchholtz  and  Bochholt  (beech 
wood)  ; Bockum,  Bucheim,  Buckenham,  Buck- 
^ ingham  (beech-tree  dwelling)  ; Butchowitz  (the 
place  of  beech-trees),  Moravia  ; Boxford  (the  ford  of  beech- 


BUCHE  (Ger.), 
BOE  (A.S.), 
BOG  (Scand.), 
3UK  (Sclav.), 


BUDA,  BUS  (Sclav.), 
BWTH,  BOTH  (Gadhelic), 
BOD  (Cym.-Cel.), 

BUDE  (Ger.), 

BOTHY  (Scottish), 


30 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


BUHIL  (Ger.), 
BUCKEL, 


BUHNE  (Ger.), 
BOHEN, 


trees) ; Bickleigh  (beech  meadow)  ; Boking,  Scand.  (with 
the  same  meaning)  ; Buxton  (the  town  of  beech-trees). 

a hill ; e,g.  Dombuhil  (the  dwelling  at  the 
hill) ; Griinbuhil  (green  hill) ; Eichenbuhil, 
Birchenbuhil  (the  hill  of  the  oak  and  the  birch)  ; 
Holzbuhel  (wood  hill)  ; Dinkelsbuhl  (the  wheat  hill)  ; Klein- 
buhil  (little  hill). 

f a scaffold,  sometimes  a hill ; e.g.  Hartbonen 
< (wood  hill)  ; Biindorf  (hill  village)  ; Oster- 
( beuna  (east  hill). 

BUN  (Gadhelic),  the  foot,  applied  in  topography  to  the  mouth  of  a 
river  ; eg.  Bun- Awe  (the  foot  of  Loch  Awe)  ; Buness  (at  the 
foot  of  the  cascade)  ; ’P>\iVL-Cranagh,  P>\m-0we7i.,  Y>\ixv-Rathy 
(at  the  foot  of  these  rivers)  ; Bunlagha  (at  the  end  of  the 
hill) — Ireland. 

a town  or  city,  literally  an  enclosed  and  ^ 
fortified  dwelling,  from  bar  gen  ^ Teut.  to  i 
cover.  As  these  fortified  places  were(  | 
' often  erected  on  heights  for  greater 
security,  as  well  as  to  enable  their  in- 


BURG,  BURGH  (Teut.), 
BOROUGH,  BURY, 
BORG  (Scand.), 

BOURG  (Fr.), 

BORGO  (It.  and  Sp.), 


mates  to  observe  an  approaching  enemy. 


the  word  berg  (a  hill)  was  frequently  used  synonymously 
with  burg.^  as  in  the  name  Konigsberg  and  other  towns,  v.  j. 
BERG.  Burgh  and  borough  are  the  Anglican  and  Scandina- 
vian forms  of  the  word  in  England  and  Scotland,  as  in  I 
Edinburgh  (Edwin’s  town)  ; Musselburgh  (the  town  with  the  , ’ 
mussel  bed)  ; while  bury  is  distinctively  the  Saxon  form — e.g. 
Sudbury  (south  town)  ; Glastonbury,  anc.  Glastonia  (the  dis- 
trict  abounding  in  woad,  glashim)  ; Shaftesbury  (the  town 
on  the  shaft-like  hill)  ; Shrewsbury,  anc.  Shrobbesbyrg  (i.e. 
the  fortress  in  the  grove),  the  Saxon  translation  of  the  native 
name  Pengwerne  (Cel.  the  head  of  the  alder  grove) ; the 


y, 


ly 


Normans  corrupted  the  name  into  Sloppesbury,  hence 
Salop.  Sidbury,  in  Salop  (south  town);  but  Sidbury,  Devon-'"' 
shire  (on  the  R.  Sid).  The  affix  BURG  is  often  affixed  to  thex  . 
name  of  the  river  on  which  the  town  stands,  as  in  Lauter-'^"^’ 
burg,  Lutter-burg,  Schwartzburg,  Salzburg,  Saalburg,  Gotten-^^^ 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


31 


burg,  Rotenburg,  Jedburgh  (on  the  rivers  Lauter,  Lutter 
Schwartza,  Salza,  Saale,  Gotha,  Rothbach,  and  Jed).  More 
frequently  still,  the  prefix  is  the  name  of  the  founder  of  the 
town,  or  of  a saint  to  whom  its  church  was  dedicated.  Be-_ 
longing  to  this  class — Fraserburgh,  in  Aberdeenshire  ; 
Fredericksburg,  U.S.,  named  after  the  son  of  George  II.  ; 
Helensburgh,  Dumbarton,  after  the  lady  of  Sir  James  Colqu- 
houn  ; Lauenburg,  after  Henry  the  Lion  ; Malmesbury  and 
Marlborough,  in  Wilts,  after  Maidulf,  a hermit;  Maryborough 
after  Queen  Mary;  Pittsburgh,  United  States,  after  Mr.  Pitt ; 
Peterborough,  from  an  abbey  dedicated  to  St.  Peter  ; Peters- 
burgh,  named  by  its  founder,  Peter  I.  ; Banbury,  anc. 

I Berenburig  (Bera’s  fort)  ; Harrisburg,  U.S.,  after  the  first 
\ settler  in  1733;  Queenborough,  Isle  of  Sheppy,  named  by 
/ ^ Edward  HI.  in  honour  of  his  queen  ; Sumburgh,  in  Shet- 
^ land,  and  Svendborg,  Sweden  (Sweyn’s  fort)  ; Oranienburg, 
in  Brandenburg  (the  fortress  of  the  Orange  family)  ; Bury- 
( St.-Edmunds  (in  memory  of  Edmund  the  Martyr)  ; Rabens- 
burg  (the  fort  of  Hrafn,  a Dane)  ; Marienburg  (the  town  of 


32 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


duced  by  the  Anglo-Normans — buirghes,  Anglicised  borris 
and  btirrisj  as  in  .Borris  in  Ossory,  Borris  O’Leagh,  Burris- 
carra,  Burrishoole,  {i.e.  the  forts  erected  in  the  territories  of, 
Ossory,  Carra,  Ileagh,  and  Umhal)  ; Borrisokane  (O’Keane’s 
castle). 


BURNE  (A.S.), 
BURN  (Gadhelic), 


a small  stream  ; Milburn  (mill  stream)  ; Lam- 
bourne  (muddy  stream)  ; Radbourne  and  Red- 
bourne  (reedy  stream)  ; Sherbourne  (the  clear 
or  the  dividing  stream) ; Cranbourne  and  Otterbourne  (the 
stream  frequented  by  cranes  and  otters) ; Libourne,  in  F ranee, 
(the  lip  or  edge  of  the  stream)  ; Bannockburn  (the  stream 
the  white  knoll). 

BUSCH,  BOSCH  (Ger.), 

BOSC  (A.S.), 

BUISSON  (Fr.),  4 ^ ^ 

BOSCO,  BOSQUE  (It,  Span,  and  Port.),  | f ^ 


a bushy  place,  or  grovf  ^ ; 
£.g.  Boscabel  (the  beau^^fiful 
grove)  ; Bushey  (the  bus.  hv 


BOD,  or  BAD  (Gael), 

place  overgrown  with  bushes). 


I hut  among  bushes),  m 
England  ; Badenoch  (the 
Inverness-shire  ; Breiten- 


busch  (the  broad  'll grove); 

Eder) ; Ooden-bosch  (old  grove), 
"^^iolland ; Auberbosc  (Albert’s  grove),  France  ; Stellen- 
bosch, S.  Africa,  founded  in  1670  by  Van  der  Stelle,  the 
governor  of  the  Dutch  colony  ; Biesbosch  (the  reedy  thicket), 

Holland  ; Aubusson  (at  the  grove),  France. 

BYSTRY,  BISTRI  (Sclav.),  swift ; e.g.  the  Bistra,  Bistriaia,  Bistritza 
(swift  stream)  ; Bistritz  (the  town  on  the  swift  stream). 

1a  dwelling,  a town— from  biein,  to  build.  This 
word  for  a town  is  of  frequent  occurrence  in 
districts  in  the  N.E.  of  England  and  in  some 
parts  of  Scotland  formerly  possessed  by 
Danes  or  Normans  ; eg.  Derby,  or  Dearaby  (deer  town), 
formerly  named  North  Worthige  (the  northern  enclosure)— its 
Celtic  name  was  Durgwent  (the  fair  water),  from  its  river  ; 
Danby  (Dane’s  dwelling)  ; Rugby  (rye  dwelling) ; Whitby 
(white  town),  A.S.  Streones-halh  (treasure  temple);  Selby 
(holy  town)  ; Sonderby  (south  town) ; Appleby  (the  town  of 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


33 


apple-trees) ; Lockerby,  Ousby,  Grimsby  (the  dwellings  of 
Loki,  Ulf,  and  Grim)  ; Canonby,  in  Dumfriesshire,  where  a 
canonry  was  founded  in  the  twelfth  century  ; Karlby-gamla 
and  Karlby-ny  (old  and  new  Charles’  town),  in  Finland  T 
Kirby  and  Kirkby  (church  town) ; Dalby  and  Daubosuf 
(valley  dwelling)  ; Elboeuf  (old  dwelling)  ; Battleby  (dwelling 
near  a battle-field). 

CAE,  KAE  (Cym.-Cel.),  an  enclosure  ; e.g.  Ca-wood  (wood  enclo- 
sure) ; Cayton  (wood  town  or  hill).  This  word  is  a frequent 
prefix  in  Welsh  names. 

CAELC,  or  CEALC  (A.S.),  chalk,  or  lime — cognate  with  Lat.  calxy 
Celtic,  cailc,  sialcj  e.g.  Challock,  Chaldon,  Chalfield  (chalk 
place,  hill,  and  field)  ; Chalgrove  (the  chalk  entrenchment, 
grab)  ; Chiltern  Hills  (the  hills  in  the  chalky  district,  ern)  ; 
Chockier,  corrup.  of  calcharice  (the  lime  kilns),  Belgium  ; 
Kelso,  anc.  Calchou  (the  chalk  hezigh,  or  height),  so  named 
from  a calcareous  cliff  at  the  confluence  of  the  Tweed  and 
Teviot,  now  broken  down. 


went  (of  the  fair  plain,  gwent) ; Caerwys  (of  the  assizes, 
gwys,  a summons) ; Caermarthen,  the  Maridunum  of 
Ptolemy  (the  fortress  on  the  sea- shore),  or  of  Merddyn  or 
Merlin  ; Caernarvon,  Welsh  Caer-yn-ar-Fon  (the  fortress 
opposite  Mona) ; Cardigan  (the  fortress  of  Caredig,  a 
chieftain) — the  town  is  also  called  Aberteifi  (the  mouth  of  the 
R.  Teify ; Cardiff  (on  the  R.  Taff).  In  Scotland,  Caer- 
laverock  (the  fortress  of  Lewarch)  ; in  Dumfriesshire  ; San- 
quhar, Gael.  Sean-cathair  (old  fortress)  ; Carmunnock,  or 
Carmannoc  (the  fort  of  the  monks)  ; Kirkintilloch,  corrup.  of 
Caer-pen-tulach  (the  fort  at  the  head  of  the  hill)  ; Cardross, 
anc.  Cardinros  (the  promontory  of  the  fort)  ; Kier,  or  Ker,  in 
Scotland,  for  Caer  or  Cathair.  In  the  south-west  counties  of 
Scotland  the  prefix  car  comes  more  probably  from  the  Welsh 
caer  than  from  cathair y because  these  districts  were  occupied 


AER,  CADAER  (Welsh), 
\THAIR,  or  CAHER  (Gadhelic), 
AER,  or  KER  (Breton), 


(Welsh), 


’ 1 castle,  a to 
\ (the  fortress 


an  enclosed  fortification,  and,  in 
Ireland,  a circular  stone  fort,  a 
castle,  a town ; e.g.  Caer-leon 
(the  fortress  of  the  legion)  ; Caer- 


D 


34 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


by  Cumbrians  or  Britons ; Carlisle  is  Caer-gwall  (the  en> 
trenched  fort)  ; Cramond,  in  Mid- Lothian,  Caer- Almond  (on 
the  Almond) ; Cader-Idris  (the  chair  of  Edris),  in  Wales  ; 
Carhaix,  in  Brittany,  i.e.  Ker-Aes  (the  town  on  the  R.  Aes, 
now  R.  Hieres).  In  Ireland,  Caher  (the  fort),  co.  Tipperary ; 
Cahereen  (little  fort) ; Cahergal  (white  fort)  ; Cahersiveen, 
Cathair-saidbhin  (Sabina’s  fort) ; Derry-na-Caheragh  (the 
oak-grove  of  the  fort)  ; Carlingford,  in  Irish  Caer-linn^  fiord 
having  been  added  by  the  Danes. 

CALA  (Span.),  ( ^ The  word  is  probably 


COAT  A N o \ derived  from  the  Celtic  cala^  a harbour  ; - 

SCALA  (It.),  a sea-port,  j ’ 


e.g.  Callao,  in  S.  America  ; Scala,  a sea- 
port in  Italy ; Scala-nova  (new  port),  in  Turkey.  The 
ancient  name  of  Oporto,  Cale^  is  probably  Celtic,  as  well  as 
the  name  Calais. 

bald,  or  bare ; eg.  Chaumont  and 
Caumont  (bald  hill),  F ranee ; Kahl- 
enberg,  anc.  Mans  Calvtcs  (bare 
hill),  belonging  to  a branch  of  the 
Alps  called  Kahlen  Gebirge. 

//-  T \ i crooked  ; e.g.  Cam,  Camon,  Camil, 

CAM  (Gadhehc),  1 _ . . ’ ’ 


CALO  (A.S.), 

KAHL  (Ger.),  KAEL  (Dutch), 
CALVUS  (Lat.),  CHAUVE  (Fr.), 


CAMM,  KAMM  (Cym.-Cel.),  I Camlin,  Cambeck  (crooked 


Camus,  or  Cambus  (the 
bend  of  the  water,  uisge)  ; e.g.  Cambuskenneth  (the  creek  of ' 
Kenneth)  ; Cambuslang  (the  enclosure  or  church,  lann,  on 
the  bend  of  the  water)  ; Camelon  (on  the  bending  water,  the  ^ 
carroii)\  Cambusnethan  (on  the  bend  of  the  R.  Nethan);  ] 
Campsie,  anc.  Kamsi  (the  curved  stream) ; Cambray,  anc. ; 
Camaracum  (on  the  bend  of  the  Scheldt);  Chambery,  in 
Savoy,  anc.  Ca?nberiacum  (on  the  bend  of  the  water,  bior.,^ 
the  Leysse)  ; Morecambe  Bay  (the  bend  of  the  sea). 

" a field,  or  plain  ; e.g.  Campania, 
Campagna,  Champagne  (the 
plain,  or  level  land)  ; Fechamp, 
Lat.  Campus-Jisci  (the  field  of 
tribute) ; Chamouni,  Lat.  Campus 
miinitus  (the  fortified  field)  ; Kempen  (the  fields) ; Kempten, 


CAMPUS  (Lat.), 

CAMPO  (It.,  Span.,  and  Port.), 
CHAMP  (Fr.), 

KAMPF  (Ger.), 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


35 


CAPEL  (Cel.), 
KAPELLE  (Ger.), 


Lat.  Campodtinum  (the  hill  fort  on  the  field)  ; Campen  (the 
field),  in  Holland,  opposite  Campvere  (the  ferry,  leading  to 
Campen) ; Campo-bello,  Campo-chiaro,  Campo-hermoso ' 
(beautiful  or  fair  field) ; Campo-felici  (happy  field)  ; Campo- 
freddo,  Campo-frio  (cold  field) ; Campo-basso  (the  low- 
plain)  ; Campo-largo  (broad  plain) ; Campillo  (little  field)  ; 
the  Campos  (vast  plains  in  Brazil)  ; Capua,  supposed  to  be 
synonymous  with  Campus. 

CANNA  (Lat.  and  Gr.),  a reed  ; e.g.  Cannae,  in  Italy,  Cannes,  in 
the  south  of  France,  Canneto  and  Canosa  (reedy  place),  in 
Italy. 

CAOL  (Gael.),  a sound,  or  strait ; eg.  Caol-Isla,  Caol-Muileach  (the 
Straits  of  Isla  and  Mull) ; the  Kyles,  or  Straits  of  Bute ; 
Eddarachylis  (between  the  straits),  in  Sutherlandshire. 

a chapel — derived  from  the  Low  Lat.  capella; 
e.g.  How-capel  (the  chapel  in  the  hollow),  in 
Hereford  ; Capel-Ddewi  (St.  David’s  chapel)  ; 
Capel  St.  Mary  and  Maria-Kappel  (St.  Mary’s  chapel)  ; 
Capel-Garmon  (St.  German’s  chapel) ; Chapelle-au-bois, 
Capelle-op-den-Yssel  (the  chapel  in  the  wood,  and  on  the  R, 
Vessel,  in  Holland)  ; Kreuzcappel  (the  chapel  with  the 
cross). 

' a goat ; e.g.  Capri,  Caprera, 
Cabrera  (goat  island) ; 
Chevreuse,  anc.  Capriosa 
(the  place  of  goats) ; 
Chevry,  Chevriere,  Chevre- 
ville,  with  the  same  meaning,  in  France ; Gateshead,  co. 
Durham,  Lat.  Caprce  Caput ^ probably  the  Latin  rendering  of 
the  Saxon  word  (the  head  of  the  gat,  or  passage) — the  Pons 
^lius  (the  bridge  of  ^lius)  of  the  Romans.  In  Ireland, 
Glenagower  (the  glen  of  the  goats),  and  Glengower,  in  Scot- 
land ; Ballynagore  (goat’s  town) ; Ardgower  (goat’s  height)  ; 
Gowrie  and  Gower,  in  several  counties  of  Scotland  ; Carn- 
angour  (goat’s  cairn). 

CAR  (Cel.),  crooked,  bending ; e.g.  Carron,  Charente,  Charenton, 
Cher,  anc.  Cams  (the  winding  rivers). 


CAPER  (Lat.), 

CAPRA,  CABRA  (Span.,  Port.,  and  It.), 
CHEVRE  (Fr.),  GAFR  (Cym.-Cel.), 
GABHAR  and  GOBHAR  (Gadhelic), 


36 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


CARN,  CAIRN  (Gadhelic), 
KARN,  KERN  (Cym.-Cel.), 


( a heap  ot  stones  thrown  together  in  a 
conical  form,  also  a rocky  mount ; 
( e.g.  Carnac  (abounding  in  cairns), 
Brittany  ; Carnmore  (great  cairn)  ; Carnock  (the  hill  of  the 
cairn);  Carntoul,  Gael.  Carn-t-sahhal  (the  hill  of  the 
barn) ; Carntaggart  (of  the  priest)  ; Carnrigh  (of  the  king)  ; 
Carncailleach  (of  the  old  woman),  so  called  from  its  form ; 
Cairn-dow  (the  black) ; Cairn-glass  (the  grey) ; Cairngorm  (the 
blue  mountain);  Carnbroc  (the  badger’s  cairn)  ; Caiman  and 
Cairnie  (little  cairn),  in  Scotland.  In  Ireland,  Carntogether 
(the  hill  of  the  causeway)  ; Carn-Tierna  (Tigernach’s  cairn)  ; 
Carnbane  (white  cairn) ; Carnsore  Point — in  Irish,  simply 
cam  (the  monumental  heap),  the  Scand.  ore,  a promon- 
tory, having  been  added  by  the  Danes ; Carnteel,  Irish, 
carn-t-Siadhal  (Shiel’s  monument) ; Carn-Dafydd  (David’s 
cairn),  in  Wales  ; Carnfach  (little  cairn),  Monmouth  ; Carn- 
Llewelyn  (Llewelyn’s  cairn).  The  countries  of  Carniola 
and  Carinthia  probably  derived  their  names  from  this 
word. 


a rock.  It  is  usually  applied 
to  a large  natural  rock,  more 
or  less  elevated.  Carrick  and 
Carrig  are  the  names  of  nu- 
merous districts  in  Ireland,  and  of  one  in  Ayrshire.  Carriga- 
foyle  (the  rock  of  the  hole,  phoill),  in  the  Shannon  ; Carrick- 
aness  (of  the  waterfall) ; Ballynagarrick  (the  town  of  rocks) ; 
Carrigallen  (the  beautiful  rock)  ; Carrickanoran  (the  rock  of 
the  spring,  uaran) ; Carrickfergus  (the  rock  where  Fergus 
was  drowned)  ; Carrick-on-Suir  (the  rock  of  the  RT  Suir)  ; 
but  Carrick-on-Shannon  is  not  derived  from  this  root — its 
anc.  name  was  Caradh-droma-ruise  (the  weir  of  the  ridge  of 
the  marsh) ; Carrigahowly,  Irish  Carraig-an-chobhlaigh 
(the  rock  of  the  fleet)  ; Carrickduff  (black  rock)  ; Carrigeen, 
Cargan  (little  rock)  ; Carragh  (rocky  ground). 

CARSE,  a term  applied  in  Scotland  to  low  grounds  on  the  banks  of 
rivers  ; eg.  the  Carse  of  Gowrie,  Falkirk,  Stirling,  &c. 


CARRAIG,  CARRICK  (Gadhelic), 
CARREG,  or  GARREG  (Cym.-Cel.), 
KARKARA  (Sansc.),  a stone. 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


37 


CASTEL,  CHATEAU, 


f words  in  the  Romance  languages  derived 

CASTELLO,  CASTILLO,  \ from  the  LaL  a castle.  Caise^l, 

[ in  the  Irish  language,  either  derived  from, 
or  cognate  with  the  Latin  word,  has  the  same  meaning,  and 
is  commonly  met  with  in  that  country  under  the  form 
Cashel;  e.g.  Cashel,  in  Tipperary  ; Cashelfian  and  Cashel- 
navean  (the  fort  of  the  Fenians)  ; Caislean-iih-Oghmaighe, 
now  Omagh  (the  castle  of  the  beautiful  field).  It  is  often  cor- 
rupted into  Castle,  as  in  Ballycastle,  Mayo  (the  town  of  the 
fort)  ; Castle-dargan  (of  Lough  Dargan)  ; Castlebar  (the  fort 
of  the  Barrys)  ; but  Ballycastle,  in  Antrim,  was  named  from 
a modern  castle,  not  a caiseal^  or  fort ; Castle- Dillon,  Castle- 
Dermot,  and  Castle- Kieran  were  renamed  from  castles 
erected  near  the  hermitages  of  the  monks  whose  names  they 
bear ; Castel,  Lat.  Castellum  (the  cap.  of  the  Electorate  of 
Hesse-Cassel) ; Castel  Rodrigo  (Roderick’s  castle),  Por- 
tugal ; Castel- Lamare  (by  the  sea-shore) ; Castel-bianco 
(white  castle) ; Castel  del  piano  (of  the  plain) ; Castiglione 
(little  castle),  Italy.  In  France,  Castelnau  (new  castle)  ; 
Castelnaudary,  anc.  Castrmn-novum-Arianiorum  (the  new 
castle  of  the  Arians,  i.e.  the  Goths)  ; Chateaubriant  (Briant’s 
castle) ; Chateau- Chinon  (the  castle  decorated  with  dogs’ 
heads) ; Chateau-Gontier  (GontieFs  castle)  ; Chateaulin  (the 
castle  on  the  pool)  ; Chateau-vilain  (ugly  castle)  ; Chateau- 
roux,  anc.  Castrum-Rodolphi  (Rodolph’s  castle) ; Chatel- 
andrew  (the  castle  of  Andrew  of  Brittany)  ; Chateaumeillant, 
anc.  Castrum-Mediolanum  (the  castle  in  middle  of  the 
marsh) ; Neufchatel  (new  castle).  New  and  Old  Castile,  in 
Spain,  so  named  from  the  numerous  castles  erected  by 
Alphonso  I.  as  a defence  against  the  Moors.  Of  the 
numerous  castles  in  Great  Britain,  Castleton,  in  Man,  is 
from  Ballycashel  (castle  dwelling,  founded  by  one  of  the 
kings  of  the  island)  ; Newcastle-upon-Tyne,  built  by  Robert, 
Duke  of  Normandy  on  the  site  of  Monkchester  ; Newcastle- 
under- Line,  i.e.  under  the  lyme  or  boundary  of  the  palatinate 
of  Chester ; Bewcastle  (the  castle  of  Buith,  lord  of  Gils- 
land). 


38 


ETYMOLOGICAL  • GEOGRAPHY. 


CASTER,  CESTER,  CHESTER,  f ^ress,  from  the  Lat.  castrum, 
ceaster(A.S.),  fortified  place,  and  castra,  a 

( camp ; e.g.  Caistor,  Castor,  Chester, 
Chesterton  (the  site  of  the  Roman  camp,  or  fort) ; Don- 
caster, Ilchester,  Lancaster,  Leicester,  Brancaster,  Col- 
chester (the  camps  of  the  rivers  Don,  Ivel,  Lune,  Legre,  or 
Leir,  Bran,  Colne) ; Alcester,  anc.  Allecti-castrum  (the 
fortress  of  Caius-Allectus) ; Chichester  (the  fortress  of 
Cissa) ; Cirencester,  anc.  Corinium-Ceaster  (the  camp  on 
the  R.  Churn)  ; Exeter,  Cel.  Caer-Isc  (the  fortress  on  the 
water,  <wysk) ; Towcester  (the  camp  on  the  Towey) ; Glou- 
cester, Cel.  Caer-glow  (the  bright  fortress)  ; Godmanchester 
(the  camp  of  the  priest),  where  Gothrun,  the  Dane,  in  the 
reign  of  Alfred,  embraced  Christianity  ; Chesterfield  and 
Chester-le-Street  (the  camp  in  the  field  and  on  the  Roman 
road,  stratum)  ; Manchester  may  mean  the  camp  of  the  dis- 
trict, Cel.  mamty  or  the  stone  fortress,  maen) ; Bicester  (the 
fortress  of  Birin,  a bishop);  Alphen,  in  Holland,  anc.  Al- 
bania-castra  (the  camp  of  Albanius)  ; Aubagne,  in  Provence, 
anc.  Castrtim-de-Alpibus  (the  fortress  of  the  Alps)  ; Champ- 
toceaux,  Lat.  Castrum-cehum  (high  fortress)  ; St.  Chamond, 
Lat.  Castrum- Anemzmdi{^Qiox\x^s<s,oiY.T\ry^m.Qri^\  Chains, 
Lat.  Castrum-Lucuis  (founded  by  Lucius  Capriolus,  in  the 
reign  of  Augustus)  ; Passau,  in  Batavia,  Lat.  Batavia-Castra 
(the  camp  of  the  Batavians),  corrupted  first  to  Patavium  and 
then  to  Passau  ; Silchester,  Cel.  Caer-Segont  (the  fort  of 
the  Segontii)  ; La  Chartre,  Chartre,  Chartres,  and  La  Chatre 
(the  place  of  the  camp),  in  France  ; Chartre-sur- Loire,  anc. 
Career  Castellum  (the  castle- prison,  or  stronghold)  ; Castril, 
Castrillo  (little  fort) ; Castro-Jeriz  (Caesar’s  camp) ; Oja- 
castro  (the  camp  on  the  Oja),  in  Spain. 

CAVAN,  CABHAN  (Irish),  f a hollow,  cognate  with  Lat.  cavus;  e.g 
CAVA  LA  (It ) I Cavan  (the  hollow  place),  the  cap.  of 

cuev’a  (Spam),  a cave,  j 

^ S ^ ' Cavan,  however,  m some  parts  of  Ire- 

V • land  signifies  a round  hill,  as  in  Cavan- 

agh  (hilly)  ; Cavanacaw  (the  round  hill  of  the  chaff); 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


39 


Cavanalick  (of  the  flagstone) ; Cove-hithe  (the  harbour 
of  the  recess),  Suffolk  ; Runcorn,  i.e.  Rum-cofan  (the  wide 
cove,  or  inlet),  Cheshire  ; Cowes  (the  cove).  Isle  of  Wight ; 
La  Cava,  Naples;  Cuevas-de-Vera  (the  caves  of  Vera),'^ 
Cuevas-del-Valle  (of  the  valley),  Spain. 

CEANN  (Gadhelic),  a head,  point,  promontory — in  topography  kin 
or  ken;  Kinnaird’s  Head  (the  high  point)  ; Kintyre,  or  Can- 
tire  (the  head  of  the  land,  tir)  ; Kenmore  (the  great  head), 
at  the  head  of  Loch  Tay  ; Kincraigie  (of  the  rock) ; Kinloch 
(of  the  lake)  ; Kenkell(the  head  church);  Kendrochet  (of  the 
bridge)  ; Kinaldie,  Kinalty  (the  head  of  the  dark  stream, 
allt-dubJi)  ; Kingussie  (the  head  of  the  guiih-saith ; 

Kinglass,  Kinglassie  (the  head  of  the  stream,  glaise)  ; Kin- 
ross may  mean  the  point  at  the  head  of  Loch  Leven — 
with  reference  to  the  town;  or  with  reference  to  the  county, 
which  in  early  times  formed  part  of  the  large  district  called 
“ the  Kingdom  of  Fife,”  it  may  mean  the  head  of  the  pro- 
montory, or  of  the  wood,  both  of  which  are  in  Gaelic  ros; 
Kintore  (the  head  of  the  hill,  tor)  ; Kinneal,  i.e.  Ceann-fhail 
(the  head  of  the  wall,  i.e.  of  Agricola’s  wall)  ; King-Edward, 
corrup.  from  Kinedur  (the  head  of  the  water)  ; Kinghorn,  from 
Ceann-cearn  (corner  headland) ; Kingarth,  in  Bute,  named 
from  Ceann-garbh  (the  stormy  headland),  in  the  parish.; 
Kinnoul  (of  the  rock,  ail) ; Kintail  (the  head  of  the  flood, 
tuil,  i.e.  of  Loch  Loung  and  Loch  Duich),  in  Ross-shire ; 
Kent  (the  country  of  the  Cantii,  or  dwellers  on  the  head- 
land). In  Ireland,  Kenmare,  Kerry ; Kinvarra,  Galway ; and 
Kinsale,  in  Cork,  mean  the  head  of  the  sea,  ceann-7nara  and 
ceann-saile,  i.e.  the  highest  point  reached  by  the  tide ; 
Kincon  (the  dog’s  headland) ; Kinturk  (of  the  boar) ; 
Slynehead,  Irish  ceann-leime  (the  head  of  the  leap)  ; Ceann- 
Leime,  or  Leim-Chonchuillinn  (the  headland  of  Cuchullin’s 
leap) ; Cintra,  in  Portugal,  may  mean  the  head  of  the  strand, 
traigh. 

CFFN  (Cel.),  ( ^ 5 Cevennes,  Cheviot  Hills  ; 

KiPHALE  (Gr.),  head,  1 Cefn-Llys  (palace  ridge),  Cefn-bryn  (ridge 
( hill),  Cefn-coed  (wood  ridge),  Cefn-coch 


40 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


(red  ridge),  in  Wales  ; Cefalu  (on  the  headland),  Sicily ; 
Cephalonia  (the  island  with  the  headlands),  also  called 
Samos  (lofty). 

cold  ; e.g.  Chilham,  Caldicott,  Koudhuizon, 
Koudaim,  Calthorpe,  Calthwaite  (cold  dwell- 
ings) ; Caldbeck,  Kalbach,  Kallenbach  (cold 
brook) ; Kalten-herberg  (cold  shelter) ; Cal- 
vorde  (cold  ford)  ; Colwal  (cold  well). 

CEOL  (A.S.),  a ship  ; eg.  Keal  and  Keelby,  in  Lincoln  (ship  sta- 
tion) ; Kiel,  in  Denmark,  perhaps  from  the  same  word. 

CEOSEL  (A.S.),  sand,  gravel,  a sand-bank ; eg.  Chiselhurst  (the 
wood  at  the  sand-bank)  ; Chiselborough  (the  fort  on  the 
sand-bank) ; Chiseldon  (sand-hill)  ; Chiswick  (sandy 
dwelling  or  bay). 


CEOLD  (A.S.), 
KALT  (Ger.), 
KOUD  (Dutch), 


CEORLE,  CHARL  (A.S.), 
KARL  (Scand.), 


CHEP,  CHEAP, 
KIOPING,  KIOBING, 


{a  husbandman  ; eg.  Charlton  (the  hus- 
bandman’s dwelling)  ; Charlinch  (the 
husbandman’s  laen^  i.e.  land  held  on 
lease)  ; Carlton  (husbandman’s  town). 

CHEPPING  f ^ merchandise,  from  A.S. 

’ ceapan,  to  buy,  Ger.  kaufenj  eg. 
( Chepstow,  Chippenham,  Cheapside 
(the  market-place  or  dwelling)  ; Chipping- Norton,  Chipping- 
Sodbury  (the  north  and  south  market-town)  ; Chipping- 
hurst  (the  market-place  at  the  wood)  ; Copenhagen,  Dan. 
Kioben-havn  (the  haven  for  merchandise) ; Lidkioping  (the 
market' town  on  the  R.  Lid)  ; Linki oping,  anc.  Longako- 
pungar  (long  market-town),  Sweden  ; Arroeskioebing  (the 
market-town  of  the  island  ot  Arroe)  ; Copeland  Islands,  on 
the  Irish  coast  (the  islands  of  merchandise),  probably  used 
as  a storehouse  by  the  Danish  invaders  ; Copmanthorpe 
(the  village  of  traders),  Yorkshire ; Nordkoping  (north 
market),  Sweden ; Kaufbeuren  (the  market  dwelling),  in 
Bavaria. 

CHLUM  (Sclav.),  a hill,  cognate  with  the  Lat.  culi7ien,  transposed  by 
Germans  into  kulm  and  sometimes  into  golmj  e.g.  Kulm,  in 
W.  Prussia  (a  town  on  a hill)  ; Kulm,  on  the  R.  Saale, 
Chlumek,  Chlumetz,  Gollmitz,  Gollmuz  (the  little  hill). 


>: 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY 


41 


CILL  (Gadhelic), 
CELL  (Cym.-Cel.), 
ZELLE  (Teut.),  from 


a cell,  a burying-ground,  a church  ; in 
Celtic  topography,  ktl  or  Lely  e.g.  Kil- 
bride (the  cell  or  church  of  St.  Bridget), 


CELLA(Lat.),’and  in  the  f 


Provence  languages, 
CELLA,  CELLULE, 


donan  (of  St.  Donan)  ; Kilkieran  (of  St. 
Kieran)  ; Kilpeter  (of  St.  Peter)  ; Kil- 
^ cattan  (of  St.  Chattan)  ; Kilmichael  (St. 
Michael);  Kilmarnock,  Kilmartin,  Kilpatrick,  Kilbrandon 
(the  churches  of  St.  Marnock,St.  Martin,  St.  Patrick,  St.  Bran- 
don); Kilmaurs,  Kilmorick,  Kilmairy  (St.  Mary’s  church); 
I.  Columkil,  or  Iona  (the  island  of  St.  Columkille)  ; Kilwin- 
ning (of  St.  Vimen)  ; Kilkenny  (of  St.  Canic.e) ; Kilbeggan, 
in  Ireland,  and  Kilbucho,  in  Peeblesshire  (the  church  of  St. 
Bega)  ; Kill-Fillan  (St.  Fillan’s  church  or  burying-ground)  ; 
Killaloe  (of  St.  Dalua)  ; Killarney,  supposed  to  be  Cill-air- 
neach  (the  church  of  the  sloes) — the  anc.  name  of  the  lake 
was  Lough  Leane,  from  a famous  artificer  who  lived  on  its 
shores  ; Killin,  i.e.  Cill-Fhinn  (the  burying-ground  of  Finn, 
which  is  still  shown)  ; Kilmany  (the  church  of  the  mossy 
ground,  moine)  ; Kilmelfort,  Cill-na-maol-phort  (the  church 
of  the  bald  havens) ; Kilmore  generally  means  the  great 
church,  but  Kilmore,  co.  Cork,  is  from  Coillemhor  (great 
wood),  and  in  many  places  in  Ireland  and  Scotland,  it  is 
difficult  to  determine  whether  the  root-word  is  cill  or  coilly 
Kildare,  Cill-dara  (the  cell  of  the  oak,  blessed  by  St. 
Bridget)  ; Kilmun,  in  Argyleshire,  is  the  church  of  St.  Munna 
(one  of  St.  Columba’s  companions)  ; Kilrush,  co.  Clare  (the 
church  of  the  wood  or  promontory) ; Kells  (the  cells  or 
churches)  is  the  name  of  several  places  in  Ireland,  and  of  a 
parish  in  Dumfries  ; but  Kells,  in  Meath  and  Kilkenny,  is  a 
contraction  of  the  anc.  name  Kenlis,  or  Ceann-lios  (the  chief 
enclosure)  ; Closeburn,  Dumfries,  is  a corrupt,  of  Kel-Osbern 
(the  church  or  cell  of  St.  Osburn)  ; Bischofszell  and  Ap- 
penzell,  in  Switzerland  (the  church  of  the  bishop  and  of  the 
abbot)  ; Maria-Zell  (of  St.  Mary)  ; Kupferzell,  Jaxt-zell,  Zella- 
am-Hallbach,  Zell-am-Harmarsbach  (the  churches  on  the 
rivers  Kupfer,  Jaxt,  Hallbach,  Harmarsbach)  ; Zell-am-Moss 


42 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


(t  he  church  on  the  moor)  ; Zell- am- See  (on  the  lake) ; Zella 
St.  Blasii  (of  St.  Blaise) ; Sabloncieux,  in  France,  anc.  Sablon- 
cellis  (the  cells  on  the  sandy  place)  ; but  in  France  La  Selle 
and  Les  Selles  are  frequently  used  for  cella  or  cellules^  as  in 
Selle-St.-Cloud,  anc.  Cella-Sanct.-Clotoaldi  (the  church  dedi- 
cated to  this  saint),  Selle-sur-Nahon,  anc.  Cellula  (little  church). ' 

CITTi,  CIVITA  (It.),  i 

CIUDAD,  CIDADE  (Sp.  and  Port.),  ‘j’®  Lat  avitasj  eg  Citade- 

CIOTAT  (Fr.),  ; 

y Civita-Vecchia  (old  city),  anc. 

Centuin-cellce  (the  hundred  apartments),  so  named  from  a 
palace  of  the  Emperor  Trajan  ; Civita-de-Penne  (the  city  of 
the  summit),  Naples;  Ciudad-Rodrigo  (Roderick’s  city); 
Ciudad- Reale  (royal  city),  Spain ; Ciudadella  (little  city) ; 
Cividad-de-la-Trinidad  (the  city  of  the  Holy  Trinity) ; 
Ciudad-de-Gracias  (the  city  of  grace). 

CLACH,  CLOCK,  CLOUGH  (Gadhelic),  a stone  ; e.g.  Clach-breach  (the 
speckled  stone)  ; Clach-an-Oban  (the  stone  of  the  little  bay) ; 
Clachach  (a  stony  place)  ; Clach-na-darroch  (the  stone  of  the 
oak  grove)  ; Clackmannan,  or  Clachan-Mannan  (the  stone  ! 
• circle,  or  village  of  the  anc.  district  of  Scotland  called  Man- 1 
nan).  The  word  clachan,  in  Scotland,  originally  meant  a‘ 
circle  of  stones ; and  after  the  introduction  of  Christianity,  j 
houses  and  churches  were  built  on  the  spots  where  these  Pagan 
rites  had  been  celebrated,  and  thus  clachan  came  to  mean 
a hamlet ; and  at  the  present  day,  the  expression  used  in 
asking  a person  if  he  is  going  to  church  is — Ambheil 
dol  ddn  clachan  (‘^  Are  you  going  to  j;he  stones  .?”)  There 
is  the  clachan  of  Aberfoyle  in  Perthshire,  and,  in  Blair- Athole, 
there  is  a large  stone  called  Clack  nHobairt  (the  stone  of 
sacrifice)  ; in  Skye  there  is  Clach-na-h-Aiinat  (the  stone  of 
Annat,  the  goddess  of  victory) ; and  those  remarkable  Druid- . 
ical  remains,  called  rocking-stones,  are  termed  in  Gaelic 
Clach-bhrath  (the  stone  of  knowledge),  having  been  appa- 
rently used  for  divination.  There  are  others  called  Clach-na- 
greine  (the  stone  of  the  sun),  and  Clach-an-t-sagairt  (of  the 
priest).  In  Ireland,  the  word  commonly  takes  the  form  of 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


43 


clogh  and  doughy  as  in  Cloghbally,  Cloghvally  (stony  dwell- 
ing) ; Clogher  (the  stony  land) ; Clomony  (the  stony  shrub- 
bery) ; Clorusk  (the  stony  marsh)  ; Cloichin,  Cloghan,  Clog- 
heen  (land  full  of  little  stones)  ; but  clochan  is  also  applied 
to  stepping-stones  across  a river,  as  in  Clochan-na-bh  Fomr- 
haraigh  (the  stepping-stones  of  the  Fomarians,  the  Giant’s 
Causeway)  ; Cloghereen  (the  little  stony  place) ; Bally  clogh, 
Ballenaclogh  (the  town  of  the  stones)  ; Auchnacloy  (the  field 
of  the  stones)  ; Clochfin  (the  white  stone)  ; Clonakilty,  cor- 
rupt. from  Cloicgh-na-Kiltey  (the  stone  house  of  the  O’Keelys). 

CLAR,  CLARAGH  (Irish),  a board,  a plain,  a flat  piece  of  land  ; e.g. 
Clare,  co.  Mayo  ; county  Clare  is  said  to  have  derived  its 
name  from  a plank  placed  across  the  R.  Fergus,  at  the  village 
of  Clare  ; Ballyclare,  Ballinclare  (the  town  of  the  plain) ; 
Clarbane  (white  plain) ; Clarderry  (level  oak  grove) ; Clar- 
choill  (level  wood) ; Clara  (on  the  plain) ; Clareen  (little  plain). 

CLERE  (Anglo-Norman),  a royal  or  episcopal  residence  ; eg.  High- 
Clere,  King’s  Clere. 


CLIFF  (A.S.),  sdep  or  sdy If,  I 
KLIPPE  (Ger.  and  Scand.),  / 
CLIVUS  (Lat.),  a slope, 


steep  bank  or  rock ; e.g.  Clive, 
Cleave,  Clee  (the  cliff) ; Clifton  (the 
town  on  the  clift)  ; Clifdon  (cliff  hill)  ; 
Clifford  (the  ford  near  the  cliff)  ; Hat- 
cliffe  and  Hockcliffe  (high  cliff) ; Cleveland  (rocky  land), 
Yorkshire ; Cleves  (the  town  on  the  slopes),  Rhenish  Prus- 
sia ; Radclifife  (red  cliff)  ; Silberklippen  (silver  cliff) ; Horn- 
cliff  (corner  cliff) ; Undercliff  (between  the  cliff  and  the  sea). 
Isle  of  Wight ; Clitheroe  (the  cliff  near  the  water),  Lanca- 
shire ; Lilliesleaf,  in  Roxburghshire,  corrupt,  of  Lille' s-diva 
(the  cliff  of  Lilly  or  Lille). 

CLUAN,  CLOON  (Gadhelic),  a fertile  piece  of  land,  surrounded  by  a 
bog  on  one  side,  and  water  on  the  other,  a meadow ; e.g, 
Clunie,  Cluny,  Clunes,  Clones  (the  meadow  pastures).  These 
fertile  pastures,  as  well  as  small  islands,  were  the  favourite 
spots  chosen  by  the  monks  in  Ireland  and  Scotland  as 
places  of  retirement,  and  became  eventually  the  sites  of 
monasteries  and  abbeys,  although  at  first  the  names  of 
these  meadows,  in  many  instances,  had  no  connection  with 


44 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


a religious  institution — thus,  Clones,  co.  Monaghan,  was 
Cluain-Eois  (the  meadow  of  Eos),  before  it  became  a Chris- 
tian settlement ; Clonard,  in  Meath,  where  the  celebrated 
St.  Finian  had  his  school  in  the  sixth  century,  was  Cluain-  'i 
Eraird  (Erard’s  meadow).  In  some  instances  Clonard  may  ' 
mean,  the  high  meadow  ; Clonmel  (the  meadow  of  honey)  ; 
Clonfert  (of  the  grave)  ; Clontarf  and  Clontarbh  (the  bull’s 
pasture,  tarbJi)  ; Clonbeg  and  Cloneen  (little  meadow)  ; Clon- 
keen  (beautiful  meadow) ; Cluainte,  or  Cloonty  (the  mea-  i 
dows)  ; Cloontakillen  (the  meadows, of  the  wood). 

CNOC  (Gadhelic),  a knoll,  hill,  or  mound  ; e.g.  Knockbrack  (the 
spotted  knoll) ; Knockbane,  Knockdow,  Knockglass  (the 
white,  black,  and  grey  hill) ; Knockmoy  (hill  of  the  plain)  ; 
Knocknagaul  (the  hill  of  the  strangers)  ; Knockrath  (of  the 
fort)  ; Knockshanbally  (of  the  old  town)  ; Knocktaggart  (of 
the  priest)  ; Knockatober  (of  the  well)  \ Knockalough  (of  the 
lake) ; Knockanure  (of  the  yew) ; Knockaderry  (of  the  oak  , 
wood) ; Baldernock  (the  dwelling  at  the  oak,  or  hill) ; 
Knockranny  (ferny  hill)  ; Knockreay  (grey  hill) ; Knockroe 
(red  hill)  ; Knockgorm  (blue  hill)  ; Knockagh  (hilly  place)  ; 
Knockacullion  (the  hill  of  the  holly) ; Knockfierna  (the  hill 
of  truth) ; Knockan  and  Knockeen  (little  hill) ; Ballynick  (the 
town  of  the  hill) ; Tinnick,  Irish  Tigh-cnuic  (the  house  of  the 
hill). 

COAD,  COED  (Cym.-Cel.),  a wood  ; e.g.  Coed- Arthur  (Arthur’s  wood)  ; 
Coedcymmer  (the  wood  of  the  confluence)  ; Catmoss,  Chat- 
moss  (the  wood  moss)  ; Coitmore  (^reat  wood)  ; Catlow, 
Cotswold  (wood  hill) — in  the  latter  the  Saxon  wold  (a  wood) 
has  been  added  to  the  Cel.  coed;  Chatsworth  (the  manor  in  j ; 
the  wood).  i 

COILL  (Gadhelic),  a wood  ; in  topography,  kel,  kil,  kelly,  killy  ; e.g.  ■ 
Kellymore,  and  sometimes  Kilmore  (the  great  wood) ; Kel-  a 
burn,  Kellyburn,  and  Kelvin  (the  woody  stream)  ; Callander  [I 
and  Callandar,  Coille-an-dar  (the  oak  wood)  ; Kelty,  Keltie,  || 
in  Scotland,  Cuilty,  Cuiltia,  and  Quilty  (the  woods),  in  Ire-  j| 
land  ; Kilbowie  (yellow  wood)  ; Kildarroch  (the  oak  wood)  ; I 
Kilcraig  (the  wood  of  the  rock) ; Kildinny  (of  the  fire,  teine'\  • I 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


45 


Killiegowan  (of  the  smith)  ; Kilgour  (of  the  goats)  ; Eden- 
keille  (the  face  of  the  wood);  but  Kyle,  in  Ayrshire,  not 
from  this  root,  but  named  from  a mythic  Cymric  king  ; 
Loughill,  CO.  Limerick,  Irish  Leamhchoill  (the  elm  wood)-;  ' 
Barnacullia  (the  top  of  the  v/ood),  near  Dublin;  Culleen  and 
Coiltean  (little  wood) ; Kildare,  anc.  Coill-an-chlair  (the 
wood  of  the  plain). 

COIRE  or  CUIRE  (Gadhelic),  a ravine,  hollow,  a whirlpool ; e.g 
Corrie-dow  (the  dark  ravine)  ; Corrie-garth  (the  field  at  the 
ravine)  ; Corrimony  (the  ravine  at  the  hill,  monadh)  ; Cor- 
rielea  (the  grey  ravine)  ; Corriebeg  (the  little  hollow)  ; Corry- 
vrechan  (Brecan’s  cauldron)  ; Corgarf  (the  rough  hollow, 
garb) ; Corralin  (the  whirlpool  of  the  cataract),  v.  LIN  ; 
Corriebuie  (yellow  ravine) ; Corryuriskin  (of  the  wild  spirit)  ; 
Corrie  (the  hollow)  ; Cor,  in  Ireland,  generally  means  a 
round  hill,  as  in  Corbeagh  (birch  hill),  Corglass  (green 
round  hill) ; Corkeeran  (rowan-tree  hill)  ; Corog  and  Cor- 
reen  (little  round  hill)  ; while  Cora,  or  Coradh,  means  a weir 
across  a river,  as  in  Kincora  (the  head  of  the  weir). 

COL,  COLN,  (Lat.)  COLONIA,  a colony  ; eg.  Lincoln  (the  colony  at 
Lindum,  the  fort  on  the  pool) ; Colne  (the  colony),  Lanca- 
shire ; Cologne,  Lat.  Colonia-Agrippina  (the  colony  named 
after  Agrippina,  the  mother  of  Nero). 

COMAR,  CUMAR  (Gadhdic),  j ^ confluence  often  found  in  the 

CYMMER,  KEMBER  (Cym.-Cd.), ) Comber 

( Comber,  co.  Down  ; Cumber- 
nauld, Gael.  Comar-n-uilt  (the  meeting  of  the  streams,  alf) . 
Cumnock,  in  Ayrshire,  may  have  the  same  meaning,  from 
Cumar  and  oich  (water),  as  the  rivers  Lugar  and  Glasnock 
meet  near  the  village  ; Kemper  and  Quimper  (the  conflu- 
ence), and  Quimper-1^,  or  Kember-leach  (the  place  at  the 
confluence),  in  Brittany.  The  words  Condate  and  Conde,  in 
French  topography,  seem  to  be  derived  from  this  Celtic  root, 
as  in  Conde,  in  Normandy  (at  the  meeting  of  two  streams)  ; 
Conde,  in  Belgium  (at  the  confluence  of  the  Scheldt  and 
Hawe)  ; Condate-Rhedorum,  now  Rennes,  in  Brittany  (the 
confluence  of  the  Rhedones,  a Celtic  tribe) ; Coucy,  anc. 


46 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


COMBE  (A.S.), 

CWM,  KOMB  (Cym.-Cel.), 
CUM  (Gadhelic), 

KUMBE  (Gr.), 


Condiceacum  (at  the  confluence  of  the  Lette  and  Oise)  ; Con- 
gleton,  in  Cornwall,  anc.  Condate. 

a hollow  between  hills,  a dingle  ; e.g, 
Colcombe  (the  hollow  of  the  R.  Coly) ; 
Cwmneath  (of  the  Neath) ; Compton 
(the  town  in  the  hollow) ; Gatcombe 
(the  passage  through  the  valley) ; 
Coombs  (the  hollows)  in  the  Mendip  hills  ; Wycombe  (the 
valley  of  the  Wye)  ; Winchcombe  (the  corner  valley)  ; Wi- 
velscombe  and  Addiscombe  (probably  connected  with  a 
proper  name) ; Ilfracombe  (Elfric’s  dingle).  In  Ireland, 
Coomnahorna  (the  valley  of  the  barley),  Lackenacoomb 
(the  hillside  of  the  hollow),  Lake  Como  (in  the  hollow). 

CONFLUENTES  (Lat.),  the  meeting  of  waters  ; eg.  Coblentz,  or  Con- 
fl^tentes  (at  the  confluence  of  the  Moselle  and  Rhine) ; Con- 
flans  (at  the  confluence  of  the  Seine  and  Oise). 

" a marsh  ; e.g.  Corse  (the  marsh). 


CORCAGH  or  CURRAGH  (Irish), 
CORS  (Welsh), 

CAR  (Gael.), 

KER  (Scand.), 


Corston  and  Corsenside  (the  town 
or  settlement  on  the  marsh), 
Corsham  (marsh  dwelling),  Cors- 
combe  (marsh  dingle),  in  Eng- 
land ; in  Ireland — Cork,  anc.  Corcach-mor-Mumhan  (the 
great  marsh  of  Munster) ; Curkeen,  Corcaghan  (little 
marsh) ; Curraghmore  (great  marsh) ; Currabaha  (the  marsh 
of  birch).  Perhaps  Careby  and  Carton,  in  Lincoln,  in  the 
Danish  district,  may  be  marshy  dwelling. 

( a horn  ; in  topography  applied  to  head- 
lands  ; eg.  Co»neto  (the  place  on  the 
V horn  or  corner),  Italy  ; Come,  Cornay, 
Cornillon,  in  France  ; Cornwall,  Cel.  Cernyu,  Lat.  Cornuhice., 
A.S.  Cornwallia  (the  promontory  peopled  by  the  Weales,  or 
Welsh  or  foreigners)  ; Cornuailles,  in  Brittany,  with  the  same 
meaning. 

a hut ; e.g.  Cottenham,  Cottingham,  Coatham, 
I Chatham  (the  town  or  village  of  huts)  ; Bramcote 
-{  (the  hut  among  broom)  ; Fencotes  (the  huts  in  the 
I fens)  ; Prescot  (priest’s  hut)  ; Saltcoats  (the  huts 
[ originally  used  by  the  workers  at  the  salt  pans)  ; 


CORNU  (Lat.), 

KERNE,  CERYN  (Cel.), 


COTE  (A.S.), 
COITE  (Gael.), 
CWT  (Welsh), 
KOTHE  (Ger.), 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY 


47 


Kothendorf  (the  village  of  huts),  Hinterkothen  (behind  the 
huts),  in  Germany. 

COTE,  COTTA  (Sansc.),  a fortress ; e.£-.  Chicacotta  (little  fortress) ; 
Gazacotta  (elephant’s  fort);  Jagarcote  (bamboo  fort)  ; la- 
lamcot  (of  the  true  faith)  ; Noacote  (new  fort)  ; Devicotta 
(the  fortress  of  God)  ; Palamcotta  (the  camp  fortress). 

COTE  (Fr ) f ^ 

COSTA  (Span. and  Port.),!  a_ department  of  France, 

(so  called  from  its  fertility)  ; Cotes-du- 
Nord  (the  Northern  coasts)  ; Costa-Rica  (rich  coast). 

a place  enclosed,  the  place  of  a 
sovereign,  a lordly  mansion,  from 


COURT  (Nor.  Fr.), 

CWRT  and  cuairt  (Cel.), 
CORTE  (It.,  Span.,  and  Port.), 


the  Lat.  cohors^  also  cors  cortis, 
an  enclosed  yard,  cognate  with 
the  Gr.  horios.  The  Romans  called  the  castles  built  by 
Roman  settlers  in  the  provinces  cortes  or  cortem,  thence  court 
became  a common  affix  to  the  names  of  places  in  France  and 
England,  as  in  Hampton  Court,  Hunton  Court,  in  England  ; 
and  Leoncourt,  Aubigne-court,  Honnecourt  (the  manor  of 
Leo,  Albanius,  and  Honulf) ; Aubercourt  (of  Albert).  The 
words  court,  cour,  and  corte,  are  also  used  as  equivalent  to 
the  Lat.  curia  (the  place  of  assembly  for  the  provincial 
councils) — thus  Corte,  in  Corsica,  where  the  courts  of  justice 
were  held  ; the  Cortes,  in  Spain,  evidently  equivalent  to  the 
Lat.  curia^  gives  its  name  to  several  cities  in  that  country  ; 
Coire,  the  capital  of  the  Grisons,  in  Switzerland,  comes  from 
the  anc.  Curia- Rhcctiorum  (the  place  where  the  provincial 
council  of  the  Rhsetians  were  held)  ; Corbridge,in  Northum- 
berland, is  supposed  to  take  its  name  from  a Roman  curia  ; 
and  perhaps  Currie,  in  East  Lothian. 


CRAIG,  CARRAIG,  GARRICK 
CRAIG  (Cym.-Cel.), 

CROAGH,  a stack-shaped  hill 


(Gadhelic),  ( Craigie,  Creich, 

1 Crathie,  Gael.  Creagach 


I (rocky  parishes  in  Scot- 
\ land) ; Carrick  and  Carrig, 
in  Ireland  (either  the  rocks  or  the  rocky  ground) ; Carrick, 
in  Ayrshire,  probably  from  the  same  root ; Craigengower 
(the  goat’s  rock)  ; Craigendarroch  (the  rock  of  the  oak 
wood)  ; Craigdou,  Craigdhu  (black  rock) ; Craigdearg  (red 


48 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


rock)  ; Craigmore  (great  rock) ; Craig-Phadric,  in  Inverness- 
shire  (St.  Patrick’s  rock) ; Craignish  (the  rock  of  the  island), 
the  extremity  of  which  is  Ardcraignish ; Craignethan  (the 
rock  encircled  by  the  R.  Nethen);  Craigentinny  (the  little 
rock  of  the  fire) ; Criggan  (the  little  rock)  ; Carrickshock 
and  Craigatuke,  Carraig-seabhaic  (the  hawk’s  rock) ; Car- 
rickaneagh  (the  raven’s  rock) ; Craig-gush  (the  rock  with 
the  firs).  In  Wales,  Crick-Howel,  Crickadarn  (the  rock  of 
Howel  and  Cadarn)  ; and  Criccaeth  (the  narrow  hill)  ; Crick, 
in  Derbyshire  ; Creach,  in  Somerset ; and  Critch-hill,  Dorset ; 
Croaghpatrick,  St.  Patrick’s  hill. 

/ a small  bay  ; e.g.  Cricklade,  anc.  Crecca- 
\ gelade  (the  bay  of  the  stream) ; Crayford 
I (the  ford  of  the  creek)  ; Crique-boeuf, 

V V*1 /T1-1  irino  / ¥\\ 


CREEK  (A.S.),  CRECCA, 
KREEK  (Teut.), 

CRIQUE  (Fr.), 


CROES,  CROC  (Cym.-Ceh), 
CROIS,  CROCK  (Gadhelic), 
CROD  (A.S.),  KRYS  (Scand.), 
KREUTZ  (Ger.),  CROix  (Fr.), 

Croxton  (cross  town) 


Crique-by,  Crique-tot,  Crique-villa  (the 
dwelling  at  the  creek)  ; Criquiers  (the  creeks),  in  France. 
In  America,  this  word  signifies  a small  stream,  as  Salt- 
creek,  &c. 

a cross,  cognate  with  the  Lat.  crux; 
eg.  Crosby  (the  dwelling  near  the 
cross)  ; Crossmichael  (the  cross  of 
St.  Michael’s  church)  ; Crossthwaite 
(the  forest  clearing  at  the  crpss)  ; 
Crewe  and  Crewkern  (the  place  of  the 
cross)  ; Croes-bychan  (little  cross)  ; Kruzstrait  (the  road  with 
the  cross),  in  Belgium.  It  was  usual  with  the  Celts  in  Ire- 
land, as  well  as  with  the  Spaniards  and  Portuguese  in 
America,  to  mark  the  place  where  any  providential  occur- 
rence took  place,  or  where  they  founded  a church  or  city, 
with  a cross — as  in  St.  Croix  and  Santa-Cruz,  in  S.  America  ; 
Crosserlough  (the  cross  on  the  lake) ; Crossmolina  (O’Mul- 
leeny’s  cross) ; Aghacross  (the  ford  of  the  cross) ; Crossau, 
Crossoge,  and  Crusheen  (little  cross),  in  Ireland.  C^'och 
also,  in  topography,  means  a gallows — thus,  Knockacrochy 
(gallows  hill)  ; Raheenaacrochy  (the  little  fort  of  the  gal- 
lows) ; Oswestry,  anc.  Croes-Oswald  (the  cross  on  which 
Oswald,  King  of  Northumberland,  was  executed  by  Penda  of 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


49 


Mercia) — its  more  anc.  name  was  Maeshir,  Welsh  (long 
field),  which  the  Saxons  rendered  Meserfeld.  In  some  cases 
this  word  in  topography  may  be  applied  to  a place  situated 
at  a road  crossing,  as  in  Crossgates,  in  Fife. 

CROFT  (A.S.),  an  enclosed  field  \ e.g.  Crofton  (field  town) ; Crozen 
(at  the  end  of  the  field). 

crooked  ; eg.  Cromdale  (winding  val- 
ley) ; Croome,  in  Worcester  ; Crumlin, 
Cromlin,  Crimlin,  in  Ireland  (the  wind- 
ing glen,  ghlin7t)  ; Krumbach  (winding 
^ stream) ; Krumau,  Krumenau  (the  wind- 
ing water  or  valley) ; Ancrum,  i.e.  A Inecruin  (the  bend  of  the 
R.  Alne). 


CROM,  CRUM  (Gadhelic), 
CRWM  (Cym.-Cel.), 
KRUMM  (Ger.), 

CRUMB  (A.S.), 


CUL  (Gadhelic),  ( 


CUIL,  the  corner ; 


< Scotland) 


e.g.  Coul,  Cult,  Cults  (parishes  in 
Culter,  anc.  Cultir  (at  the  back  of 


( the  land,  tir)  ; Culcairn  (of  the  cairn)  ; Culmony 
(at  the  back  of  the  hill,  or  moss,  monadh) ; Culloden,  for 
Cul-oiter  (the  ridge  at  the  back)  ; Culnakyle  (the  back  of  the 
wood) ; Cultulach  (of  the  hill)  ; Culblair  (the  back-lying 
field)  ; Culross  (at  the  back  of  the  peninsula).  In  Ireland, 
Coolbane  (white  corner) ; Coolboy  (yellow  corner)  ; Cool- 
derry  (the  corner  of  the  oak  wood) ; Cooleen,  Cooleeny  (little 
corner)  ; Coolgreany  (sunny  corner)  ; Coleraine,  in  London- 
derry, as  well  as  Coolraine,  Coolrainy,  Coolrahne,  Irish  Cttil- 
rathain  (the  comer  of  ferns) ; Coolnasmear  (the  corner  of 
the  blackberries). 

CUND  (Hindostanee),  a country  ; e.g.  Bundelcund,  Rohilcund,  the 
countries  of  the  Bundelas  and  the  Rohillas. 


D 


DAGH,  TAGH  (Turk.),  a mountain  ; e.g.  Daghestan  (the  mountainous 
country)  ; Baba-dagh  (father  or  chief  mountain)  ; Kara-dagh 
(black  mountain)  ; Kezel-dagh  (red  mountain)  ; Belur-tagh 
(the  snow-capped  mountain) ; Mustagh  (ice  mountain) ; 
Beshtau  (the  five  mountains)  ; Tak-Rustan  (the  mountain  of 
Rustan)  ; Tchazr-dagh  (tent  mountain) ; Takht-i-Suliman 
(Solomon’s  mountain)  ; Agri-dagh  (steep  mountain). 

E 


50 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


BAIL  (Gadhelic), 

DOL  (Cym.-Cel), 
DAHL,  DALR  (Scand.), 
THAL  (Ger.), 

DOL  (Sclav.), 


a valley,  sometimes  a field,  English  dale 
or  dell,  and  often  joined  to  the  name  of 
the  river  which  flows  through  the  district  ; 
e.g.  Clydesdale,  Teviotdale,  Nithsdale, 
Liddesdale,  Dovedale,  Arundel,  Langen- 
^thal,  Romsdal  (the  valley  of  the  Clyde, 
Teviot,  Nith,  Liddel,  Dove,  Arun,  Langent,  Rauma).  In  j 
places  named  by  the  Teut.  and  Scand.  races,  it  is  to  be 
noted  that  this  root-word,  as  well  as  others,  is  generally 
placed  after  the  adjective  or  defining  word,  while  by  the 
Celtic  races  it  is  placed  first.  This  is  the  general  rule  ; 
though  there  are  certain  exceptional  adjectives.  Thus,  in 
Scandinavia,  and  in  localities  of  Great  Britain  where  the 
Danes  and  Norsemen  had  settlements,  we  have — Vaerdal,  in 
Norway  (R.  Vaer) ; Rydal  (rye  valley),  Westmoreland ; 
Laugdalr  (valley  of  warm  springs),  Iceland.  In  districts 
peopled  by  the  Saxon  nations,  Avondale,  Annandale  (the 
valley  of  the  Avon  and  Annan) ; Rosenthal  (the  val- 
ley of  roses)  ; Inn-thal  (of  the  R.  Inn)  ; Freudenthal  (of 
joy)  ; Fromenthal  (wheat  valley) ; Grunthal  (green  valley). 
In  Gaelic,  Irish,  and  Welsh  names,  on  the  contrary,  dal 
comes  first ; e.g.  Dairy  and  Dalrigh  (king’s  field,  or  level 
field) ; Dalbeth  and  Dalbeathie  (the  field  of  birch-trees) ; 
Dalginross  (the  field  at  the  head  of  the  promontory  or  wood)  ; 
Dalness  and  Dallas  (the  field  of  the  cascade,  cas) ; Dalserf 
(of  St.  Serf)  ; Dailly,  anc.  Dalmaolkeran  (the  bald  or  barren 
field  of  St.  Kiaran) ; Dalrymple  (the  valley  of  the  crooked f 
pool)  ; Dalgarnock  (of  the  rough  knoll) ; Dalhousie,  Dail- 
wolsie  (the  field  at  the  corner  of  the  water,  i.e.  the  Esk ; uillejty 
corner) ; Dalwhinnie  (the  field  of  the  meeting,  coinneach) ; 
Dalziel  (beautiful  field,  geat)  ; Dalguise  (of  the  fir-trees, 
giuthas) ; Dalanspittal  (of  the  house  of  entertainment, 
spideal)  ; Dahlen  (the  valleys  on  the  Rhine) ; Deal  or  Dole 
(the  valley),  in  Kent ; Dol  and  Dole,  in  Brittany,  with  the 
same  meaning.  Toul  and  Toulouse,  situated  in  valleys, 
seem  to  come  from  the  same  root.  Dalecarlia  (the  country 
of  valleys),  in  Sweden  ; Dieppedal  (deep  valley) ; Stendal 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


51 


(stony  valley)  ; Oundle,  in  Northampton,  corrupt,  from  Avon- 
dale ; Kendal,  or  Kirkby-Kendal  (the  church  town  in  the 
valley  of  the  R.  Ken,  or  Kent)  ; Dolgelly  (the  valley  of  the 
hazel-trees),  in  Wales  ; Dolsk,  or  Dolzig  (the  town  on  the 
plain),  in  Posen. 


DAL  or  GEDEL  (A.S.), 

DEEL  (Dutch),  THEIL  (Ger.), 
DAL  (Irish), 


f a part,  a district ; e.g.  Kerckdorfer 
\ theil  (the  district  of  the  church  vil- 
i lage) ; Kalthusertheil  (the  district 
\ of  the  cold  houses)  ; Baradeel  (the 
barren  district),  in  Germany  and  Holland  ; Dalriada  (the 
portion  of  Rhiada’s  tribe),  in  Ireland  ; and  Dalriada,  in  Ar- 
gyleshire,  colonised  by  Irish  Scots  in  the  second  century. 

DALEJ  (Sclav.),  far ; eg,  Daliz,  Dalchow,  and  Dalichow  (the  distant 
place). 

DAMM  (Teut.),  an  embankment,  a dyke ; e.g.  Rotterdam,  Amster- 
dam, Saardam  (the  embankment  on  the  rivers  Rotte,  Amstel, 
and  Saar) ; Schiedam  (on  the  R.  Schee)  ; Leerdam  (the 
embankment  on  the  lar,  or  untilled  land) ; Veendam  (on  the 
marsh) ; Dammducht  (the  embankment  of  the  trench) ; 
Damm  (a  town  in  Prussia)  ; Neudamm  (the  new  dyke). 

DAN,  belonging  to  the  Danes  ; e.g.  Danelagh  (that  part  of  England 
which  the  Danes  held  after  their  treaty  with  Alfred)  ; Danby, 
Danesbury  (Danes’  dwelling) ; Danesbanks,  Danesgraves, 
Danesford,  in  Salop  (where  the  Danes  are  supposed  to  have 
wintered,  in  896)  ; Danshalt,  in  Fife  (where  they  are  said  to 
have  halted  after  their  defeat  at  Falkland) ; Danthorpe, 
Denton  (Danes’  town)  ; Denshanger  (Danes’  hill) ; Den- 
mark (the  frontier  of  the  Danes)  ; Dantzic  (Danish  fort,  built 
by  a Danish  colony  in  the  reign  of  Waldemar  II.)  ; Tenn- 
stedt,  anc.  Dannenstedi  (the  Danes’  town),  Saxony  ; Cruden, 
in  Aberdeenshire,  anc.  Cruor-Danorum  (the  slaughter  of  the 
Danes,  i.e.  on  the  site  of  a battle). 

DAE,  DARA,  DER  (Ar.),  D dwelling,  or  camp,  or  district ; 

DEIR,  DERA,  DERE, 

DEH  (Pers.),  a village. 


f 


Dar-el-hajar  (the  rocky  district),  in 
) Egypt ; Derabund  (the  camp  of  the 
Vbank);  Derayel-el  (camp  dwellings),  in 
Arabia;  Dera-Fati-Khan,  Dera-Ghazi-Khan,  Dera-Ismail- 


52 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


Khan  (the  camps  of  these  chiefs,  in  the  Deraj  at,  or  camp 
district) ; Deir  (the  monk’s  dwelling),  in  Syria  ; Diarbekr 
(the  dwellings  or  tents  of  Bekr) ; Dehi-Dervishan  (the 
villages  of  the  dervishes)  ; Deh-haji  (pilgrims’  village)  ; Dek- 
kergan  (the  village  of  wolves) ; Deir-Antonios  (St.  Anthony’s 
monastery),  Egypt. 

DAR,  DERO,  DERWYN  (Cym.-Cel.)  J “ co^ate  with  the 

DAIR  (Gadhelic),  1 G’'-  f Sansc. 

V dru,  a tree ; doire  or  daire  is 
an  oak  wood.  Anglicised  derry,  darach,  or  dara,  the  gen.  of 
dair;  darach,  a place  full  of  oaks  ; e.g.  Adare,  i.e.  Aihdara 
(the  ford  of  the  oak-tree)  ; Derry,  now  Londonderry,  was 
originally  Daire-Calgaigh  (the  oak  wood  of  Galgacus)  ; it 
was  next  called  Derry  Columkille  (the  oak  wood  of  Columba, 
or  Columkille),  and  in  the  reign  of  James  L,  by  a charter 
granted  to  the  merchants  of  London,  Londonderry  ; Derry- 
fad  (the  long  oak  wood)  ; Derry-na-hinch  (of  the  island)  ; 
Dairbhre,  or  Darrery  (oak  forest),  the  Irish  name  for  the 
Island  of  Valentia) ; Derry-allen  (beautiful  oak  wood)  \ 
Derrybane  and  Derrybawn  (white  oak  wood)  ; Derrylane 
(broad  oak  wood)  ; Durrow,  anc.  Dairmag,  or  Dearmagh,  and 
Latinised  Roboreticampus  (the  plain  of  the  oaks)  ; Deer  (the 
oak  wood),  in  Aberdeenshire  (a  monastery  founded  on  the 
site  of  an  old  church,  erected  in  very  early  times  by  St. 
Columba,  and  given  by  him  to  St.  Drostan — v.  “ Book  oi 
Deer,”  p.  48).  Craigendarroch  (the  crag  of  the  oak  wood)  ; 
Darnock,  or  Darnick  (the  oak  hill),  in  Roxburghshire  ; Dry- 
burgh,  corrup.  from  Darach-bruach  (the  bank  full  of  oak- 
trees). 

DEICH,  DYK,  Die  (Teut.),  a dyke,  or  trench ; e.g.  Hoorndyk  (the 
dyke  at  the  corner)  ; Grondick  (green  dyke) ; Wansdyke 
(Woden’s  dyke) ; Grimsdyke,  Offa’s  dyke  (trenches  dug  b> 
Grim  and  Offa)  ; Hounsditch  (the  dog’s  ditch,  or  trench) 
Zaadik  (the  dyke  at  the  R.  Zaad),  in  Holland  ; Ditton,  Dixtor 
(towns  enclosed  by  a trench). 

DELF  (Teut.),  a canal — from  delfan^  to  dig ; eg.  Delft,  a town  ir 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


S3 


DEOR  (A.S.), 
DYR  (Scand.), 
THIER  (Ger.), 


Holland,  intersected  by  canals  ; Delfshaven  (the  harbour  of 
the  canal)  ; Delf-briike  (canal  bridge). 

DEN,  DEAN  (Saxon),  a deep,  wooded  valley.  The  word  is  traced  by 
Leo  and  others  to  the  Celtic  dion  (protection,  shelter)  ; e.g-.- 
Dibden  (deep  hollow) ; Denholm  (the  valley  on  the  river- 
bank)  ; Hazeldean  (the  valley  of  hazels) ; Tenterden,  anc. 
Theinwarden  (the  guarded  valley  of  the  thane,  or  noble- 
man), in  Kent ; Howden,  the  haugr,  or  how  (in  the  deep 
valley) ; Otterden  (the  otter’s  valley)  ; Stagsden  (of  deer) ; 
Micheldean  (great  hollow) ; Rottingdean  (the  valley  of 
Hrotan,  a chief). 

a wild  animal — English,  a deer  ; eg.  Deerhurst 
(the  wood,  or  thicket  of  the  deer) ; Durham,  in 
Gloucester  (the  dwelling  of  the  wild  animals). 
For  Durham  on  the  Wear,  v.  HOLM.  Tierbach, 
Tierhage  (the  brook  and  enclosure  of  the  wild  animals). 

DESERT,  or  DISERT,  a term  borrowed  from  the  Lat.  desertum,  and 
applied  by  the  Celts  to  sequestered  places  chosen  by  the 
monks  for  devotion  and  retirement ; eg.  Dysart,  in  Fife, 
formerly  connected  with  the  monastery  of  Culross,  or 
Kirkaldy — near  it  there  is  the  cave  of  St.  Serf ; Dysertmore 
(the  great  desert),  in  Kilkenny ; Desertmartin,  London- 
derry, Desertserges,  Cork  (the  retreat  of  St.  Martin  and 
St.  Sergius).  In  Ireland,  the  word  is  sometimes  corrupted 
to  Ester y Ister^  or  Isert — as  in  Isertkelly  (Kelly’s  retreat)  ; 
Isertkeeran  (St.  Ciaran’s  retreat). 

DEUTSCH  (Ger.),  from  thiod,  the  people,  a prefix  used  in  Germany 
to  distinguish  any  district  or  place  from  a foreign  settlement 
of  the  same  name.  It  is  opposed,  in  Sclavonic  towns,  to  the 
word  Katholic,  in  connection  with  the  form  of  religion  prac- 
tised by  their  inhabitants — as  in  Deutsch-hammer  (the  Pro- 
testant village)  and  Katholic-hammer  (belonging  to  the 
Catholic  or  Greek  church).  In  other  cases  it  is  opposed  to 
Walsh  (foreign),  as  in  Deutsch-steinach  and  Walsh-steinach 
(the  German  and  foreign  towns  on  the  Steinach,  or  stony 
water)  ; Deutschen,  in  Tyrol,  Deutschendorf,  Hungary, 
Deutschenhausen,  Moravia  (the  dwellings  of  the  Germans). 


54 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


DIEF  TIREF  \ Deeping  (deep  meadow)  ; Dept-  ! 

DWFN  (Cym  -Cel  ’)  ’ J ’ Market-deeping  (the  mar-  i 

DUBHN  (Gadhelic)’  j low  meadow) ; Devonshire, 

V Cel.  Dwfment  (the  deep  valleys) ; Diepholz 
(deep  wood)  ; Dieppe,  Scand.  Duipa  (the  deep  water)  ; Abra- 
ham-dief  (the  hollow  of  Abraham),  Holland ; Diepenbeck 
(deep  brook) ; Teupitz  (the  deep  water),  a lake  in  Prussia, 
with  a town  on  the  same. 

DINAS,  or  DIN  (Cym.-Cel.),  a city,  a fortified  height,  cognate  with 
the  Gadhelic  dunj  e.g.  Dinmore  (the  great  camp,  mawr), 
Hereford ; Dynevor,  Carmarthen,  anc.  Dinas-fawr  (great 
fortress)  ; Denbigh,  Welsh  Din-bach  (little  fortress) ; Ruthin, 
in  Denbighshire,  anc.  Rhyd-dhty  or  Castell-Coch  (red  castle)  ; 
Dinan  (the  fortress) ; Dignd,  anc.  Dinia-Bodionticarium 
(the  fort  of  the  Bodiontici),  France  ; Dinant  (the  fort  on  the 
stream),  Belgium  ; London,  anc.  Londininn  (the  fort  on  the 
marsh.  Ion).  Din  sometimes  takes  the  form  of  tin^  as  in 
Tintagel,  Cornwall  (St.  Degla^s  fort) ; Tinterne,  Monmouth 
(the  fort  of  the  prince,  teyrn). 

DINKEL  (Ger.),  a kind  of  grain ; e.g.  Dinkelburg,  Dinkelstadt, 
Dinkel-lage,  Dinklar,  Dinkelbuhl  (the  town,  place,  field,  hill, 
where  this  grain  grew). 

DIOT,  or  THEOD  (Teut.),  the  people ; e.g.  Theotford  and  Dittford 
(the  people’s  ford) ; Theodkircha  (the  people’s  church) ; 
Theotmalli,  now  Detmold  (the  people’s  place  of  meeting) ; 
Diotweg  (the  people’s  highway) ; Dettweiller  (the  town  of 
the  Diet,  or  people’s  meeting) ; Ditmarsh,  anc.  Dietmarsi 
(the  people’s  marsh) ; Dettingen  (the  people’s  home,  or 
town) ; Deutz  (the  town  of  the  people),  on  the  Rhine. 

DIVA,  or  DWIPA  (Sansc.),  an  island ; e.g.  Maldives  (the  thousand 
islands);  Laccadives  (the  ten  thousand  isles);  Yava-dwipa, 
or  Java  (barley  island) ; Socotra,  or  Dwipa-Sukadara  (the 
island  of  bliss) ; Ceylon,  or  Sanhala-Dwipa  (the  island  of 
lions),  but  called  by  the  natives  Lanka  (the  resplendent),  and 
by  the  Arabs  Seren-dib  (silk  island) ; Dondrahead,  in 
Ceylon,  Dewandere  (the  end  of  the  island). 

DLAUHY,  DLUGY  (Sclav.),  long;  e.g.  Dlugenmost  (long  bridge); 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


55 


Dlugibrodt  (long  ford) ; Dolgensee  (long  lake,  dlauhy,  being 
Germanised  into  dolge). 

DOBRO,  DOBRY  (Sclav.),  good ; e.g.  Dobren,  great  and  little ; 
Dobra,  Dobroi,  Dobrzisch,  Dobrawitz,  Debreczin  (good 
place) ; Dobberstroh  (good  pasture) ; Dobberbus  (good 
village)  ; Dobrudsha  (good  land). 

DODD  (Scand.),  a hill  with  a round  top  ; eg.  Dodd  Fell  (the  round 
rock),  Cumberland  ; Dodmaen  (the  round  rock),  in  Corn- 
wall, corrupted  into  Dead  Man’s  Point. 

DOM  (Ger.),  a cathedral,  and,  in  French  topography,  a house,  from 
the  Lat.  dojmts,  and  Gr.  do?nosj  e.g.  Dom,  in  Westphalia ; 
Domfront  (the  dwelling  of  Front,  a hermit) ; Dompierre  (the 
dwelling  of  Peter,  or  of  St.  Peter’s  church),  France  ; but 
DOMHNACH  (a  church),  in  Ireland,  has  another  derivation. 
This  word.  Anglicised  donagh,  signifies  Sunday  as  well  as  a 
church,  from  the  Lat.  Dominica,  the  Lord’s  day  ; and  all  the 
churches  bearing  this  name  were  originally  founded  by  St. 
Patrick,  and  were  so  named  because  he  laid  out  their  founda- 
tions on  Sunday  ; e.g.  Donaghmore  (great  church) ; Don- 
aghanie,  Domnach-an-eich  (the  church  of  the  steed)  ; Don- 
aghmoyne  (of  the  plain) ; Donaghcloney  (of  the  meadow) ; 
Donaghcumper  (of  the  confluence)  ; Donnybrook  (St.  Brock’s 
church). 


DONK,  DUNK  (Old  Ger.),  f ^ surrounded  by  marshy  ground ; 

< e.g.  Dongweir  (the  mound  at  the  weir)|; 

’ ( Dunkhof  (the  enclosure  at  the  mound) ; 

Dongen  (dwelling  at  the  mound) ; Hasedonk  (the  mound  of 
the  brushwood). 

DORF,  DORP,  DRUP  (Teut.),  a village  or  small  town,  originally  ap- 
plied to  any  small  assembly  of  people  ; e.g.  Altendorf,  Olden- 
dorf  (old  town) ; Sommersdorf  (summer  town) ; Baiarsdorf  (the 
town  of  the  Boii,  or  Bavarians)  ; Dorfheim,  Dorpam  (village 
home)  ; Sandrup  (sandy  village)  ; Gastdoif  (the  town  of  the 
inn,  or  for  guests) ; Jagersdorf  (huntsman’s  town) ; Dusseldorf 
(on  the  R.  Dussel) ; Meldorf  (on  the  R.  Miele)  ; Ohrdruff  (on 
the  Ohr)  ; Vilsendorf  (on  the  Vils)  ; Nussdorf  (nut  village)  ; 
Mattersdorf  and  Matschdorf,  Ritzendorf,  Ottersdorf  (the 
towns  of  Matthew,  Richard,  and  Otho). 


56 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


DORN  (Ger.)j  DOORN  (Dutch), 
THYRN  (A.S.), 

DRAEIGHEAN  (Gadhelic), 
DRAENEN  (Cym.-Cel.), 


the  thorn  ; e.g-.  Dornburg,  Dorn- 
heim,  Thornton,  Dornbirn,  or 
Dornburen  (thorn  dwelling) ; 
Doom,  the  name  of  several  places 
in  the  Dutch  colony,  S.  Africa  ; 
Dornberg  and  Doornhoek  (thorn  hill)  ; Dornach  (full  of 
thorns)  ; Thuring  (thorn  meadow)  ; Dreen,  Drinan,  Dree- 
nagh,  Drinny  (places  producing  the  black  thorn),  in  Ireland. 

DRECHT,  Old  Ger.  for  trift,  pasture  or  meadow  ; e,g.  Moordrecht, 
Zwyndrecht,  Papendrecht,  Ossendrecht  (the  moor  pasture, 
the  oxen  and  swine  pasture,  and  the  priest’s  meadow)  ; Dor- 
trecht  or  Dort  (the  pasture  on  the  water) ; Maestricht  (the 
pasture  on  an  island  on  the  Maes)  ; and  Utrecht.  These  two 
names  were  Latinised  into  Trajectum-ad-Moesum  (the  ford 
on  the  Maes),  and  Ultra-trajectum  (beyond  the  ford). 

DRIESCH  (Ger.),  fallow  ground  ; e.g.  Driesch  and  Dresche,  in  Olden- 
burg ; Bockendriesch  (the  fallow  ground  at  the  beech-trees) ; 
Driesfelt  (fallow  field). 

DROICHEAD,  DROCHAID  (Gadhelic),  a bridge  ; eg.  Drogheda,  anc. 
Droichead-atha  (the  bridge  of  the  ford)  ; Ballydrehid  (bridge 
town)  ; Knockadreet  (the  hill  of  the  bridge)  ; Drumadrehid 
(the  ridge  at  the  bridge)  ; Kildrought  (the  church  of  the 
bridge) — Ireland  ; Ceann-Drochaid  (the  head  of  the  bridge), 
the  Gael,  name  for  Castleton  of  Braemar. 

DROOG,  or  DURGA  (Sansc.),  a hill  fort ; e.g.  Savendroog  (golden 
fort)  ; Viziadroog  (the  fort  of  victory)  ; Chitteldroog  (spotted 
fort)  ; Calliendroog  (flourishing  fort)  ; Sindeedroog  (the  fort 
of  the  sun). 

{wood,  or  a forest ; e.g.  Drebkau, 
Drewitsch,  Drewiea,  Drezewo  (woody 
place) ; Misdroi  (in  the  midst  of 
woods). 

( a ridge,  from  drojua,  the  back-bone 
<'  of  an  animal,  cognate  with  the  Lat. 
( dorsum;  e.g.  Drumard  (high  ridge) ; 
Drymen  (little  ridge) ; Drummond, 
and  also  in  Scotland,  corrupt,  from 


DROWO,  DRZEWO  (Sclav.), 
DRU  (Sansc.), 

TRiu  (Goth.),  a tree, 

DRUIM,  DROM  (Gadhelic), 
DRAM  (Cym.-Cel.), 


Dromeen,  Drumeen, 
common  in  Ireland, 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


57 


dru7nen  (little  ridge)  ; Dromagh  and  Drumagh  (full  of 
ridges) ; Dromineer,  co.  Tipperary,  and  Drumminer,  Aber- 
deenshire (the  ridge  of  the  confluence,  inhhir) ; Aughrim, 
Irish  Each-dhruim  (the  horses’  ridge) ; Leitrim,  Liath- 
. dhruim  (grey  ridge)  ; Drumkeath,  or  Drmn-ceitt,  in  Ireland 
(Keth’s  ridge) ; Dromanure  (the  ridge  of  the  yew-tree) ; Drum- 
derg  (red  ridge)  ; Drumlane  (broad  ridge) ; Kildrummie,  in 
Aberdeenshire,  was  corrupted  from  Ceann-drummie  (the 
head  of  the  ridge). 

DUB  (Sclav.),  the  oak;  e.g.  Dubicza,  Dublize,  corrupt,  to  Teuplitz 
(the  place  of  oak-trees)  ; Dobojze  (oak  village),  Germanised 
into  Daubendorf ; Dubrawice  (oak  village)  ; Dubrau,  Du- 
brow  (oak  wood)  ; Dubrawka,  Ger.  Eichenwaldchen  (little 
oak  wood),  a colony  from  Dubrow.  These  words  take  the 
forms  of  Dombrowo  and  Dombrowka,  in  Poland. 

DUN  (Gadhelic),  a stronghold,  a hill  fort,  cognate  with  the  Welsh 
dm^  Latinised  dunum.  As  an  adjective,  dun^  or  don,  means 
strong,  as  in  Dunluce,  i.e.  dun-lios  (strong  fort)  ; Duncladh 
(strong  dyke).  As  a verb,  it  signifies  to  close,  with  the  same 
meaning  as  the  Teutonic  tun,  as  in  Corra-dhunta  (the  closed 
weir).  Its  full  signification,  therefore,  is  a strong  enclosed 
place,  and  the  name  was  accordingly  applied  in  old  times  to 
forts  surrounded  by  several  circumvallations,  the  remains  of 
which  are  found  in  Ireland  and  Scotland.  Many  places  are 
called  simply  doon,  or  down;  eg.  Doune  Castle,  in  Perth- 
shire ; Down-Patrick,  named  from  an  entrenched  dun  near 
the  cathedral ; Down  and  the  Downs,  King’s  co.  and  W. 
Meath ; Dooneen  and  Downing  (little  fort) ; Dundalk  (Delga’s 
fort) ; Dundonald  (the  fort  of  Domhnall) ; Dungannan 
(Geanan’s  fort) ; Dungarvan  (of  Garvan)  ; Dunleary,  now 
Kingstown  (of  Laoghaire)  ; Dunhill,  Dunally,  in  Ireland,  for 
Dun-aille  (the  fort  on  the  cliff)  ; Downamona  (of  the  bog) ; 
Shandon,  or  Seandon  (old  fort) ; Doonard  (high  fort) ; and 
many  others  in  Ireland.  In  Scotland,  Dumbarton  (the  hill 
fort  of  the  Britons,  or  Cumbrians)  ; Dumfries  (the  fort  among 
shmhs,  preas)  ; Dunbar  (the  fort  on  the  point  or  summit)  ; 
Dunblane  (of  St.  Blane)  ; Dundee,  Lat.  Tao-dumim,  pro- 


58 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


bably  for  Dun-Tatka  (the  fort  on  the  Tay) ; Dunedin,  or 
Edinburgh  (Edwin’s  fort),  named  by  a prince  of  Northumber- 
land in  628 — its  earlier  names  were  Dunmonadh  (the  fort  of 
the  hill,  or  moss),  Dinas-Agned^  Welsh  (the  city  of  the 
painted  people),  and  the  Castrum-Alatum  of  Ptolemy  ; Dun- 
otter  (the  fort  on  the.  reef,  oiter)  j Dunfermline  (the  fort  of  the 
alder- tree  or  of  the  winding  pool)  ; Dundrennan 

(the  fort  of  the  thorn  bushes)  ; Dunavourd  (the  table-shaped 
fort) ; Dunlop  (the  fort  at  the  bed  or  angle,  lub)  ; Dunkeld, 
anc.  Duncalden  (the  fort  of  hazels) ; Dunbeath  (of  the  birches); 
Dunrobin  (founded  by  Robert,  Earl  of  Sutherland)  ; Dunure 
(of  the  yews);  Dunnichen  (of  Nechtan,  a Pictish  king);  Done- 
gall,  Irish  Dunn  Gall  (the  fort  of  the  strangers,  i.e^  of  the 
Danes)  ; Lexden,  Essex,  Lat.  Legionis-dumcm  (the  fort  of  the 
legion);  Leyden,  in  Holland,  Lat.  Lugdunum  Batavorum  (the 
fort  on  the  marsh,  hig,  of  the  Batavians) ; Lyons  (anc.  Liigdu- 
nu7n  (marsh  fortress)  ; Maldon,  in  Essex,  anc.  Ca^nelodunuin- 
(the  fort  of  the  Cel.  war-god  Carnal) ; Melun,  anc.  Melo du- 
num (the  bald  fort,  7naol),  France ; Nevers,  Lat.  Novio- 
du7ium  (new  fort),  France  ; Thuin,  in  Belgium,  and  Thun, 
Switzerland  {dun^  the  fort) ; Issoudun  (the  fort  on  the  water, 
tdsge)  ; Emden  (the  fort  on  the  R.  Ems)  ; Dijon,  anc.  Dibis- 
dtmu77t  (the  fort  on  the  two  waters)  ; Mehun,  anc.  Mag- 
du7ium  (the  fort  on  the  plain,  7nagh)  ; Meudon  and  Meuny, 
in  France  (the  fort  on  the  plain)  ; Verdun  (the  fort  on  the 
water,  bior)  ; Autun,  corrupt,  of  Augustodunum  (the  fortress 
of  Augustus).  From  Da7igean  (a  fort)  are  derived  such  names 
as  Dangen  and  Dingen,  in  Ireland ; also  Dijogle,  in  its 
earliest  form  Daingea7i-ui-Chuis  (the  fort  of  O’Cush,  or 
Hussey) ; Ballendine  and  Ballendaggan  (the  town  of  the 
fort) ; Don,  in  river  names,  may  mean  the  strong  or  the 
brown  river. 


a grassy  hill,  or  a heap  ; e.g.  the  Downs, 
in  the  south  ot  England  ; the  Dunes,  in 
Flanders  ; Halidon  (holy  hill)  ; Hinton 
(behind  the  hill) ; Dunham,  Dunwick,  and  Dutton,  originally 
Dunton  (hill  town);  Croydon  (chalk  hill);  Dunkirk,  in 


DUNE,  or  DOWN  (A.S.), 
DUN  (Cel.), 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


59 


Flanders  (the  church  on  the  Dunes)  ; Snowdon,  in  Wales, 
the  translation  of  its  Welsh  name,  Creigiawr  (snowy  hill) ; 
Dunse,  a town  in  Berwickshire,  near  a hill  of  the  same 
name  ; Dunsyre  (the  prophet’s  hill) ; Eildon  Hills,  in  Rox- 
burghshire, originally  Moeldun  (bald  hill)  ; Eddarton,  Gael. 
Eadar-duin  (between  the  hills). 

' water ; e.g.  Dour,  Douro,  Dore,  Duir, 
Thur,  Doro,  Adour,  Durance,  Duron, 
Durbion  (river  names)  ; Glasdur  (blue 
water) ; Calder,  anc.  Caldover  (woody 
water)  ; Derwent  (bright  or  clear  water)  ; 
Lauder  (the  grey  water) ; Ledder  and  Leader  (the  broad 
water) ; Dorking,  anc.  Dtirvie7igas  (dwellers  by  the  water  ; 
wiciafiy  to  dwell)  ; Briare,  on  the  Loire,  anc.  Brivo-durum 
(the  town  on  the  brink  of  the  water) ; Dorchester  (the  camp 
of  the  Durotriges,  or  dwellers  by  the  water). 

DURRE  (Ger ) ( sterile  ; e.g.  Diirrenstein  (the  barren  rock)  ; 


DUR,  or 

DOBHR  (Gadhelic), 
DFR,  or  DWR  (Welsh), 
DOUR  (Breton), 


DROOG  (Dutch), 


DWOR  (Sclav.), 
THUR  (Teut.), 
DORUS  (Celtic), 
DWAR  (Sans.), 


■<  Durrental  (the  barren  valley) ; Durrwald  (the 
( dry  or  sterile  wood) ; Droogberg  (barren  hill)  ; 
Droogat  (barren  path)  ; Drupach  (dry  brook). 

a door,  or  opening,  an  open  court ; e.g.  Dvomo- 
voi  (new  court)  ; Dvoretz  (the  town  at  the 
opening),  Russia;  Dwarka  (the  court  or  gate), 
Hindustan;  Hurdwar  (the  court  of  Hurry,  or 
_ Siva),  Hindostan  ; Issoire,  anc.  Issiodorum  (the 
town  at  the  door  or  opening  of  the  waters,  uisge),  a town  in 
France  at  the  confluence  of  the  Allier  and  Couze  ; Durris- 
, deer,  Gael.  Dorus-darach  (the  passage  or  opening  of  the 
oak  wood),  in  Dumfriesshire  ; Lindores,  in  Fife,  anc.  Lin- 
doruis  (at  the  opening  or  outlet  of  the  waters),  on  a lake  of  the 
same  name  which  communicates  with  the  Tay  by  a small 
stream. 

DYFFRYN  (Welsh),  a river  valley ; e.g.  Dyffryn-Clydach,  Dyffryn- 
Gwy, 


6o 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


E 

” an  island,  from  ea^  a,  aa,  running  water ; e.g. 
Eton,  Eaton,  Eyam,  Ey  worth,  Eywick 
(dwellings  on  the  water) ; Eamont  (the 
meeting  of  the  waters).  These  words  signify 
not  only  water  and  islands,  but  moist  mea- 
dow-land, like  the  German  au,  and  the  Gaelic  innisy  which 
means  a peninsula  or  moist  pasture,  as  well  as  an  island. 
Swansea  (Sweyn’s  town  on  the  water),  called  by  the  Welsh 
Abertawey  (at  the  mouth  of  the  Tawey) ; Anglesea  (the  island 
of  the  Angles,  or  English),  so  named  by  the  Danes,  anc. 
Ynys-Fonn,  or  Mona;  Battersea  (St.  Peter’s  isle)  ; Portsea 
(the  island  of  the  haven)  ; Chelsea  (the  island  of  the  sand- 
bank, ceosel) ; Ely  (eel  isle) ; Jersey  (Cesar’s  isle)  ; Olney 
(holly  meadow)  ; Odensee  (Woden’s  town  on  the  water)  ; 
Hoy  and  Huya  (high  isle)  ; Jura,  Scand.  Deor-oe  (the  island 
of  wild  animals) ; Hvalsen  (whale  isle)  ; Mageroe  (bare 
isle) ; Nordereys  and  Sudereys  (the  north  and  south 
isles),  a name  given  by  the  Norsemen  to  the  Hebrides 
and  the  Orkneys  under  their  rule ; Oesel  (seal  island)  ; 
Oransay  (the  island  of  St.  Oran)  ; Pabba  (priest’s  isle)  ; 
Rothesay  (the  island  of  Rother,  the  anc.  name  of  Bute, 
now  its  chief  town) ; Shapinsay  (the  island  of  Hjalpand,  a 
Norse  rover  or  viking)  ; Faroe  (the  sheep  island,  faar, 
Scand.) ; Staffa  (the  island  of  the  staves  or  columns, 
Scand.  stav)  ; Athelney  (the  island  of  the  nobles)  ; Bressay, 
Norse  Bardies-ey  (giant’s  island)  ; Femoe  (cattle  island)  ; 
Fetlar,  anc.  Fedor's  oe  (Theodore’s  island) ; Romney  (marshy 
island)  ; Sheppey  (sheep  island)  ; Langeoog  (long  island)  ; 
Oeland  (water  land) ; Torrosay,  or  Torrasa  (the  island  with 
conical  hills,  torr). 

EADAR,  EDAR  (Celtic),  between  ; e.g.  Edearnish,  Donegal,  and 
Edearinch,  Berwick  (central  island) ; Edarline,  Argyle 
(central  pool)  ; Edradour,  Perth  (central  water)  ; Killedarda- 
owen  (the  wood  between  two  waters)  ; Cloonedarowen  (the 


EA  (A.S.), 

EY,  AY, 

OE,  o,  or  A (Scand.), " 
OOG  (Dutch), 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


63 


pasture  between  waters.  Entre^  Fr.,  and  entre,  Span,  an 
Port.,  also  enter  into  the  names  of  places — as  Entre-deux> 
Mers  (between  two  seas) ; Entrevaux  (between  valleys), 
France ; Entre- Douro-e-Minho  (between  these  rivers), 
Portugal ; Entre-rios  (between  streams),  Spain  ; Inter- 
lacken  (between  the  lakes),  Switzerland. 

' a church.  These  and  synonymous 
■<[  words  in  the  Romance  languages 


EAGLAIS  (Gadhelic), 

EGEWYS,  ILLIG  (Cym.-Cel.),  \ -U.xx.u.c 

( are  derived  from  the  Lat.  ecclesia, 

and  that  from  the  Gr.  ekkldsea  ; e.g.  Eccles,  Eccleshall, 
Ecclesfield,  Eccleston,  Eccleshill ; Ecclefechan  (the  church 
of  St.  Fechan) ; Ecclescraig  or  Ecclesgrieg  (the  church 
of  St.  Gregory,  or  Grig),  Kincardine ; Ecclesmachan 
(St.  Maachan’s  church),  Linlithgow ; Aglishcormick  (St. 
Cormac’s  church) ; Eglwys-fair  (St.  Mary’s  church), 
Wales  ; Eglwys  cymen  (the  church  on  the  common) ; 
Hen-eglwys  (old  church),  Wales  ; Iglesuela  (little  church), 
Spain. 

ESS,  ESSIE  (Gadhelic),  a waterfall ; eg.  Loch  and  R.  Ness  {i.e. 
of  the  waterfall)  of  Foyers;  Essnambroc  (the  , badger’s 
waterfall)  ; Essmore  (great  waterfall)  ; Eassangall  (the  small 
white  waterfall)  ; Doonass  and  Caherass  (the  fortress  of  the 
waterfall)  ; Pollanass  (the  pool  of  the  waterfall).  Edessa,  in 
Turkey,  seems  to  derive  its  name  from  the  same  root,  as  its 
Sclavonic  name  is  Vodena,  with  the  same  meaning  ; Edessa, 
in  Mesopotamia,  is  on  the  R.  Daisan. 

f a plain ; eg.  Ebenried,  Ebenrinth  (the  cleared 
plain) ; Ebnit  (on  the  plain)  ; Breite  Ebnit  (broad 
( plain)  ; Holzeben  (woody  plain). 

ECKE,  or  EGG  (Teut.  and  Scand.),  f a “™«ornook;  Schonegg 


EAS, 


EBEN  (Ger.), 
EFEN  (A.S.), 


UIG  (Gael.), 


■<  (beautiful  nook)  ; Eckdorf  (cor- 
( ner  village)  ; Eggberg  (corner 
hill)  ; Reinecke  (the  Rhine  corner) ; Randecke  (the  corner 
of  the  point) ; Vilseek  (at  the  corner  of  the  R.  Vils) ; 
Wendecken  (the  corner  of  the  Wends  or  Sclaves);  Edg- 
cott  (the  hut  at  the  corner) ; Wantage  (Wanta’s  corner), 
on  the  edge  of  a stream ; Stevenage  (Stephen’s  corner). 


60 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY, 


in  Herts  ; Gourock  (the  goat’s  corner)  ; Nigg,  Gael.  N-uig 
(the  corner  parishes  in  Kincardine  and  Cromarty),  or  from 
vig,  Scand.  (a  bay) ; Haideck  (heath  corner),  in  Bavaria ; 
Landeck  (the  corner  of  the  land). 

an  island,  cognate  with  the  Lat.  insula.  The 
Gaelic  word  is  generally  applied  to  smaller 
islands  than  the  word  innis  j e.g.  Rona 
(the  island  of  St.  Ronan)  ; Eilean-sgiathach, 
or  Skye  (winged  island) ; Eilean-dunan  (the 
isle  of  the  small  fort) ; Eilean-na-goibhre  (goat’s  island) ; 
Groote-eylandt  (great  island) ; Langeland  (long  island),  in 
the  Baltic  ; Eilean-nam-Muchad,  or  Muck  (the  island  of  the 
pig),  in  the  Hebrides ; Rhode  Island,  in  the  United  States, 
Dutch  Roode  Eylandt  (red  island). 

El  SEN  (Ger.),  iron ; e.g.  Eisenstadt  (iron  town) ; Eisenach  (the 
place  on  the  water  impregnated  with  iron) ; Isenberg  (iron 
hill  fort) ; Eisenertz  (iron  ore),  a town  in  the  Erzberg  Moun- 
tains); Eisenburg,  Hung.  Vasvar  (iron  fort),  in  Hungary; 
Eisenschmidt  (iron  forge),  Prussia. 

ELF  (Goth ) { ^ Elbe,  Elben  (rivers) ; Laagen- 

' ^ <[  elv  (the  river  in  the  hollow) ; Dol-elf  (valley 
(river). 

ENAGH,  or  iENACH  (Irish),  an  assembly  of  people,  such  as  were 
held  in  old  times  by  the  Irish  at  the  burial  mounds,  and  in 
modern  times  applied  to  a cattle  fair  ; e.g.  Nenagh,  in  Tip- 
perary, anc.  'n-JEnach-Urmhumhan  (the  assembly  place  of 
Ormund  ; the  definite,  having  been  added  to  the  name)  ; 
Monaster-an-enagh  (the  monastery  at  the  place  of  meeting) ; 
Ballinenagh  (the  town  of  the  fair)  ; Ardaneanig  (the  height 
of  the  fair).  But  this  word  is  not  to  be  confounded  with 
eanach  (a  watery  place  or  marsh),  found  in  Ireland  under 
such  forms  as  annagh  and  anna.  Thus,  Annabella  is  from 
Eanach-bile  (the  marsh  of  the  old  tree) ; Annaghaskin  (the 
marsh  of  the  eels). 

ENDE  (Teut.),  the  end,  or  corner ; e.g.  Ostende  (at  the  east  end,  or 
opening  of  the  canal  into  the  ocean) ; Kirchende  (church 
comer) ; Oberende  (upper  end) ; Enfen  (the  corner  of  the 


EILEAN  (Gadhelic), 
*EALAND  (A.S.), 
EYLANDT  (Dutch). 
INSEL  (Ger.), 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


63 


marsh) ; Purmerend  (at  the  end  of  the  Purmer),  a lake 
now  drained,  in  Holland. 

ENGE  (Ger.),  narrow ; e.g.  Engberk  (narrow  hill) ; Engbriick 
(narrow  bridge) ; Enghuizen  (narrow  houses). 

ERBE  (Ger.),  an  inheritance,  or  property  ; eg.  Erbstellen  (the  place 
of  the  inheritance) ; Erbhof  (the  mansion-house  of  the 
inheritance) ; Sechserben  (the  property  of  the  Saxons). 

ERDE,  EARD,  AARD  (Teut.),  the  Cultivated  land ; e.g.  Rotherde  (red 
land) ; Schwarzenerde  (black  land). 

ERLE  (Ger.),  the  alder-tree  ; Erla  and  Erlabeka  (alder-tree  stream) ; 
Erlangen  (the  dwelling  near  alder-trees) ; Erlau  (alder-tree 
meadow). 

ERMAK  (Turk.),  a river ; e.g.  Kizel-Ermak  (red  river) ; Jekil- 
Ermak  (green  river). 

ESCHE,  ESCH  (Old  Ger.),  a common,  or  sowed  field ; e.g.  Summer- 
esche,  Winteresche  (the  field  sown  in  summer  and  winter) ; 
Brachesche  (the  field  broken  up  for  tillage) ; Kaiseresche 
(the  emperor’s  common).  In  this  sense  the  word  is  used  as 
an  affix  ; as  a prefix  it  signifies  the  ash-tree,  as  in  Aschaff 
(ash-tree  river) ; Aschaffenberg  (the  fortress  on  the  R. 
Aschaff) ; Eschach  (ash-tree  stream) ; Eschau  (the  ash-tree 
valley). 

ESPE,  or  ASPE  (Ger.),  the  poplar-tree ; e.g.  Aspach  (full  of  poplar- 
trees,  or  the  poplar-tree  stream) ; Espenfeld  (the  field  of 
poplar-trees) ; Aspenstedt  (the  station  of  poplar-trees). 

ESTERO  (Span.),  a marsh,  or  salt  creek ; e.g.  Estero-Santiago 
(St.  James’s  marsh) ; Los  Esteros  (the  salt  creeks).  South 
America. 

ETAN  TANA,  TAN  (Basque),  a district,  with  the  same  meaning  as 
the  Celtic  ian.,  Latinised  tania;  e.g.  Aquitania  (the  district 
of  the  waters) ; Mauritania  (of  the  Moors) ; Lusitania  (the 
ancient  name  ot  Portugal). 

EUDAN  (Gadhelic),  the  forehead — in  topography,  the  front  or  the 
brow  of  a hill ; e.g.  Edenderry  (the  hill-brow  of  the  oak- 
wood)  ; Edenkelly  (the  front  of  the  wood) ; Ednashanlaght 
(the  hill-brow  of  the  old  sepulchre) ; Edenmore  (great  hill- 
brow). 


64 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


EVES,  EFFES  (A.S.),  a margin  ; e.g.  Evedon  (the  brink  of  the  hill) ; 
Evesbatch  (the  brink  of  the  brook) ; Evesham  (the  dwelling 
on  the  river’s  brink,  or  of  Eoves,  a personal  name). 


FAHR,  FUHR  (Teut.  and  Scand.), 
FAER,  EARN,  FERRY, 

FAERGE,  VEER, 


a way,  or  passage,  generally 
over  water — from  fahren,  to 
go  ; eg.  Fahrenhorst  (the  pass- 
age at  the  wood) ; Fahren- 
bach,  Fahrwasser  (the  ferry  over  the  stream);  Fahrwan- 
gen  (the  field  at  the  ferry) ; Rheinfahr  (the  passage  over 
the  Rhine) ; Langefahr  (long  ferry) ; Niederfahr  (lower  ferry) ; 
Vere,  or  Campvere,  in  Holland  (the  ferry  leading  to  Kam- 
pen)  ; Ferryby  (the  town  of  the  ferry,  Yorkshire) ; Broughty- 
Ferry,  Fife  (the  ferry  near  the  broiigh,  or  castle,  the  ruins 
of  which  still  remain);  Ferry-Port-on- Craig  (the  landing 
place  on  the  rock),  opposite  Broughty-Ferry  ; Queensferry, 
West- Lothian  (the  ferry  of  Queen  Margaret) ; Connal  ferry, 
Argyleshire  (the  ferry  of  the  raging  flood,  confhath-tuil) ; 
Fareham  (the  dwelling  at  the  ferry),  Hants. 

FALU,  or  FALVA  (Hung.),  a village  ; e.g.  Uj-falu  (new  village)  ; Olah- 
falu  (the  village  of  Wallachs,  or  strangers)  ; Hanus-falva 
(John’s  village)  ; Ebes-falva,  Ger.  Elizabeth-stadt  (Elizabeth’s 
village)  ; Szonbat-falva  (the  village  at  which  the  market  is 
held  on  Saturday,  Szonbaf). 

FANUM  (Lat.),  a temple ; e.g.  Fano,  anc.  Faiium- Fortune  (the 
temple  of  Fortune)  ; Famars,  anc.  Fanum-Martis  (the  temple 
of  Mars)  ; Fanjeaux,  Fanum-Jovis  (of  Jove);  St.  Die,  anc. 
Fanum-Deodati  (the  temple  of  Deotatus,  Bishop  of  Nevers)  ; 
St.  Dezier,  Faiium  Desiderii  (of  St.  Desiderius). 

FEARN  (Gadhelic),  the  alder-tree ; e.g.  Fernagh,  Farnagh,  and 
Ferney,  in  Ireland  (a  place  abounding  in  alder-trees) ; Ferns, 
CO.  Wexford,  anc.  Fearna  (the  place  of  alder-trees)  ; Glen- 
farne  (alder-tree  valley)  ; Gortnavern  (the  field  of  alders)  ; 
Farney,  in  co.  Monaghan,  corrupted  from  Fearn-mhagh 
(alder-tree  plain) ; Alltanfearn  (the  little  stream  of  the 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


65 


alders)  ; Sronfearn  (the  point  of  the  alders),  in  Ireland  ; 
Fearns  (the  alder- trees),  in  Ross-shire ; Fearn,  also,  in 
Forfar;  probably  Ferney,  on  the  Lake  of  Geneva,  with  the 
same  meaning  as  Ferney,  in  Ireland. 

FEHER  (Hung.),  white;  e.g.  Fehervarszekes,  Ger.  Sttihlweissenberg 
(the  seat  of  the  white  fortress). 

FEKETE  (Hung.),  black  ; eg.  Fekete-kalom  (black  hill). 

FEE  (Hung.),  upper,  in  opposition  to  <2/,  lower  ; eg.  Felsovaros 
(upper  town)  ; Alvaros  (lower  town). 

FELD,  VELD  (Teut.),  a plain,  or  field,  literally  a place  where  trees 
have  been  felled ; eg.  Feldham  (field  dwelling) ; Feldberg 
(field  fortress) ; Bassevelde,  in  Belgium  (low  plain)  ; Gurkfeld 
(cucumber  field) ; Leckfeld,  Rhinfeld  (the  plain  of  the  rivers 
Leek  and  Rhine)  : in  England,  Driffield  (dry  field) ; Hud- 
dersfield (the  field  of  Uther  Pendragon) ; Macclesfield  (the 
field  of  St.  Michael’s  church)  ; Sheffield  (on  the  R.  Sheaf) ; 
Mansfield  (on  the  R.  Mann) ; Lichfield  (the  field  of  corpses), 
where,  according  to  tradition,  a great  slaughter  of  the  Chris- 
tians took  place ; Wakefield  (the  field  by  the  wayside, 
waeg'). 


FELL,FiALL,orFjELD(Scand.),  m^ntain  OF  mountain 

FEE,  FELSEN  (Ger.),  a rock,  i "“S® ! Dovrefeld  (the  gloomy 

( mountains)  ; Donnersfeld  (the 
mountain  chain  of  thunder,  or  of  Thor) ; Snafield  (snow 
mountain) ; Blaefell  (blue  mountain) ; Drachenfells  (the 
dragon’s  rock) ; Weissenfels  (white  rock) ; Rothenfels  (red 
rock)  ; Scawfell  (the  mountain  of  the  scaw,  or  promontory) ; 
Hartfell  (of  the  harts) ; Hestfell  (of  the  steed) ; Lindenfels  (of 
the  linden-tree) ; Lichtenfels  (the  mountain  of  light),  a Mo- 
ravian settlement  in  Greenland  ; Fitful  Head,  corrupted  from 
Hvit-fell  (white  mountain),  in  Shetland;  Falaise,  Fr.  (the 
promontory),  derived  from  the  Scand.  or  Gftr.fell,  or  felsen^ 
in  Normandy  ; Fellentin  (the  fort,  dim,  on  the  rock),  France  ; 
Souter-fell,  Cumberland,  Saudfjeld,  Norway,  Sauda-fell,  Ice- 
land (sheep-hill),  old  Norse  sauder{z,  sheep) — perhaps  Soutra 
Hill,  in  Mid- Lothian,  from  the  same  word  ; Criffel  (the  craggy 
rock),  Dumfries  ; Felsberg  (rock  fortress),  in  Hesse  Darm- 


F 


66 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


stadt ; Goat-fell,  in  Arran,  Gael.  Gaoth-ceann  (windy 
point),  to  which  the  Norsemen  seem  to  have  added  their 
fell. 


FENN  (Ger ) { ^ 5 the  Fenns,  or  marshy  lands  ; 

YEN,  veen' (Dutch),  J Fen-ditton  (the  enclosed  town  on  the  marsh); 

FEN  ("AS)  ) Fenny- Stratford  (the  ford  on  the  Roman 

’ * Vroad  in  the  marshy  land) ; Fenwick,  Fenton, 

Finsbury  (the  town  or  enclosed  place  on  the  marsh)  ; Veen- 
hof,  Veenhusen  (dwellings  on  the  marsh)  ; Houtveen  (wood 
marsh) ; Diepenveen  (deep  marsh) ; Zutphen  (the  south 
marsh) ; Ravenna,  in  Italy,  called  Pludosa  (the  marshy) — it 
was  originally  built  in  a lagoon,  on  stakes,  like  Venice  ; 
Venice,  named  from  the  Veniti,  which  may  mean  dwellers 
in  marshy  lands  ; but  some  etymologists  derive  their  name 
from  the  Celtic  gwe7it  (the  fair  plain) : Fang  is  often  em- 
ployed instead  of  fenn  in  German  and  Dutch  names,  as  in 
Zeefang  (lake  marsh)  ; Aalfang  (eel  marsh) ; Habechtsfang 
(hawks’  marsh). 

FERN,  or  EARN  (Teut.),  the  fern ; eg.  Ferndorf,  Farndon,  Farnhain, 
Farnborough  (dwellings  among  ferns);  Farnhurst  (fern 
wood);  Ferndale  (fern  valley);  Fernruit  (a  place  cleared  of 
ferns). 

FERTA  (Gadhelic),  a grave;  e.g.  Fertagh,  Fartagh  (the  place  of 
graves) ; Moyarta,  for  Maghfherta  (the  plain  of  the  graves), 
in  Ireland ; Fortingall,  in  Perthshire,  is  supposed  to  have 
derived  its  name  from  this  word,  Feart-na-gall  (the  grave 
of  the  strangers,  or  of  the  Gaels,  having  been  the  scene  of 
many  bloody  battles). 


FESTE  (Ger.), 
VESTING  (Dutch), 
FAESTNUNG  (Scand.), 


FEUCHT  (Ger.), 
FUHT  (A.S.), 
VOICHTIG  (Dutch), 


' a fortress  ; e.g.  Altefeste  (high  fort) ; 
Franzenfeste  (the  fortress  of  the  Franks) ; 
■ Festenburg  (the  town  of  the  fortress) ; 
Ivanich-festung  (John’s  fortress),  in 
Croatia. 

moist,  marshy  ; e.g.  Feuchtwang  (the  watery 
field),  in  Bavaria,  formerly  called  Hud?'o- 
folis,  with  the  same  meaning,  in  Greek ; 
Feucht  (the  damp  place),  also  in  Bavaria  ; 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY, 


67 


Viecht-gross  and  Viecht-klein  (the  great  and  little  damp 
place),  in  Bavaria. 

FICHTE  (Ger.),  the  pine-tree ; e.g.  Schoenfichten  (beautiful  pines)'T" 
Finsterfechten  (dark  pine-trees) ; Fichthorst  (pine  forest) ; 
Feichheim  (pine-tree  dwelling).  In  topography,  however, 
it  is  difficult  to  distinguish  this  word  from  feucht 
(damp). 

FIN,  FIONN  (Gadhelic),  fair,  white ; eg.  Findrum  (white  ridge)  ; 
Fionn-uisg  (clear, water),  the  origin  of  the  name  of  the  Phoenix 
Park,  in  Dublin,  from  a beautiful  spring  well  on  the  grounds  ; 
Findlater  (the  fair  slope,  leiter) ; Fingart  (the  fair  field) ; 
Fin,  Finnan,  and  Fender,  probably  the  clear  stream,  and 
Loch  Fyne  (the  clear  lake)  ; Finglas  (clear  stream,  g/aise)  ; 
Ymtorxa,  Fionn-tamhnach  (fair-coloured  field) ; Ventry  (white 
strand,  traigk),  in  co.  Kerry. 

FIORD,  or  FJORD  (Scand.),  a creek  or  inlet  formed  by  an  arm  of 
the  sea.  Anglicised  ford ; e.g.  Selfiord  (herring  creek) ; 
Laxfiord  (salmon  creek) ; Hvalfiord  (whale  bay) ; Lyme- 
fiord  (muddy  bay)  ; Skagafiord  (the  inlet  of  the  promontory, 
skaw) ; Halsfiord  (the  bay  of  the  neck,  hals,  or  the  narrow 
passage) ; Waterford,  named  by  the  Danes  Vadre-fiord 
(the  fordable  part  of  the  bay).  The  Irish  name  of  the  town 
is  Port  Lairge  (the  ferry  of  the  thigh),  from  its  form.  Wex- 
ford, Weisfiord  (the  western  creek  or  bay),  was  also  named 
by  the  Danes  Flekkefiord  (the  flat  inlet). 

( a spot  or  level  place,  a hamlet : e.g. 

I Flegg,  East  and  West,  in  Norfolk  ; 

Fleckney  (flat  island) ; Fletton  (flat 
I town);  Pfaffenfleck(priesfs hamlet); 

[ Amtsfleck  (amptmann’s  village)  ; 
Schoenfleck  (beautiful  hamlet) ; Marktflecten  (the  market 
village);  Die  Flacke  (the  downs,  or  levels),  in  Holland; 
Nesselfleck  (nettle  spot) ; Fladda,  Flatholme,  Fleckeroe  (flat 
island)  ; Fladstrand  (flat  shore). 

a flush  of  water,  a channel  or  arm  of  the 
sea,  on  which  vessels  may  float ; e.g. 
Fleet,  a river  name  ; Swinefleet  (Sweyen’s 


FLECKE  (Teut.  and  Scand.), 
FLEX  (A.S.), 

VLAK  and  VLEK  (Dutch), 
FLAD,  FLEX,  flat. 


FLEOX,  FLIEZ  (Teut.), 
VLIEX, 


68 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


ship  station) ; Saltfleetby  (the  dwelling  on  the  channel) ; 
Shalfleet  (shallow  channel) ; Depenfleth  (deep  channel) ; 
Fleetwood  (the  wood  on  the  channel  of  the  Wyre)  ; Miihlfloss 
(mill  channel) ; Flushing,  in  Holland,  anc.  Vliessengen  (the 
town  on  the  channel  of  the  R.  Scheldt).  In  Normandy  it  takes 
the  form  of fleurj  e.g.  Barfleur  (the  summit,  or  projection  on 
the  channel) ; Harfleur,  or  Havrefleur  (the  harbour  on  the 
channel)  ; Biervliet  (the  fruitful  plain  on  the  channel)  ; Flad, 
as  a prefix,  sometimes  signifies  a place  liable  to  be  flooded — 
as  in  Fladbury,  Fledborough.  The  YdX.jiumen  (a  flowing 
stream)  is  akin  to  this  word,  with  its  derivatives  in  the 
Romance  languages  : thus  Fiume  (the  river),  on  the  Adriatic  ; 
Fiume-freddo  (cold  stream),  in  Italy  and  Sicily ; Films,  in 
Switzerland,  Lat.  Ad-fiumena  (at  the  streams). 

FOLD  (Hung.),  land  ; eg.  Foldvar  (land  fortress)  ; Alfold  (low  land) ; 
Felfold  (high  land). 


FONS  (Lat.), 

FONTE  (It.  and  Port.), 

FONT,  FONTAINE  (Fr.), 

FUENTE  and  MONTANA  (Span.), 
FYONNON  (Cym.-Cel.), 

FUARAN  and  UARAN  (Gadhelic), 


a fountain,  a well ; e.g.  Fon- 
tainebleau, corrupted  from  Ah;?- 
taine-de-belle-eau  (the  spring  of 
•^beautiful  water);  Fontenoy 
(the  fountain  place);  Fonte- 
vrault,  Lat.  Fons-Ebraldi  (the 
_well  of  St.  Evrault)  ; Fuentes 
(the  fountains)  ; Fuencaliente  (warm  fountain)  ; Fuensagrada 
(holy  well)  ; Fuente-el-fresno  (the  fountain  of  the  ash-tree)  ; 
Fuente-alamo  (of  the  poplar)  ; Fontarabia,  or  Fuentarrabia, 
Lat.  Fons-rapidus  (the  swift-flowing  spring)  ; Fuenfrido  (cold 
spring);  Fossano,  in  Italy,  Lat.  Fons-sanus  {healing  foun- 
tain) ; Hontanas,  Hontanares,  Hontanaza,  Hontangas  (the 
place  of  springs),  in  Spain ; Hontomin  (the  fountain  of  the 
R.  Omino) ; Pinos-fuente  (pine-tree  fountain),  in  Granada  ; 
Spa  {espa,  fountain),  Lat.  Fons  Tungrorum  (the  well  of 
the  Tungri),  in  Belgium;  Fonthill  (the  hill  of  the  spring). 
The  Celtic  uaran,  or fuaran,  takes  the  form  of  oran  in  Ire- 
land— thus  Oranmore  (great  fountain),  near  a holy  well ; 
Knock-an-oran  (the  hill  of  the  well)  ; Bally noran,  Tinoran, 
for  Tigh-a7i-iiarain  (the  dwelling  at  the  well)  ; Foveran,  in 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


69 


FORD  (A.S.), 

FURT,  or  FURTH  (Gcr.), 
VOORD  (Dutch), 

FORRD  (Welsh),  a way, 


Aberdeenshire,  takes  its  name  from  a spring,  fuaran^  at 
Foveran  Castle.  ■— 

a shallow  passage  over  a river ; e.g. 
Bradford  (broad  ford) ; Bedford,  corrupt, 
from  Bedican  ford  (the  protected  ford); 
Brentford  (on  the  R.  Brenta)  ; Chelms- 
ford (on  the  Chelmer)  ; Camelford  (on 
the  Camel) ; Charford  (the  ford  of  Ceredic)  ; Aylesford  (of 
.(Rgle) ; Hacford  and  Hackfurth  (of  Haco) ; Guildford  (of  the 
trading  association)  ; Hungerford,  corrupt,  from  Ingle  ford 
(corner  ford) ; Oxford,  Welsh  Rhyd-ychen  (the ford  for  oxen); 
Ochsenfurt,  in  Bavaria,  and  Bosphorus,  Gr.  Bosporos  (with 
the  same  meaning)  ; Hertford  (the  hart’s  ford) ; Hereford 
(the  ford  of  the  army,  or  more  probably  a mistranslation  of 
its  Celtic  name  Caer-ffawyddy  the  town  of  the  beech-trees)  ; 
Horsford,  Illford,  Knutsford  (the  fords  of  Horsa,  Ella,  and 
Canute)  ; Watford  (the  ford  on  Watling  Street) ; Tiverton^ 
anc.  Twyford  (the  town  on  the  two  fords)  ; Stamford  (the 
stony  ford) ; Stoney  Stratford  (the  stony  ford  on  the  Roman 
road) ; Stafford,  anc.  Stafford  (the  ford  of  the  station)  ; Furth 
and  Pforten  (the  fords),  Prussia  ; Erfurt,  in  Saxony,  anc. 
Erpisford  (the  ford  of  Erpe)  ; Furtwangen  (ford  field)  ; 
Stasfurth  (the  thrushes’  ford),  Saxony  ; Hohenfurth  (the 
high  ford),  Bohemia ; Leckford,  in  Hants  (the  ford  of  the 
corpses),  near  the  site  of  a battle  ; Frankfurt,  on  the  Maine, 
and  on  the  Oder  (the  ford  of  the  Franks) ; Quernfurt  and 
Velvorde  (the  fords  of  the  R.  Quern  and  Wolowe) ; Steen- 
voord  (stony  ford). 


FORS,  FORCE  (Scand.), 
FOSS, 


a waterfall ; eg.  High-force,  Low-force, 
on  the  R.  Tees  ; Skogar-foss  (the  cascade 
on  the  promontory),  Iceland  ; Wilberforce 
(the  cascade  of  Wilbera),  Yorkshire  ; Sodorfors  (the  south 
cascade),  on  the  Dalelf,  in  Sweden. 

FORST,  VORST  (Teut.),  a wood  ; e.g.  Forst-lohn  (forest  way)  ; Forst- 
bach  (forest  brook);  Eichenforst  (oak  forest);  Forstheim 
(forest  dwelling). 

FORUM  (Lat.),  a market-place,  or  a place  of  assembly ; e.g.  Forli, 


'O 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


anc.  Forum- Livii  (the  forum  of  Livius)  ; F eurs,  anc.  Formn- 
Segusianorum  (the  forum  of  the  Segusiani) ; Forlimpopoli 
(the  forum  of  the  people) ; Ferrara,  anc.  F orum-Alieni  (the 
market-place  of  the  foreigners)  ; F ossombrone,  anc.  Fo7'um- 
Sempronii  (of  Sempronius)  ; Frejus  and  Friuli,  anc.  Foruin- 
Julii  (the  forum  of  Julius);  Frontignan,  anc.  Foruin-Domitii 
(of  Domitian),  also  called  Frontiniacum  (on  the  edge  of  the 
water)  ; Voorburg,  in  Holland,  anc.  Forum- F[adriani  (the 
town  of  the  market-place  of  Adrian)  ; Klangenfurt,  anc. 
Claudii-Forum  (of  Claudius)  ; Fiora,  anc.  Forum- Aurelii 
(of  Aurelius)  ; Forcassi  (the  forum  of  Cassius)  ; Appii-Forum 
(of  Appius) ; Marazion,  or  Marketjeu,  anc.  Forum-Jove77i 
(the  market-town  of  God),  resorted  to,  in  former  times, 
from  its  vicinity  to  the  sacred  shrine  of  St.  Michael,  in  Corn- 
wall. 

FORT,  a stronghold,  from  the  Lat.  fortis,  strong — akin  to  the  Irish 
LoTigphorth  (a  fortress),  and  the  French  La  Ferte  (abridged 
from  fer77iete)',  e.g.  Rochefort  (the  rock  fortress);  Fort 
Augustus  (named  after  the  Duke  of  Cumberland)  ; Fort 
George  (after  George  II.)  ; Fort  William,  anc.  l7iverlochy^ 
at  the  mouth  of  the  lake  (surnamed  after  William  III.)  ; 
Fortrose  (the  fort  on  the  promontory) ; Fort  Louis,  Upper 
Rhine  (founded  by  Louis  XIV.);  Charles  Fort,  Canada 
(named  from  Charles  I.) ; La  Ferte  Bernard  and  La  Ferte 
Gaucher  (the  forts  of  Bernard  and  Gaucher,  the  founders)  ; 
La  Ferte  St.  Aubin  (from  a saint)  ; La  Ferte-sur-Aube  (upon 
the  R.  Aube),  in  France.  In  Ireland  the  town  of  Longford 
• is  called  in  the  annals  Lo7igphorth  OFarrell  (the  castle  of 
the  O’Farrells)  ; and  the  word  is  sometimes  corrupted,  as 
in  Lonart  for  LoTigphort^  and  in  Athlunkard  for  Athlo7tg- 
ford  (the  ford  of  the  fortress). 

FOSSE,  a ditch,  or  trench,  dug  around  a fortified  place,  from  fodio^ 
Lat.  to  dig;  eg.  Fosseway  (the  road  near  the  trench); 
Foston  (the  town  with  the  trench  or  moat)  ; Fosse,  in  Bel- 
gium. 

FRANK  (Ger.),  free— but  in  topography,  belonging  to  the  Franks  ; 
e.g.  Franconia  (the  district  of  the  Franks) ; France,  abridged 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


71 


from  Frankreich  (the  kingdom  of  the  Franks,  or  free  men) ; 
Frankenau  and  Frankenthal  (the  valley  of  the  Franks) ; 
Frankenberg  and  Frankenfels  (the  hill  and  rock  of  the 
Franks)  ; Frankenburg  and  Frankenhausen  (the  dwelling- 
place  of  the  Franks)  ; Frankenstein  (the  rock)  ; Franken- 
markt  (the  market  of  the  Franks). 

FREI,  or  FREY  (Ger.),  a place  freed  from  wood,  but  more  commonly 
meaning  a privileged  place,  as  also  freiheit,  freedom ; e.g. 
Frieburg  or  Freyburg,  and  Fribourg  (the  privileged  city)  ; 
Schloss-freiheit,  Berg-freiheit  (the  privileged  castle)  ; Oude 
Vrijheid  (the  old  privileged  place),  in  Holland;  Freystadt,  in 
Hungary,  Gr.  Eleutheropolis  (free  city). 

FRENE  (Fr.),  FRASSINO  (It.),  ( 5 

FRESNO  (Span.),  FREIXO  (Port.),  i 

( Fresney,  Fresno  (the  place  of 

ash-trees)  ; Frassinetto-di-Po  (the  ash-tree  grove  on  the 

R.  Po). 

FREUDE  (Ger.),  joy  ; eg.  Freudenthal  (the  valley  of  joy)  ; Freuden- 
stadt  (the  town  of  joy). 

FRIDE,  a hedge,  from  the  Old  Ger.  word  vride,  akin  to  the  Gael. 
fridh  (a  wood) ; e.g.  Burgfried  (the  hedge  of  the  fortress) ; 
Friedberg,  anc.  Vriduperg  (a  fortress  surrounded  with  a 
hedge)  ; but  Friedland,  East  Prussia,  Gr.  Irenopyrgos  (the 
tower  of  peace),  is  from  friede,  Ger.  for  peace.  The  prefix 
fried  is  also  sometimes  a contraction  for  Frederick — thus, 
Friedberg  and  Friedburg  may  be  Frederick’s  town. 

FRITH  or  FIRTH,  probably  akin  to  fiord^  the  navigable  estuary  of  a 
river,  and  the  YdX. /return  (a  channel)  ; e.g.  the  Friths  of  the 
Forth,  Tay,  and  Clyde ; Solway  Frith  (named  from  the 
Selgovse,  a tribe);  Pentland  Frith,  corrupted  from 
Fiord,  Scand.  (the  bay  between  the  land  of  the  Piets  and 
the  Orkneys). 

FROU  (Ger.),  a lord,  and  frau^  a lady  ; e.g.  Froustalla  (the  lord  or 
nobleman’s  stall  or  shed) ; Frousthorp  (the  nobleman’s 
farm)  ; Fraubrunnen  (Our  Lady’s  well) ; Frauenberg,  Frau- 
enburg,  Fraustadt  (Our  Lady’s  town) ; P'rauenkirchen 
(Our  Lady’s  church) ; Frauenfeld  (Our  Lady’s  field). 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


FUL  (A.S.),  dirty  ; e.g-.  Fulbeck,  Fulbrook  (dirty  stream)  ; Fulneck, 
or  Fullanig  (dirty  water)  ; Fulham,  or  Fullenham  (either  the 
dwelling  on  the  dirty  place,  or,  according  to  some,  from 
fugelj  a bird). 

FURST,  FYRST  (Ger.),  the  prince,  or  the  first ; e.g.  Furstenau, 
Furstenberg,  Furstenfeld,  Fu.rstenwald,  Furstenwerder, 
Furstenzell  (the  meadow,  hill,  field,  wood,  island,  church,  of 
the  prince)  ; but  Furstberg  means  the  chief  or  highest  hill. 


GABEL  (Teut.), 


I'  a fork,  applied  to  river  forks  ; eg. 

GOUL(Gadhelic),i  stream); 

( Gabelhof  (the  court,  or  dwelling  at 

the  forked  stream),  Germany  ; in  Ireland,  Goul  (the  fork)  ; 
Gola  (forks)  ; Gowlan  (little  fork)  ; Addergoul,  Addergoule, 
and  Edargoule,  Irish  Eadar-dha-gliabhal  (the  place  between 
two  river  prongs) ; Goule,  in  Yorkshire  (on  the  fork  of  two 
streams). 

GADEN  (Ger.),  a cottage  ; e.g.  Holzgaden  (wood  cottage)  ; Stein- 
gaden  (rock  cottage). 

' a city ; e.g.  Gades,  or  Cadiz,  anc.  Gadr,  in 
Spain  ; Carthage,  or  Kartha-hadtha  (the  new 
city,  in  opposition  to  Utica,  the  old)  ; Cartha- 
gena  (New  Carthage)  ; Kirjath-Arba  (the  city 
of  Arba)  ; Kirjath-sepher  (of  the  book)  ; Kir- 
jath-jearim  (of  forests)  ; Kirjath-Baal  (Baal’s  town) ; Kir- 
jath-Sannah  (of  palms)  ; Keriathaim  (double  town)  ; Kir- 
Moab  (the  citadel  of  Moab). 

GAMA  (Tamul),  a village  ; e.g.  Alut-gama  (new  village),  Ceylon. 

GANG  (Ger.),  a narrow  passage,  either  on  land  or  by  water  ; e.g. 
Birkengang  (the  birch-tree  pass)  ; Strassgang  (a  narrow 
street) ; Gang-bach  (the  passage  of  the  brook) ; Ganghofen 
(the  dwelling  at  the  ferry),  in  Bavaria,  on  the  Roth. 

GANGA,  or  GUNGA  (Sansc.),  a river  ; e.g.  Borra  Ganga,  or  the 
Ganges  (the  great  river) ; Kishenganga  (black  river) ; 


GADR  (Phoen.), 
KARTHA 
KIRJATH  (Heb.), 
KIR, 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


73 


Neelganga  (blue  river)  ; Naraingunga  (the  river  of  Naran- 
yana,  or  Vishnu)  ; Ramgunga  (Ram’s  river). 

GARBH  (Gadhelic),  ( Gara  Garry  GarweT  GafwlC 
GARW(Cym.-CeI.),  \ faronne,  Garvault,  Ya.r,  Yarrow 

( Yer,  Yar  (rough  stream)  ; Garracloon  (rough 
meadow)  ; Garroch  head,  or  Ard-Kingarth  (the  height  of  the 
rough  headland),  in  Bute  ; Garioch  (rough  district),  in  Aber- 
deenshire. 

GARIEF  (S.  Africa),  a river  ; e.£-.  Ky-garief  (yellow  river)  ; Nu- 
garief  (black  river). 

( the  garden  ; e.^-.  Garryowen  (Owen’s  gar- 
GARRDH,  or  I den) ; Garryard  (high  garden) ; Ballingarry 

GARRY  (Gadhelic),  J (the  town  of  the  garden)  ; Garrane  and 
GARRD  (Cym.-Cel.),  1 Garraun  (the  shrubbery)  ; Garranmore 
GARRAN,  a shrubbery,  (great  shrubbery) ; Garranbane  (white 
L shrubbery). 

GARTH  (Welsh),  a hill ; e.£-.  Tal-garth  (the  face  of  the  hill). 

GARTH,  GART  (Teut.  and  Scand.),  ( enclosed  place,  either  for 
GAIRADH,  GARRDH  (Gadhelic),  ) 

GARRD,  GARZ  (Cym.-Cel.),  I ^ Carton  (the 

V enclosure,  or  enclosed  town) ; 
Applegarth  (the  apple  enclosure,  or  farm) ; Weingarten  (a 
wine  enclosure,  or  vineyard)  ; Stuttgart  and  Hestingaard 
(enclosure  for  horses)  ; Fishguard  or  Fishgarth  (the  fisher’s 
enclosure,  or  hill),  in  Wales  ; Noostigard  (the  farm  at  the 
naust,  or  ship  station),  in  Shetland ; Smiorgard  (butter  farm) ; 
Prestgard  (the  priest’s  farm)  ; Yardley  (enclosed  meadow)  ; 
Yardborough  (enclosed  town). 

GAT  (Scand.),  ( opening,  or  passage  ; Cattegat  (the  cat’s 
GAEAT  passage) ; Margate  (the  sea  gate,  or 

GHAT  (Sans'c.*),  f passage) ; Ramsgate  (the  passage  of  Ruim,  the 
\ anc.  name  of  Thanet) ; Reigate  (the  passage 
through  the  ridge) ; Yetholm  (the  valley  at  the  passage,  yet, 
between  England  and  Scotland) ; Harrowgate  (probably  the 
passage  of  the  army,  har,  as  it  is  situated  near  one  of  the  great 
Roman  roads) ; Gatcombe  (the  passage  in  the  hollow)  ; Horll- 
gatt  (the  passage  of  the  whirlpool).  In  India,  the  word is 


74 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


applied  either  to  a pass  between  hills  or  mountains,  as  in  the  : 
Ghauts  (the  two  converging  mountain  ranges)  ; Sheergotta  ^ 
(the  lion’s  pass),  between  Calcutta  and  Benares  ; and  Gera- 
gaut  (the  horses’  pass) ; or  to  a passage  across  a river,  j 
as  well  as  to  the  flights  of  steps  leading  from  a river  ^ 
to  the  buildings  on  its  banks,  as  in  Calcutta,  or  Kali-\ 
kuti  (the  ghauts  leading  to  the  temple  of  Kali,  on  the  R.  J 
Hoogly). 

GAU,  GOVIA  (Ger.),  a district ; e.g.  Aargau,  Rheingau,  Thurgau- 
(the  districts  watered  by  the  rivers  Aar,  Rhine,  and  Thur) ; ■ 
Schoengau  (beautiful  district) ; Wonnegau  (the  district  ofl 
delight)  ; Hainault,  Ger.  Hennegau  (the  district  of  the  river  J 
Haine  ; ault^  the  stream) ; Pinzgau,  the  district  of  rushes,* 
binse),  Tyrol ; Elgg,  anc.  Eilacgau  (the  district  of  the  R.« 
Eulach) ; Oehringen,  or  Oringowe  (the  district  of  the  Ohr). 

GEBEL,  DJEBEL  (Ar.),  a mountain  ; eg.  Gebel  Kattarin,  in  Sinai" 
(St.  Catherine’s  mountain),  where,  according  to  tradition,  the 
body  of  St.  Catherine  was  transported  from  Alexandria  ;j 
Djebel-Mousa  (the  mountain  of  Moses),  Horeb ; Djebel-^ 
Nimrod  (of  Nimrod),  in  Armenia;  Jebel-khal  (black  moun-j^ 
tain),  Africa;  Gibraltar,  Ar.  Gehel-al-Tarik  (the  mountain  of|, 
Tarik,  the  Moor,  who  erected  a fort  on  the  rock  of  Calpe, 
in  71 1)  ; Jebel-libnan,  or  Lebanon  (white  mountain),  supposed| 
to  be  so  called  because  covered  with  snow  during  a great/ 
part  of  the  year. 

GEESTE  (Ger.),  barren  land ; e.g.  Gaste,  Geist,  Geeste  (the  barren 
land) ; Geestefeld  (barren  field) ; Holzengeist  (the  barren 
land  in  the  wood)  ; Nordergast,  Middelgast  (the  northern 
and  middle  barren  land). 

GEisz  (Ger.),  a goat ; eg.  Geisa  and  Geisbach  (the  goat’s  stream) ; 
Geismar  (rich  in  goats)  ; Geiselhoring,  Geisenhausen,  Geis-^ 
enheim  (the  goat’s  dwelling)  ; Geisberg  (goat’s  hill). 

GEMENDE  (Ger.),  a common  ; eg.  Gmeind  (the  common)  ; Peters- 
gemeinde  (Peter’s  common) ; Gemeindmiihle  (the  mill  on 
the  common). 

GEMUND  (Ger.),  a river-mouth,  or  a confluence ; e.g.  Neckar- 
gemund  (at  the  mouth  of  the  R.  Neckar) ; Gmund,  in 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY, 


Wurtemberg  (at  the  confluence  of  the  Saale  and  Maine) ; 
Gemund,  in  Rhenish  Prussia  ; Gemunden,  in  Hes^  Cassel 
and  Bavaria. 

GEN,  an  abbreviated  form  of  magen,  or  megen,  Teut.  for 
maghy  Cel.  a field  ; e.g.  Remagen,  or  Rhemmaghen  (the 
field  on  the  Rhine) ; Nimeguen,  for  Noviomagus  (new 
field) ; Schleusingen  (the  plain  of  the  R.  Schleuse) ; Mun- 
chingen  (the  field  of  the  monks) ; Beverungen  (on  the  R. 
Bever). 

GEN,  GENAU  (Cel.),  a mouth,  or  opening  ; eg.  Llanfihangel-genauri- 
glyn  (the  church  of  the  angel  at  the  glen’s  mouth),  in 
Wales  ; Genappe  and  Gennep  (the  mouth  of  the  water,  abJi)  ; 
Geneva  (either  the  opening  of  the  water,  or  the  head,  ceanUy 
of  the  water,  where  the  Rhone  proceeds  from  the  lake) ; 
Genoa  (probably  with  the  same  meaning) ; Ghent,  or  Gend, 
at  the  confluence  of  the  Scheldt  and  Lys,  may  also  be  the 
mouth  of  the  water,  though  there  is  a tradition  that  its 
name  originally  was  Vandey  from  the  Vandals. 

GENT,  in  French  topography,  pretty  ; e.g.  Gentilly,  anc.  Gentilia- 
cu7n  (the  place  of  beautiful  waters)  ; Nogent  (pretty  meadow). 

GERICHT  (Ger.),  a court  of  justice  ; e.g.  Gerichtsbergen  (the  hill  of 
the  court  of  justice) ; Gerichstetten  (the  station  of  the 
court). 

GHAR  (Ar.),  a cave  ; e.g.  Garbo  (the  cave),  in  Malta  ; Trafalgar,  i.e. 
Taraf-al-gar  (the  promontory  of  the  cave). 

GHAR,  GHUR,  or  GORE  (Sansc.),  a fort ; e.g.  Ahmednaghar  (the  fort 
of  Ahmed)  ; Ramghur  (of  Ram)  ; Kishenagur  (of  Krishna)  ; 
Furracknagur  (of  Furrack)  ; Moradnagur  (of  Morad) ; 
Jehanagur  (of  Jehan) ; Allighur  (of  Allah) ; Bisnaghur 
(triumphant  fort) ; Futtegur  (fort  of  victory) ; Deoghur 
(God’s  fort) ; Neelgur  (blue  fort) ; Serinagur  (the  fort 
of  abundance) ; Chandernagore  (of  the  moon) ; Haider- 
nagur  (of  Hyder  Ali)  \ Maggherry  (the  great  mountain- 
fortress). 

GHART,  or  GHERRY(Sansc.),  a mountain  ; e.g.  Ghaur,  a mountain- 
ous district  in  Affghanistan  ; Boughir  (woody  mountain)  ; 
Kistnagherry  (Krishna’s  mountain) ; Rutnagiri  (the  moun- 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


tain  of  rubies) ; Chandgherry  (of  the  moon)  ; Shevagherry 
(of  Siva)  ; Neilgherries  (the  blue  mountains)  ; Dhawalageri 
(the  white  mountain),  the  highest  peak  of  the  Himalayas. 

GILL,  GJA  (Scand.),  a ravine ; e.g.  Buttergill,  Horisgill,  Ormsgill 
(ravines  in  the  Lake  District,  named  after  Norse  leaders)  ; 
Hrafngja  (the  ravens’  ravine) ; Almanna-gja  (Allman’s 
ravine^  in  Iceland.  This  word,  in  the  North  of  Scotland,  is 
applied  to  a small  bay,  as  Redgoe,  Ravengoe. 

GLAISE  (Gadhelic),  a small  stream  ; e.g.  Glashaboy  (yellow  stream)  ; 
Tullyglush  (hill  of  the  stream) ; Glasnevin  (Naeidhe’s  stream): 
Glasheen  (little  stream)  ; Glasheena  (abounding  in  little 
streams) ; Douglas,  z.e.  Dubhghlaise  (black  stream),  fre- 
quent in  Ireland  and  Scotland  ; Douglas,  Isle  of  Man,  on 
the  R.  Douglas  ; Glasheenaulin  (the  beautiful  little  stream- 
let), in  Cork  ; Ardglashin,  in  Cavan  (the  height  of  the  little 
rivulet). 

GLAS  (Celtic),  grey,  blue,  or  green  ; e.g.  Glasallt  (grey  stream),  in 
Scotland ; Glascloon  (green  meadow)  ; Glasdrummond  (green 
ridge)  ; Glaslough  (green  lake) ; Glasmullagh  (green  sum- 
mit), in  Ireland.  In  Wales,  Glascoed  (greenwood) ; Glas- 
combe  (green  hollow). 


Glen-bervie,  Glen-bucket,  Glen-livet,  Glen-lyon,  Glen-almond, 
Glen-dochart,  Glen-tilt,  &c.  (valleys  in  Scotland  watered  by 
these  streams)  ; Gleninagh  (ivy  valley)  ; Glenquim  (the 
glen  of  the  hollow,  cum) ; Glencroe  (of  the  sheepfold)  ; Glen- 
more  (great  valley) ; Glenmoreston,  Gleann-mor-casan  (the 
great  valley  of  the  cascad,  i.e.  of  Foyers) ; Glenogle  (the  valley 
of  terror) ; Glenbeg  and  Gleanan  (little  valley) ; Glenburnie  (of 
the  stream)  ; Glencraig  (of  the  rock)  ; Glendow  and  Glenduff 
(dark  valley)  ; Glenure  and  Glenury  (of  the  yew-tree) ; Glen- 
finlass  (of  the  clear  stream) ; Glengarriff  (rugged  valley) ; 
Glenmullion  (of  the  mill) ; Glendine,  Glendowan  (deep  valley, 
doimhin) ; Glendalough,  co.  Wicklow,  is  in  Irish  Gleann-da- 


GLEANN  (Gadhelic), 

GLYN  and  GLANN  (Cym.-Cfel.), 
GLEN  (A.S.), 


a small  valley,  often  named  from 
the  river  which  flows  through  it  ; 
eg.  Glen-fender,  Glen-finnan, 
Glen-garry,  Glen-shee,  Glen-esk, 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


77 


locha  (the  valley  of  the  two  lakes) ; Glennamaddy  (of  the 
dogs,  madadK) ; Glenfarne  (of  the  alder-trees) ; Glenkeen 
(beautiful  valley) ; Glenroe,  in  Ireland  (the  red  glen)  ; Glin- 
ties  (the  glens),  co.  Donegal ; Glenreagh  (grey  glen) ; Glen- 
behy  (birch-tree  glen).  The  letter  g in  glen  is  sometimes 
aspirated,  in  which  case  it  disappears,  as  in  Leighlin,  for 
Leith-ghlionn  (half  glen),  co.  Carlow.  In  Wales,  Glyn- 
Nedd  (the  valley  of  the  R.  Nedd) ; Glamorgan,  for  Glann- 
7norgant  (the  valley  on  the  sea-shore). 

GLEIZ  (Old  Ger.),  shining  ; eg.  Glisbach  (shining  brook) ; Gleis- 
berg  (shining  hill)  ; Gieesdorf,  Gleesweiler  (shining  town). 

GLINA  (Sclav.),  clay ; eg.  Glinzig,  Glindow,  Glianicke,  Glintock, 
Glinow  (the  names  of  places  near  clay  pits) ; Glina  (the 
clayey  river). 

GLOG,  or  GOG  (Sclav.),  the  white  thorn  ; e.g.  Glogau,  in  Silesia  (the 
place  abounding  in  that  shrub) ; Glognitz,  Gogolow  (with 
the  same  meaning). 

GNADE  (Ger.),  grace  ; e.g.  Gnadenhiitten  (the  tabernacles  of  grace), 
a Moravian  settlement  on  the  Ohio ; Gnadenthal  (the 
valley  of  grace),  in  Africa  ; Gnadenburg  and  Gnadenfeld 
(the  city  and  field  of  grace). 

GOBHA  (Gadhelic),  a blacksmith  ; e.g.  Ardgowan  (the  blacksmith’s 
height)  ; Balnagowan,  Balgowan,  Balgownie,  Balgonie,  in 
Scotland,  and  Ballygow,  Ballygowan,  Ballingown,  Ballyna- 
gown,  in  Ireland  (the  town  of  the  blacksmith)  ; Athgoe  (the 
blacksmith’s  ford).  In  early  times  the  blacksmith,  as  the 
manufacturer  of  weapons  of  war,  was  regarded  as  an  im- 
portant personage,  and  the  ancient  Irish,  like  other  nations, 
had  their  smith  god,  Goban,  hence  the  frequent  use  of  the 
word  in  topography. 

a wood ; e.g.  Golschow,  Goltzen,  Golkojye  or 
Kolkwitz,  Gahlen  (woody  place)  ; Galinchen  (the 
little  Gahlen,  i.e.  the  colony  from  that  town)  ; 
Kallinichen,  i.e.  the  colony  from  Gallun  (woody  town)  ; but 
Gollnitz,  near  Finsterwalde,  is  corrupt,  from  Jelenze  (stag 
town  ; jelen,  a stag). 

GOLB,  GULB  (Sclav.),  the  dove ; e.g.  Gulbin,  Golbitten,  Golembin, 


GOLA  (Sclav.), 
GALA, 


78 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


Golembecks,  Golembki,  Gollombken,  Ger.  Taubendorf  (dove 
town),  in  Prussia. 

GORA  (Sclav.),  a mountain  ; Goritz  (the  town  on  the  hill)  ; 
Gora,  Goray,  Guhraw  or  Gorow  (hill  towns)  ; Gorlitz,  or 
Sgoretz  (behind  the  hill)  ; Gorigk,  Ger.  Bergheide  (hilly 
heath) ; Gorgast  (hill  inn,  goscz)  ; Podgorze,  Podgorach, 
Podgoriza,  Poschgorize  (near  the  hill).  The  word  also  takes 
the  form  of  hora,  as  in  Zahora,  in  Turkey  (behind  the  hill)  ; 
Czernahora  (black  hill). 

GORT,  or  GART  (Gadhelic),  a field,  cognate  with  the  Lat.  hortus, 
Span,  huerta;  e.g.  Gart  and  Garth  (the  field)  ; Gartan, 
( little  field  ) ; Gartbane,  Gortban  (fair  field)  ; Gartfarran 
(the  field  of  the  fountain,  fuarati) ; Gartbreck  (spotted 
field) ; Gortnagclock  and  Gortleac  (stony  field)  ; Gor- 
tinure  (the  field  of  the  yew-tree) ; Oulart,  in  Ireland, 
corrupt,  from  Abhalghort  (apple-field,  or  orchard)  ; Huerta, 
in  Spain  (the  orchard) ; Huerta  - del  - rey  (the  king’s 
orchard). 

GRAB  (Sclav.),  the  red  beech  ; eg.  Grabkow,  Grabitz,  Grabig, 
Grabow  (the  place  of  red  beeches) ; Grabin,  Ger.  Finster- 
walde  (the  place  of  red  beeches,  or  the  dark  wood). 


flood) ; Schutzgraben  (the  moat  of  the  defence)  ; Grafton, 
Graffham  (the  moated  town)  ; Gravesend  (the  town  at  the 
end  of  the  moat)  ; Bischofsgraef  (the  bishop’s  trench).  In 
Ireland,  the  prefix  graf  is  applied  to  lands  that  have  been 
grubbed  up  with  a kind  of  axe  called  a graf  an,  hence  such 
names  as  Graffan,  Graffin,  Graffee,  Graffy. 


ing,  rock,  of  the  count) ; Grafenworth,  Gratenhain  (the 
count’s  enclosure)  ; Grafenthal  (the  count’s  valley)  ; Grafen- 
briick  (the  count’s  bridge) ; Grafenmiihle  (the  count’s  mill) ; 


a grave,  a trench,  from  graben,  graf  an,  to 
dig ; eg.  Miihlgraben  (mill  trench,  or 
dam)  ; Vloedgraben  (the  trench  for  the 


GRAF,  GRAAF  (Teut.  and  Scand.), 
GREVE, 

GRABIA,  GROBA,  or  HRABIA  (Sclav.), 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


79 


GRANGE  (Fr.  and  Eng.), 
GRANSHA  (Irish), 

GRANJA  (Span,  and  Port.), 


Gravelines  (the  count’s  corner,  enge).  In  Sclavonic  names, 
Grabik,  Grabink,  Grobitz,  Hrabowa,  Hrabaschin  (the  count’s 
town) ; Grobinow  (count’s  town),  Germanized  into  Kropp^^ 
stadt. 

{a  farm,  or  storehouse  for  grain,  a 

villa,  from  the  Lat.  granariaj  e.g. 

Les  Granges,  in  France  ; La  Granja, 

Spain  ; Grangegeeth  (windy  grange) 

in  Ireland.  From  the  same  root,  Granagh,  Granaghan,  in 

Ireland  (places  producing  grain). 

('r  'i  ( boundary  or  corner ; eg.  Grenzhausen  (the 

.01  ^ \ '!  houses  on  the  boundary)  ; Banai-Militar  Granze 

GRAU  (Sclav.),  ) , , , T .11  r 

( (the  boundary  territory  under  the  government  of 

a military  officer  called  the  Ba7z)  ; Gransee  (at  the  corner 

of  lake),  N eufchatel ; Gran,  Grano,  Granowo  (boundary 

towns),  in  Hungary. 

GRIAN  (Gadhelic), 

GRIANAN,  GRIANACH,  a SUniiy  spot, 


the  sun  ; e.g.  Greenock 
(either  the  sunny  spot,  or 
^ the  knoll  of  the  sun)  ; 
Greanoge  (a  sunny  little  spot)  ; Greenan,  Greenane,  Green- 
’ aun,  in  Ireland  (the  sunny  spot,  or  summer  residence)  ; Inch- 
na-grenach  (the  island  of  the  sunny  spot)  ; Greanan,  in 
Ireland,  sometimes  means  a palace  on  a hill,  as  in  Grenan- 
ston,  CO.  Tipperary,  anc.  Baile-an-ghranan  (the  town  of  the 
palace)  ; Greenan-Ely  (the  palace  of  the  circular  stone  for- 
tress, aileach). 

GRIES  (Ger.),  sand  or  gravel ; e.g.  Griesbach  (sandy  brook) ; 
Griesau,  Griesthal  (sandy  valley)  ; Griesheim  (sandy  dwell- 
ing) ; Grieswang  (sandy  field)  ; Grieskirchen  (the  church . 
on  the  sandy  land)  ; Griesberg  (sand  hill). 


GROD,  GOROD,  GRAD  (Sclav.), 
HRAD  (Turk.), 


a fortified  town ; e.g.  Belgrade  and 
Belgorod  (white  fortress);  Ekater- 
ingrad  and  Elizabethgrad  (the 
fortified  town  of  Catherine  and  Elizabeth)  ; Zaregorod  (the 
fortress  of  the  Czar,  or  Emperor) ; Novgorod  (new  city)  ; 
Paulograd,  Ivanograd  (the  city  of  Paul  and  Ivan,  or  John)  ; 
Gratz,  Gradiska,  Gradizsk,  Gradentz,  Grodek,  Grodno, 


8o 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY, 


Grodzizk  (fortified  towns),  in  Poland  and  Russia ; Hradeck, 
Hradisch,  in  Bohemia. 

GRODEN  (Frisian),  land  reclaimed  from  the  sea  ; e.g,  Moor-groden, 
Oster-groden,  Salz-groden,  places  in  Holland. 

GRON,  GROEN,  GRUN  (Teut.  and  Scand.),  green  ; eg.  Groenloo, 
Gronau  (green  meadow)  ; Grunavoe  (green  bay),  Gruna- 
taing  (green  promontory),  Grunaster  (green  dwelling),  Shet- 
land ; Greenland,  translated  from  Terra-verde  (the  name 
given  to  the  country  by  Cortoreal  in  1500),  but  it  was  dis- 
covered by  an  Icelander  in  the  ninth  century,  and  named  by 
him  Hvitsaerk  (white  shirt)  ; Greenwich,  Lat.  viridus-vicus 
(green  town),  Scand.  Granvigen  (pine  bay). 

GRUND  (Ger.),  a valley  ; e.g.  Amsel-grund,  Itygrund  (the  valleys  of 
the  Amsel  and  Ity)  ; Riesengrund  (giant’s  valley). 

GUADA,  a name  given  to  the  rivers  in  Spain  by  the  Moors,  from 
the  Arabic  Wady  (the  dried-up  bed  of  a river)  ; e.g.  Guad- 
alaviar,  Ar.  Wadi-l-abyadh  (the  white  river) ; Guadalete 
(small  river)  ; Guadalimar  (red  river) ; Guadarama  (sandy 
river) ; Guadalertin  (muddy  river) ; Guadaloupe  (the  wolfs 
river)  ; Guadiana  (the  river  of  joy),  called  also  Gr.  Chry- 
sus  (the  golden) ; Guadalquiver,  Ar.  Wad-al-keber  (great 
river). 

GUE  (Fr.),  a ford,  from  the  Celtic  gwy^  water  ; e.g.  Gue-du- Loire 
(ford  of  the  Loire),  and  Gue-de-l’Isle  (ford  of  the  island)  ; 
Bungay,  in  Suffolk,  on  the  Waveney,  corrupt,  from  Bon-gue 
(good  ford). 

GUISA  (Old  Ger.),  to  gush,  found  in  river  names  ; e.g.  Buachgieso 
(the  bending  stream)  ; Goldgieso  (golden  stream) ; Wisgoz 
(the  white  stream). 

GUNGE  (Sansc),  a market  town  ; e.g.  Saibgunge  (the  market  town 
of  the  Englishman)  ; Futtegunge  (of  victory)  ; Sultangunge 
of  the  Sultan) ; Shevagunge  (of  Siva) ; Jaffiergunge  (of 
Jaffier). 

GUT,  GOED  (Ger.),  a property  ; e.g.  Schlossgut  (the  property  with 
the  castle)  ; Wiistegut  (the  property  in  the  waste  land)  ; but, 
as  a prefix,  it  denotes  good,  as  in  Guttenberg,  Guttenbrun, 
Guttenstein  (the  good  hill,  well,  and  fortress). 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


8r 


, .r  I 1 N i i whitc,  analogous  to  the  Gad- 

GWEN,  GWIN  (Cym.-Ce  .),  I Gwenap  (fair  slope) 

* ( Gwen-dur  and  Derwent  (white  water)*^ 

Berwyn  (white  or  fair  boundary)  ; Corwen  (the  fair  choir) ; 
Ventnor  (the  fair  shore).  Gwent  means  a fair  open  plain, 
and  was  applied  to  Hampshire  and  also  to  Monmouth, 
as  well  as  to  the  coast  of  Brittany,  thus  Winchester  was 
formerly  Caer-gwent  (the  fortress  of  Gwent,  or  the  fair 
plain). 

GWY,  WY  (Cym.-Cel.),  water ; e.g.  the  rivers  Wye,  Elwy,  Llugwy, 
Mynewy,  Gwelly,  Leveny. 


H 

HAAR  (Teut.),  an  eminence ; eg.  Haarlem  (the  eminence  of  the 
clayey  soil,  leeni). 

JO  j\  fa  harbour,  from  half,  the 

HAFEN,  HAVN  (Teut.  and  Scand.),  ’ ^ . .. 

< ocean  ; e.g.  Fnsche-halt 

HOFEN,  HAMM,  | (freshwater  haven)  ; Carls- 

hamm,  Charles’  haven,  Frederickshaven  (named  from  their 
founders)  ; Delfshaven  (the  haven  of  the  canal)  ; Ryehaven, 
Sussex  (the  haven  on  the  rye,  or  bank,  rive) ; Vilshafen  (at 
the  embouchure  of  the  R.  Vils) ; Thorshaven  (the  haven  of 
Thor);  Heiligenhaven  (holy  harbour)  ; Hamburg  (the  town 
of  the  harbour)  ; formerly  Hochburi  (high  dwelling)  ; Soder- 
hamm  (the  south  harbour) ; Osterhafen  (east  harbour)  ; 
Milford- Haven  (a  modern  town  on  the  site  of  the  anc. 
Aber-du-gledian  (the  confluence  of  the  two  swords — a word 
applied  to  streams  by  the  anc.  Britons)  ; Whitehaven,  in 
Cumberland  (named  after  a fisherman  called  White,  who 
had  the  first  house  in  the  place) : Stonehaven  (the  haven 
of  the  rock,  in  allusion  to  the  projecting  rock  which  shelters 
its  harbour). 

HAG,  HAGEN  (Teut.  and  Scand.),  f surrounded  by  a hedge, 

HAIGH,  HAY,  HAIN,  i , an  enclosure,  cognate  with  the 

( Celtic  cae ; e.g.  Hagen,  in 
Germany,  and  La  Haye,  Les  Hayes,  and  Hawes  (the  en- 
G 


E TYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


S2 


closures),  in  France,  Belgium,  and  England ; Hagen- 
bach  (the  hedged-in  brook)  ; Hagenbrunn  (the  hedged-in 
well)  ; Haguenau  (the  enclosed  meadow) ; The  Hague, 
Ger.  Gravenhage  (the  duke’s  enclosure) ; Hain-Grossen 
(great  enclosure) ; Yacobshagen  (James’s  enclosure),  Pome- 
rania ; Haigh  and  Hey  wood  (the  enclosed  wood),  in  Lanca- 
shire ; Urishay  (the  enclosure  of  Uris),  Hereford. 

HAGO,  HEGY  (Hung.),  a hill ; e.g.  Kiraly-hago  (the  king’s  hill) ; 
Szarhegy  (the  emperor’s  hill). 

HAI  (Chinese),  a sea  ; eg.  Hoanghai  (the  yellow  sea)  ; Nankay 
(the  southern  sea). 

HAIDE,  or  HEIDE  (Teut.),  a heath,  or  wild  wood  ; e.g.  Falkenheid 
(the  falcon’s  wood) ; Birchenheide  (the  birch  wood) ; Hohen- 
heid  and  Hochheyd  (high  heath) ; Hatfield,  Hatherley, 
Hatherleigh  and  Hadleigh  (the  heathy  field  or  meadow)  ; 
Hadlow  (heath  hill) ; Haidecke  (heath  corner)  ; Heyde- 
capelle  (heath  chapel),  Holland. 

HAIN  (Ger.),  a grove  or  thicket ; e.g.  Wildenhain  (wild  beasts’ 
thicket) ; Wilhelmshain  (William’s  grove)  ; Langenhain  (long 
thicket)  ; Grossenhain  (thick  grove). 

HALDE  (Ger.),  a declivity ; hald,  Scand.  a rock ; e.g.  Miihlhalde 
(mill  declivity)  ; Leimhalde  (clayey  declivity) ; Frederick’s 
hald  (Frederick’s  rock),  in  Norway. 

HALL,  or  ALH  (Teut.),  a stone  house,  a palace  ; e.g.  Eccleshall 
(church  house),  in  Staffordshire  ; Coggeshall,  Essex  (Gwgan’s 
mansion);  Kenninghall,  Norfolk  (the  king’s  palace),  at  one 
time  a residence  of  the  princes  of  E.  Anglia. 

HALL  and  HALLE,  in  German  topography,  a general  name  for  a 
place  where  salt  is  found  or  manufactured.  The  word  has 
its  root  in  the  Cym.-Cel.  halen,  salt,  Gr.  hals,  the  sea,  cognate 
with  the  Gadhelic  salen  and  the  Teut.  saH,  Lat.  sal.  Hall  and 
Halle,  as  town  names,  are  found  in  connection  with  Salz  ; as 
in  Hall  in  Upper  Austria,  near  the  Salzberg  (a  hill  with  salt 
mines),  and  Hall,  near  the  salt  mines  in  the  Tyrol ; Halle,  in 
Prussian  Saxony,  on  the  R.  Saale  ; Reichenhall  (rich  salt- 
work),  on  the  Saal,  in  Bavaria  ; Hallein,  celebrated  for  its 
salt-works  and  baths , on  the  Salza;  and  Hallstadt,  noted  for 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


83 


its  salt-works ; Hall,  in  Wurtemberg,  near  salt-springs  ; 
Halton,  in  Cheshire,  probably  takes  its  name  from  the  salt 
mines  and  works  in  the  neighbourhood  ; Halys  and  Halycus 
(salt  rivers),  in  Galatia  and  Sicily. 

HAM,  HEIM  (Teut.  and  Scand.),  f ^ or  family  residence,  lite- 

HJEM,HIEM,  shelter,  from 

( heimen,  Ger.  to  cover,  hamay 
A.S.  a covering,  cognate  with  the  Gr.  heimaj  e.g.  Hamp- 
stead (the  home  place) ; Oakhampton  (the  home  dwelling  on 
the  R.  Ocke)  ; Buckingham  (the  home  of  the  Boeings,  or 
dwellers  among  beech-trees)  ; Birmingham,  probably  from 
the  Bermarings  (a  patronymic) ; Addlingham  and  Ed- 
lingham  (the  home  of  the  Athelings,  or  nobles)  ; Horsham 
(the  home  of  Horsa) ; Clapham  (of  Clapha) ; Epsom,  anc. 
Thermce-Ebbisham  (the  warm  springs  of  Ebba,a  Saxon  queen 
and  saint)  ; Flitcham  (of  Felix)  ; Nottingham  (the  town  near 
caves,  snottengd)  ; Shoreham  (the  dwelling  on  the  coast)  ; 
Waltham  (the  dwelling  near  a wood) ; Framlingham  (the 
home  of  the  strangers)  ; Grantham  (Granta’s  home)  ; Ight- 
ham  (the  parish  with  eight  villages),  Kent ; Wrexham,  anc. 
Wrighelsha7n  (of  wreaths) ; Ingelheim  and  Angela  (the  home 
of  the  Angli) ; Ingersheim  (of  Ingra) ; Oppenheim  (of  Uppo)  ; 
Rodelheim  (of  Rodolph).  The  root  word  is  often  joined  to 
the  name  of  a river,  thus — Coleham,  Coverham,  Debenham, 
Jaxtham,  Lenham,  Rotherham,  Trentham,  Tynnyingham, 
Hexham,  or  Hestildisham  (towns  or  villages  on  the  Colne, 
Cover,  Deben,  Jaxt,  Len,  Rother,  Trent,  Tyne,  Hestild)  ; 
Cheltenham  (on  the  Chelt)  ; Oxnam  (on  the  Ouse,  or  water), 
Berwickshire  ; Drontheim,  or  Trondjeim  (throne  dwelling)  ; 
Kaiserheim  (the  Emperor’s  home)  ; Heidelsheim  (the  dwell- 
ing of  Haidulf),  Bavaria  ; Hildesheim  (probably  the  dwelling 
near  the  field  of  battle,  Old  Ger.  hilti,  a battle)  ; Mannheim 
(the  dwelling  of  man),  as  contrasted  with  Ashheim  or 
Asgarth  (the  dwelling  of  the  gods),  Baden.  Ham  is  often 
contracted  into  om,  en,  or  a7n,  &c.  ; as  in  Dokum,  Hol- 
land (the  town  at  the  port)  ; Nehon,  in  Normandy  (Nigel’s 
home)  ; Angeln  (the  home  of  the  Angles)  ; Oppeln  (on  the 


84 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


Oppa)  ; Hameln  (on  the  Hamel) ; Edrom  and  Ednam  (on 
the  Ether  and  Eden),  Berwickshire  ; Hitchen  (on  the  Hiz,  or 
Hitche),  in  Herts  ; Hoym,  for  hoch-heim  (high  dwelling)  ; 
Bohemia  (the  home  of  the  Boii)  ; Dahlen  (valley  dwelling) ; 
Wolsen  (Wolfa’s  dwelling), 

HAMMAN  (Ar.  and  Turk.),  hot  springs  ; e.g.  Hamman-Mousa  (the 
hot  springs  of  Moses)  ; Hamman-Pharoon  (of  Pharaoh) ; 
Hammah-de-Cabes  (the  warm  baths  of  Cabes),  in  N.  Africa  ; 
Alhama  (the  town  of  the  warm  baths),  the  name  of  several 
places  in  Spain. 

HAMMER  (Scand.),  sometimes  signifies  a village  or  small  town,  and 
sometimes  a rock ; eg.  Lillehammer  (the  little  town) ; Oest- 
hammer  (east  village) ; Hamr  (a  steep  place),  in  Shetland  ; 
and  Hammerfeste,  in  the  island  of  Qualoe,  probably  means 
the  rock  {orixts>s,faestung.  In  German  topography,  the  word 
is  generally  connected  with  the  blacksmith’s  hammer,  and  is 
common  in  localities  where  metals  are  worked,  thus — Ham- 
mersmeide  (hammer-smithy) ; Silberhammer  (a  place  for 
silver-works)  near  Dantzic. 

HANG  (Ger.),  a declivity,  hdngen^  to  hang,  A.S.  Jiongianj  eg.  Hang- 
enheim  (the  dwelling  on  the  slope) ; Pannshanger  (Penn’s 
declivity),  Herts  ; Clehonger  (clay  declivity),  Hereford. 

HAR,  HAER,  HEER  (Teut.),  the  army ; e.g.  Herstal,  in  Belgium, 
anc.  Hari-stelle  (army  place)  ; Hargrave  (the  entrenchment 
of  the  army),  Norfolk;  Harbottle  (the  army’s  quarters), 
Northumberland.  In  Edmond’s  names  of  places,  this  prefix, 
as  well  as  hor^  is  referred  to  an  A.S.  word  signifying  hoary, 
under  which  he  places  Harborough,  in  Leicestershire,  the 
name  of  which  is  traced  by  Bailey  to  havre^  oats  ; Harwich, 
Essex  (army  town  or  bay),  where  the  Danes  had  a great 
military  depot. 

HART,  HARZ  (Teut.)  a forest  or  wood,  A.S.  hyrst^  brushwood  ; e.g. 
the  Harz  Mountains,  with  the  town  of  Harzburg  (the  fortress 
on  the  mountain)  ; Harsefeld  (woody  field),  Hanover  ; Hurst 
in  Kent ; Deerhurst  (deer  thicket)  ; Hurst- Monceaux  (the 
wood  of  Monceaux,  probably  a Norman  baron),  in  Sussex  ; 
Lyndhurst  (the  wood  of  lime-trees)  ; Midhurst  (in  the  midst 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


85 


of  wood);  Hawkhurst  (hawk wood);  Gravenhorst  (the  count’s 
wood)  ; Horstmar  (rich  in  wood)  ; Billings’-hurst  (the  wood 
of  the  Billings),  a patronymic  ; Farnhurst  and  Femeyhurst 
(fernywood).  Hart,  in  English  nanies,  is  more  commonly  from 
heart,  the  hart ; as  in  Hartgrove,  Hartland,  Hartley,  Hartfield, 
Hartsford,  Hartshill.  Murrhard,  in  Wurtemberg,  is  the  wood 
on  the  R.  Muhr;  Delmenhorst  (on  the  Delme),  Hanover; 
Sendenhorst  (the  rushy  wood),  Westphalia.  Hart  occasion- 
ally takes  the  form  chart ; as  in  Seal-chart  (holy  wood) ; 
Chart-sutton  (the  wood  at  the  south  town). 

HASEL,  HAEZEL  (Teut.),  the  hazel-tree ; e.g.  Hessle  (the  place  of 
hazel-trees)  ; Haselbrunnen  and  Haselburn  (the  stream  and 
well  of  the  hazels) ; Haslau  (hazel  meadow) ; Heslington 
(the  town  among  hazels)  ; Hasselt,  in  Belgium,  Lat.  Hassele- 
tum  (the  hazel  grove) ; Hasseloe  (hazel  island),  Denmark 
and  Sweden ; Haslingden  and  Hazledean  (the  hollow  of  the 
hazel). 

HATCH,  HAiCA  (A.S.),  a bolt,  a gate,  hence  an  enclosed  dwelling  ; 
eg.  Hatch- Beauchamp  (the  enclosed  dwelling  of  Beau- 
champ) ; Colney-Hatch  (of  Colney)  ; Westhatch,  Somerset ; 
Pilgrim’s  hatch,  Essex, 

HFTirH  i Scotland,  these  words  generally  denote  a 
, , I low-lying  meadow,  between  hills  or  on  the 

( banks  of  a stream.  There  is  no  word  more 
commonly  used  for  a low  place  in  the  south  of  Scotland  than 
haugh.  In  England,  how  and  haugh  come  more  frequently 
from  the  Scand.  hatgr,  a heap  or  mound  often  raised  over 
a grave,  like  the  cairns  in  Scotland ; as  in  Silver-how, 
Butterlip-how ; Haugh,  in  Lincoln ; Haugham  (the  home  near 
the  mound) ; Haughly  (the  meadow  of  the  mound) ; Howden 
(the  valley  of  the  haugr,  or  mound)  ; La  Hogue,  in  France, 
from  haugr  ; Gretna-green  is  the  modern  name  for  Gretati- 
how  (the  great  hollow). 

a head,  a promontory ; eg.  Howth  head,  in 
Ireland,  from  the  Danish  hofed — its  Irish  name 
is  Ben-Eatair  (the  hill  of  Edar)  ; Brunhoubt 
(the  well  head) ; Berghaupt  (hill  head) ; Rucks- 


HOW,  HOPE. 


HAUPT  (Ger.), 
HOVED  (Scand.), 
HEAFOD  (A.S.), 


F6 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


hoft  (ridge  head),  in  Germany  ; Hoft  (the  headland),  in  the 
island  of  Rugen. 

HAUS  (Teut ) dwelling,  allied  to  casa,  Lat.,  It.,  Span,  and 

HUUS  (Scand^ ) J Miihlhausen  (the  mill  houses)  ; Saxen- 

rn  np-  ^ ^ J hausen  (the  dwellings  of  the  Saxons)  ; Wenden- 
u hausen  (of  the  Wends) ; Schaffhausen  (the  houses 

for  ships),  consisting  originally  of  a few  store-houses,  on  the 
banks  of  the  Rhine,  for  the  reception  of  merchandise ; Agger- 
huus  (the  dwelling  on  the  R.  Agger.  This  district  and  river 
in  Norway  seems  to  have  taken  its  name  from  an  agger ^ or 
rampart,  erected  on  the  Aggerfiord  in  1302.  Wardoe-huus 
(the  dwelling  in  the  island  of  the  watch-tower)  ; Holzhausen 
(the  dwellings  at  the  wood)  ; Burghausen  (the  fortified  dwell- 
ings) ; Distilhousen  (houses  among  thistles),  in  Belgium  ; in 
Hungary,  Janoshasa  (John’s  dwelling) ; Oroszhaza  (the  dwell- 
ing of  the  Russians)  ; Egyhaz  (church  house)  Chaise-Dieu, 
Lat.  Casa-Dei  (the  house  of  God),  in  France  ; Chasse-pierre, 
Lat.  casa-petrea  (stone  dwelling),  Belgium;  Casa-bianca 
(white  dwelling),  Brazil. 

f prefixes  with  various  meanings  in  Eng.,  Ger., 
J and  Scand.  topography  ; sometimes  they  mean 
( holy ; as  in  Heligoland  (holy  isle)  ; Heilbron  (holy 
well)  ; Hallidon  and  Heilberg  (holy  hill)  ; Heiligenkreutz, 
Sclav.  Nemet-Kereztur  (the  town  of  the  holy  cross),  belong- 
ing to  the  Germans,  nemetj  Heiligenhaven  (holy  harbour)  ; 
Heiligen-stadt  (holy  town)  ; Halifax  (holy  face),  in  Yorkshire, 
is  said  to  have  been  named  from  an  image  of  John  the 
Baptist  kept  in  a hermitage  at  the  place : Hoxton,  in  Sussex, 
was  originally  Hagel-toun  (holy  town},  because  it  was  there 
that  St.  Edmund  suffered  martyrdom.  Sometimes,  however, 
hell  denotes  a covered  place  ; as  in  Helwell  (the  covered 
well),  Devon — sometimes  it  means  clear  ; as  in  Helle-brunn 
(clear  or  bright  fountain);  Hellefors  (a  waterfall), in  Norway, 
and  Hellgate,  New  York,  seem  to  be  derived  from  Hel  (the 
goddess  of  the  dead)  ; Holyhead,  Welsh  Pe7i-Caer-Gibi 
(the  hill  fort  of  St.  Cybi)  ; Holy  Island,  Lat.  Insula  Sancta^ 
obtained  its  present  name  from  the  monastery  of  St.  Cuth- 


HEL,  HELLE, 
HELGE,  HEIL, 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


bert — its  anc.  name,  Lindisfarne,  is  probably  the  ferry,  fahr, 
of  the  brook  Lindis,  on  the  opposite  shore ; Holywell,  in 
Flint,  took  its  name  from  St.  Winifred’s  well,  celebrated  for 
its  miraculous  cures  ; Holywood,  Dumfriesshire,  Celtic  Der- 
Congal  (the  oak  wood  of  St.  Congal). 

HELLER  (Scand.),  a cave  into  which  the  tide  flows  ; e.g.  Hellr-hals 
(the  cave  neck,  or  strait)  ; Heller-holm  (the  cave  island). 

HELY  (Hung.),  a place  ; eg.  Vasarhely  (market  place)  ; Varhely 
(the  place  of  the  fortress)  ; Marosvasarhely  (the  market- 
place on  the  R.  Maros)  ; Vasarhely-hod-Mezo  (the  market- 
place of  the  beaver’s  meadow) ; Szombathely  (the  place 
where  the  market  is  held  on  Saturday,  szombat)  ; Csolortok- 
hely  (Thursday  market  place). 

HEN  (Cym.-Cel.),  old  ; e.g.  Hentland,  for  Hen-llan  (old  church) ; 
Henlys  (old  palace)  ; Hen-egglys,  in  Anglesea  ; Heji-llan,  or 
St.  Asaph’s  (old  church). 

HENGST  (Scand.),  a horse  ; hence  the  proper  name  Hengist  ; Hen- 
giston,  in  Cornwall  (the  town  of  Hengist,  or  an  enclosure 
for  horses)  ; Hengestdorf,  or  Pferdsdorf  (horse  village) ; 
Hengistridge  (horse  ridge) ; Hinksey  (the  island  or  marshy 
place  of  horses) ; Hinkley  (horses’  field). 

HERR,  HERZOG  (Ger.),  f ^ duke,or  lord ; Herzogenbosch,  Or  Bois 

HERTOG  (Dutch),  \ Hertogspolder 

( (the  duke’s  reclaimed  land) ; Herzogenburg 
(the  duke’s  fortress) ; Herzogenrath  (the  duke’s  cleared  land); 
Herrnsbaumgarten  (the  count’s  orchard) ; Herrnhut  (the 
count’s  tabernacle,  or  dwelling,  founded  by  Count  Zinzendorf, 
in  1722,  for  the  Moravian  Brethren)  ; Herisau,  Lat.  Augia 
Domini  (the  duke’s  meadow),  Switzerland. 

HESE,  HYSE,  or  HEES  (Teut.),  a hedge,  or  thicket ; e.g.  Hessingen 
(the  dwelling  or  field  in  the  thicket)  ; Maashees  (the  thicket 
on  the  R.  Maas)  ; Wolfhees  (wolf  thicket). 

HIT  T ('AS')  HYL  ( elevation,  cognate  with  the  Ger.  hugely  e.g. 

vroT  / 'i  ^ ^ Silver-hill  (named  after  Solva:r,  a Norse  leader, 

( in  the  Lake  District)  ; Hilton,  Hilston  (hill 
town)  ; Woolwich,  anc.  Hyl-vich  (hill  town). 

HjALTi  (Scand.),  a Viking ; e.g.  Hjalpansay,  now  Shapansay  (the 


88 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


Viking’s  island)  ; Hjaltiland,  now  Shetland  (with  the  same 
meaning). 

HINDU  (Pers.),  water ; e.g.  the  Indus,  Inde,  Indre,  and  other  river 
names  ; Hindostan  (the  district  of  the  Indus). 

HIPPO  (Phoen.),  a walled  town  ; e.g.  Hippo,  near  Carthage  ; Oles- 
ippOy  now  Lisbon  ; Oreppo,  Belippo,  Lacippo. 

HIRSCH  (Ger.),  the  hart ; e.g.  Hirzenach  (the  hart’s  stream)  ; Hers- 
brock  (the  hart’s  marsh) ; Hirschberg,  Lat.  Cerva-montem 
(the  hart’s  hill) ; Hirschfeld,  Herschau,  Hirschholm,  Hirsch- 
horn  (the  field,  meadow,  hill,  peak  of  the  harts). 

HISSAR  (Turk.),  a castle  ; e.g.  Kezil-hissar  (red  castle)  ; Kara-hissar 
(black  castle)  ; Demir-hissar  (iron  castle)  ; Eski-hissar  (old 
castle),  anc.  Laodicea;  Guzel-hissar  (white  castle)  ; Sevri- 
hissar  (cypress  castle) ; Sultan-hissar  (the  sultan’s  castle) ; 
Kulci-hissar  (the  castle  on  the  R.  Khelki). 

HITHE  (A.S.),  a haven  ; e.g.  Hythe,  in  Kent ; Greenhithe  (the  green 
haven) ; Lambeth,  anc.  Lomehithe  (clayey  haven)  ; Maiden- 
head, or  Maidenhithe  (the  maiden’s  haven) ; Queenhithe 
(the  queen’s  haven) ; Redriff,  or  Rotherhithe  (the  haven  of 
red  roses)  ; Stepney,  anc.  Stebon-hythe  (Stephen’s  haven,  or 
timber  wharf) ; Erith,  A.S.  Ora-hithe  (shore  haven),  Kent. 

HLINC  (A.S.),  a ridge  ; eg.  Linch,  in  Sussex ; Rouselinch  (Rouse’s 
ridge),  Worcester. 

HO  (Chinese),  a river ; e.g.  Euho  (precious  river) ; Hoangho  (yel- 
low river) ; Peiho  (white  river)  ; Yuho  (imperial  river) ; 
Keangho  (rapid  river). 

HOCH,  HOHEN  (Ger.), 

HEAH,  HEAG  (A.S.),  ...  , ....  . 

(high  hill  fort) ; Homburg-von-der-hohe 

(the  high  fortress  in  front  of  the  height)  ; 
Hochfeld  (high  field)  ; Hochhain  (high  en- 
closure) ; Hochstadt,  Hochstetten,Hochstatten  (high  dwelling 
or  station)  ; Hochwiesen,  Sclav.  Velkopolya  (high  meadow  or 
plain)  ; Hochst  for  Hoch-stadt,  and  Hoym  for  Hoch-ham 
(high  town)  ; Hohenelbi,  anc.  Albipolis  (the  high  town  on  the 
Elbe) ; Hohenlohe  (the  high  woody  meadow) ; Hohenstein 
and  Hohenstauffen  (high  rock)  j Hohenwarth,  Lat.  Alta- 


'"high  ; e.g.  Hohurst  and  Hohenhart  (high 
wood)  ; Hohenberg  (high  hill)  ; Homburg 


HOOG  (Dutch), 
h6he,  a height, 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


So 


specula  (high  watch  tower) ; Hohenzollern  (the  high  place, 
belonging  to  the  Zwolf  family);  Hohenscheid  (the  high  water- 
shed) ; Hockley  (high  place),  Essex  ; Hockliffe  (high  cliff), 
Bedford ; Higham,  High  worth  (high  dwelling  or  manor)  ; 
Highgate  (high  road)  ; Wilhelmshohe  (William’s  high  place). 


HOF  (Tent.), 
HOEVE  (Dutch), 


{an  enclosure,  manor,  or  court ; e.g.  Eynd- 
hoven  (the  manor  at  the  corner) ; Hof  and 
Hoff  (the  enclosure,  or  dwelling),  Belgium  ; 
Stadt-am-hof,  in  Bavaria,  anc.  Curia  Bavarica  (the  place  at 
the  court)  ; Hof-an-der-March  (the  court  or  manor  on  the 
R.  March) ; Schoonhoven  (beautiful  manor),  Holland ; 
Nonnenhof  (the  nun’s  enclosure)  ; Meerhof  (on  the  marshy 
land) ; Peterhof  (the  court  dwelling  founded  by  Peter  the 
Great)  ; Hoff,  in  Iceland,  denotes  a temple. 

HORN  (Old  Ger.),  honi,  alone,  or  as  an  affix,  denotes  a low  place, 
as  in  Die  Hohne  (the  hollows),  in  the  Brocken. 

HOLLE,  HOLE  (Teut.),  a cavern  or  cave  ; hohl^  hollow ; eg.  Hohen- 
linden,  anc.  Hollinden  (the  hollow  place  of  the  lime-trees) ; 
Holland  (the  land  in  the  low  country,  or  the  Netherlands) ; 
also  Holland  (a  low-lying  district  in  Lincolnshire)  ; Holder- 
ness,  anc.  Holdeoranesse  (the  low  promontory  of  the  pro- 
vince of  Deira)  ; Holmer,  in  Hereford  (the  hollow  lake). 
HOLM  (Scand.),  a small  island ; eg.  Flatholm  (flat  isle) ; Steep- 
hold  (steep  isle) ; Priestholm  (the  island  of  the  priest) ; 
Alderholm  (of  the  alders)  ; Holm,  in  Sweden,  and  Hulm, 
in  Norway  (the  island) ; Stockholm,  anc.  Holmia  (the  island 
city,  built  upon  stakes) ; but  holm  also  sometimes  signifies  a 
hill,  as  in  Smalholm  (little  hill),  in  Roxburghshire ; and  Hume 
Castle,  Berwickshire  (on  a hill) ; sometimes  low  meadow-land 
on  the  banks  of  a stream,  as  in  Durham,  anc.  Dim-holmy  or 
Dunelme  (the  fortress  or  hill  on  the  meadow,  almost  sur- 
rounded by  the  R.  Wear)  ; Langholm,  Dumfriesshire  (the 
long  meadow)  ; Denholm  (the  meadow  in  the  hollow)  ; 
Twynholm  (between  the  holms  or  river  banks). 

HOLT,  HOLZ  (A.S.  and  Ger.),  f Aldersholt  and  Alder- 

I shott  (alder-tree  wood) ; Bergholt 
[ (the  hill,  or  town,  in  the  wood) ; 


HOOT  (Dutch), 


90 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


Evershot  (the  wood  of  the  boar,  eofcr)  ; Badshot  (of  the 
badger)  ; Bochholt  (beech  wood) ; Jagerholz  (huntsman’s 
wood)  ; Oosterhout  (east  wood) ; Holzkirchen  (the  church 
at  the  wood) ; Hootenesse  (woody  promontory) ; Eichholt 
(oak  wood)  ; Hasselt,  i.e.  hassel  holt  (hazel  wood) ; Diepholz 
(deep  wood) ; Meerholz  and  Meerhout  (marshy  wood) ; 
Holt  (a  woody  district),  in  Norfolk. 

HOO  (Scand.),  a spit  of  land  running  into  the  sea ; e.g.  the  Hoe  in 
Kent,  and  the  Hoo  in  Surrey ; Sandhoe  (the  sandy  spit)  ; 
Kew,  in  Surrey,  anc.  Kay-hoo  (the  quay  on  the  spit  of 
land). 


HORN  (Ger.), 
HYRNE  (A.S.), 
HOORN  (Dutch), 


{a  horn-like  projection,  or  cape,  jutting  into  the 
sea,  or  a valley  between  hills,  curved  like  a 
horn  ; eg.  Hoorn  (the  promontory),  a seaport 
in  Holland,  from  which  the  Dutch  navigator, 
Schoutens,  named  Cape  Horn,  Hoorn  being  his  birth-place) ; 
Hornburg  (the  town  on  the  projection)  ; Hornby  (corner 
dwelling) ; Horncastle  (the  castle  on  the  promontory) ; Horn- 
berg,  Horndon  (projecting  hill)  ; Hornsea  (the  projection  on 
the  coast) ; Matterhorn  (the  peak  of  the  meadow)  ; Schreek- 
horn  (the  peak  of  terror)  ; Finsteraarhorn  (the  peak  out  of 
which  the  Finster-Aar,  or  dark  Aar — so  called  as  distin- 
guished from  Lauter-Aar,  the  clear  Aar — has  its  source) ; 
Skagenshorn  (the  peak  of  the  Skaw),  Denmark ; Faulhorn 
(the  foul  peak,  so  named  from  the  black  shale,  which  disin- 
tegrates in  water)  ; Wetterhorn  (stormy  peak)  ; Katzenhorn 
(the  cat’s  peak). 

HOUC,  HOOG,  HOCK  (Teut.),  a comer,  or  little  height,  akin  to  the 
Scottish  heiigh,  and  Scand.  haugr,  a crag,  or  cairn  ; e.g. 
Hoogezand,  Hoogeveen  (the  sand  and  marsh  at  the  corner)  ; 
Hoogheyd  (corner  heath)  j Hoogbraek  (the  broken-up  land 
at  the  corner)  ; Stanhoug  (stone  corner). 


f a little  hill ; e.g.  Haidhugel  (heath 
hill)  ; Steinhugel  (stone  hill)  ; Huchel 
( and  Hivel  (the  little  hill)  ; Lindhovel 
(the  hill  of  lime-trees) ; Gieshiibel  (the  hill  with  the  gushing 
brooks). 


HUBEL,  or  HUGER  (Ger.), 
HUEVEL  (Dutch), 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


91 


HUNDRED  (Eng.)  ( ^ supposed  to  have  originally  com- 

HUNTARi  (Cer  ) A pi'ised  at  least  one  hundred  family  dwellings, 

‘ ’ ( like  Cantref  (from  canty  a hundred),  the  name 

of  a similar  division  in  Wales  ; e.g.  Hunderthwaite  (the 
cleared  land  of  the  special  district),  in  Yorkshire. 

HUTTE  (Teut.  and  Scand.),  a shed,  or  cottage,  or  tabernacle  ; eg. 
Mooshutten  (the  huts  in  the  mossy  land)  ; Buxtehude  (the 
hut  on  the  ox  pasture)  ; Huttenweike  (the  huts  at  the  works, 
or  mines) ; Hudemiihlen  (mill  hut) ; Hutton  (the  town  of 
huts) ; Landshut,  in  Bavaria,  does  not  seem  to  be  land’s 
huty  but  the  land’s  defenccy  Ger.  schntZy  as  it  is  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  an  old  fortress  on  the  site  of  a Roman  camp. 

HVER  (Norse),  a warm  bubbling  spring;  eg.  Uxaver  (the  oxen’s 
spring),  in  Iceland. 

I 

I (Gadhelic),  an  island ; eg.  I-Colum-chille,  or  Iona  (the  island 
of  St.  Columba’s  cell) ; lerne,  or  Ireland  {i.e.  the  western 
isle),  or  the  island  of  Eire,  an  anc.  queen. 

lA  (Cel.),  a country,  or  land  ; e.g.  Gallia  (the  country  of  the  Gauls)  ; 
Galatia  and  Galicia,  also  peopled  by  Gauls  ; Vandalusia  (the 
country  of  the  Vandals) ; Batavia  (the  good  land) ; Britaniaor 
Pictavia  (probably  the  land  of  the  spotted  or  painted 
tribes)  ; Catalonia,  corrupt,  from  Gothalonia  (the  land  of 
the  Goths) ; Circassia  (of  the  Tcherkes,  a tribe) ; Croatia 
(the  land  of  the  Chorioats,  or  mountaineers)  ; Suabia  (of  the 
Suevi). 

lACUM,  an  affix  used  by  the  Romans,  sometimes  for  iay  a district, 
sometimes  the  Latinised  form  of  the  adjectival  termination 
achy  belonging  to,  or  achy  water  ; e.g.  Juliers,  Lat.  Juliaami 
(belonging  to  Julius  C^sar) ; Beauvais,  Lat.  Bellovacum 
(belonging  to  the  Bellovaci)  ; Annonay,  Lat.  Annoniacum  (a 
place  for  grain,  with  large  magazines  of  corn) ; Bouvignes, 
in  Belgium,  Lat.  Boviniacum  (the  place  of  oxen)  ; Clameny, 
Lat.  Clameniacum  (belonging  to  Clement,  its  founder) ; 


92 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


Annecy,  Lat.  Anneacum  (belonging  to  Anecius) ; Cognac, 
Lat.  Cogniacum  (the  corner  of  the  water,  coin — Old  Fr. 
coing,  Cel.  cuan). 

lERE,  an  affix  in  French  topography,  denoting  a possession, 
and  generally  affixed  to  the  name  of  the  proprietor  ; eg. 
Guilletiere  (the  property  of  Guillet). 

ILI  (Turk.),  a district ; eg.  Ili-Bosnia  (the  district  of  the  R.  Bosna) ; 
Rumeli  or  Roumelia  (the  district  of  the  Romans). 

ILLIA  (Basque),  a town  ; eg.  Elloirio,  Illora,  Illura  (the  town  on  the 
water,  ura)  ; Lorca,  anc.  Ilhcrcis  (the  town  with  fine  water), 
Spain  ; Elibyrge  (the  town  with  the  tower) ; Elchd,  anc. 
Illici  (town  on  the  hill,  ci)  ; Illiberus  (new  town,  sumamed 
Elne  after  the  Empress  Helena)  ; Oleron,  anc.  Illura  (the 
town  on  the  water). 

IM  and  IN,  a contraction  for  the  Ger.  in  der,  in  or  on  the  ; eg.  Im- 
grund  (in  the  valley) ; Imhorst  (in  the  wood) ; Eimbeck  (on 
the  brook)  ; Im-ruke  (on  the  ridge). 

ING,  INGEN,  an  affix  used  by  the  Teutonic  races,  as  a patronymic, 
in  the  same  sense  as  Mac,  as  a prefix,  is  used  in  Scotland,  ap 
in  Wales,  and  O and  hy  in  Ireland,  as  well  as  Beni  by  the 
Arabs.  Ing  is  generally  affixed  to  the  settlement  of  a chief, 
and  ingen  to  that  of  his  descendants.  Ing,  preceding  hajn, 
ton,  do7t,  dean,  ley,  thorp,  worth,  &c.,  is  generally  an  abbre- 
viation of  ingen,  and  denotes  that  the  place  belonged  to  the 
family  of  the  tribe,  as  in  Bonnington,  CoUington  and  Colling- 
ham,  Islington  (the  home  of  the  Bonnings,  the  I slings,  and 
the  Collings).  In  French  topography,  ingen  takes  the  form 
of  igny,  igne,  or  inges,  and  it  appears,  from  comparing  the 
names  of  many  towns  and  villages  in  England  and  the  N.W. 
of  France  with  those  in  Germany,  that  Teutonic  tribes 
forming  settlements  in  these  countries  transferred  the  names 
of  their  native  land  to  their  new  homes.  For  the  full  eluci- 
dation of  this  subject,  reference  may  be  made  to  “ TayloFs 
Words  and  Places,”  chap,  vii.,  and  the  appendix ; and  to 
“ Edmund’s  Names  of  Places,”  page  58.  Only  a few  ex- 
amples of  the  use  of  this  patronymic  can  be  given  here  ; 
thus,  from  the  Offings — Oving  and  OvingWam,  corresponding 


f 

I 


E TYMOL  OGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


93 


to  the  Ger.  Offingen,  and  the  Fr.  Offignes.  The  Eppings 
— Epping,  Ger.  Eppinghofen  and  Ebbinhausen  ; Fr.  Epagne. 
The  Bings — Eng.  Bing,  Bingham,  Bingley ; Ger.  Bingeru; 
Fr.  Buigny.  The  Basings — Eng.  Basing,  Basingham,  Bes- 
singby ; Ger.  Baisingen  ; Fr.  Bazigny.  The  Raedings — 
Reading,  co.  Berks.  From  the  Moerings,  or  Merovingians, 
many  French  towns  and  villages  are  named ; e.g.  Morigny, 
Marignd,  Merrigny,  Merignac,  &c.  ; in  Ger.  Mohringen  and 
Mahringen ; in  Eng.  Merring,  Merrington.  We  can  some- 
times trace  these  tribe  names  to  the  nature  of  the  localities 
which  they  inhabited.  The  Bucings,  from  which  we  have 
Boking  and  Buckingham,  from  boc,  the  beech-tree ; the 
Durotriges,  from  whom  we  have  Dorset  and  Dorchester, 
are  the  dwellers  by  the  water,  as  well  as  the  Eburovices, 
who  gave  its  name  to  Evreux,  in  France. 

INNER  (Ger.),  opposed  to  ausser  (the  inner  and  outer),  as  in  Inner- 
zell,  Ausserzell  (the  inner  and  outer  church). 


lumba’s  Isle)  ; Inchfad  (long  isle) ; Inchgarvie  (the  rough 
island)  ; Inchard  (high  isle) ; Inch  Cailleich  (the  island  of 
old  women,  or  nuns),  in  Loch  Lomond,  the  site  of  an  anc. 
nunnery  ; Inchmarnoch  (of  St.  Marnock),  in  Frith  of  Clyde  ; 
Inchbrackie  (the  spotted  isle) ; Durness,  in  Sutherland- 
shire,  is  from  Doirbh-innis  (the  stormy  peninsula)  ; Ennis, 
in  Ireland  (the  river  meadow)  ; Ini  shannon  (little  Owen’s 
river  meadow) ; Enniskillen  (Kethlenda’s  isle)  ; Enniskeen 
(beautiful  island)  ; Devenish,  in  Lough  Erne,  is  Daimh- 
inis  (the  island  of  oxen)  ; but  Enniskerry  is  not  from 
this  root,  it  is  a corrupt,  of  Ath-na-scairbhe  (the  rough 
ford);  Orkney  Isles,  Gael.  Orc-inis  (the  islands  of 
whales),  also  called  Earr  Cath  (the  tail  of  Caithness) ; 
Innisfallen,  in  Lake  Kallarney  (the  island  of  Fathlenn)  : 
in  Holland,  Duiveland  (pigeon  island),  and  Eyerlandt 


INNIS  (Gadhelic), 

YNYS,  ENEZ  (Gym.- Cel.), 
INSEL  (Ger.), 

INSULA  (Lat.),  NESOS  (Gr.), 


an  island,  also  in  some  cases  pas- 
ture land  near  water,  or  a peninsula. 
It  often  takes  the  form  of  inch^  as 
in  Inchkeith  (the  island  of  the 
Keith  family)  ; Inchcolm  (St.  Co- 


94 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


(the  island  of  the  sand-bank) ; Eilenburg,  in  Saxony 
(the  town  on  an  island  of  the  Mulda) ; Isla  (the  island), 
in  the  Hebrides ; and  I sola,  a town  in  Illyria  (on  an 
island)  ; Issola,  or  Imo-lsola  (low  island),  in  Italy  ; Lille,  in 
Flanders,  anc.  Lisle,  named  from  an  insulated  castle  in  the 
midst  of  a marsh ; Peloponnesus  (the  island  of  Pelops)  ; 
Polynesia  (many  islands). 


INVER,  or  INBHIR  (Gadhelic), 
INNER, 


I a river  confluence,  or  a creek  at 
J the  mouth  of  a river.  This  word 
[ is  an  element  in  numerous  names 
throughout  Scotland  ; and  although  it  is  not  so  common  in 
Ireland,  it  exists  in  old  names,  such  as  Dromineer,  ioxDruhn- 
inbhir  (the  ridge  of  the  river  mouth).  In  Scotland,  it  is  used 
in  connection  with  aber,  the  word  inver  being  sometimes 
found  at  the  mouth,  and  aber  further  up  on  the  same 
stream,  thus— Abergeldie  and  Invergeldie  (on  the  Geldie) ; 
Abernyte  and  Invernyte,  &c.  ; e.g.  Inversnaid  (the  needle 
or  narrow  confluence,  snathad') ; Innerkip  (at  the  con- 
fluence of  the  Kip  and  Daff),  Renfrew;  Inveresk,  Inver- 
keilor  (at  the  mouth  of  the  Esk  and  Keilor),  in  Mid- 
Lothian  and  Forfarshire  ; Innerleithen  (at  the  confluence  of 
the  Leithen  and  Tweed),  Peebles  ; Inveraven  (at  the  con- 
fluence of  the  Aven  and  Spey)  ; Inverness  (at  the  confluence 
of  the  Ness  with  the  Beuley) ; Inverary  (at  the  mouth  of 
the  Ary)  ; Inverury  (of  the  Urie) ; Inverkeithing  (of  the 
Keith)  ; Inverugie,  or  Peterhead,  anc.  Inverugi  Petri  (the 
headland  at  the  mouth  of  the  Ugie,  with  its  church  dedicated 
to  St.  Peter). 

ITZ,  IZ,  IZCH,  a Sclavonic  affix  signifying  a possession,  dwelling- 
place,  or  tov/n  ; eg.  Carlovitz  (Charles’s  town)  ; Mitrowitz 
(the  town  of  Demetrius)  ; Studnitz  (of  the  fountain) ; Tar- 
govitz  (the  market  town)  ; Trebnitz  and  Trebitsch  (poor 
town)  ; Schwanitz  (swine  town)  ; Madlitz  (the  house  of 
prayer)  ; Publitz  (the  place  of  beans) ; Janowitz  (John’s 
town) ; Schwantewitz  (the  town  of  the  Sclavonic  god, 
Schwantewit). 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


9.5 


J 

JABLON  (Sclav.),  the  apple-tree  ; e.g.  Jablonez,  Jablona,  Jablonk^  , 
Jablonken,  Jablonoko,  Gablenz,  Gablona  (places  abounding 
in  apples). 

JAMA  (Sclav.),  a ditch ; e.g.  Jamlitz,  Jamnitz,  Jamno  (the  place 
with  the  ditch  or  trench  ; Jamburg  (the  town  in  the  hollow 
or  ditch)  ; but  Jamlitz  may  sometimes  mean  the  place  of 
medlar-trees,  from  jemelina  (the  medlar). 

JASOR  (Sclav.),  a marsh  ; eg.  Jehser-hohen  and  Jeser-nieder  (the 
high  and  lower  marsh),  near  Frankfort ; Jeserig  and  Jeserize 
(the  marshy  place). 

JASSEN  (Sclav.),  the  ash-tree  ; e.g.  Jessen,  Jessern,  Jesseu,  Jessnitz 
(the  place  of  ash-trees). 

JAWOR  (Sclav.),  the  maple-tree  ; e.g.  Great  and  Little  Jawer,  in 
Silesia;  Jauer,  in  Russia;  Jauernitz  and  Janerberg,  in 
Russia. 

JAZA  (Sclav.),  a house  ; e.g.  Jaschen,  Jaschwitz,  Jaschiitz. 

JEZIRAH  (Ar.),  an  island  or  peninsula  ; e.g.  Algiers,  or  Al-Jezirah 
(named  from  an  island  near  the  town) ; Al-Geziras  (the 
islands),  near  Gibraltar  ; Alghero  (the  peninsula),  in  Sar- 
) dinia  ; Jezirah-diraz  (long  island),  in  the  Persian  Gulf. 

JOCKUL  (Scand.),  a snow-covered  hill ; eg.  Vatna-Jockull  (the  hill 
with  the  lake) ; Orefa-Jockull  (desert  hill)  ; Torfa-Jockull  (the 
hill  of  Torfa) ; Long-Jockull  (long  hill). 

K 

KAAI,  KAI,  KADE  (Teut.),  a quay,  or  a bank  by  the  water-side  ; 
e.g.  Oudekaai  (old  quay)  ; Kadzand  (the  quay  or  bank  on 
the  sand)  ; Moerkade  (marshy  quay)  ; Kewstoke  (the  place 
on  the  quay)  ; Torquay  (the  quay  ot  the  hill  called  Tor). 

KAHL  (Ger.),  ( bald,  cognate  with  the  Lat.  calvusj  e.g.  Kalen- 

CALO  (A.S.),  ( berg  and  Kahlen-Gebirge  (the  bald  mountains). 

the  emperor,  or  Caesar ; e.g.  Kaisersheim, 
Kaiserstadt  (the  emperor’s  town) ; Kaiser- 
stuhl  (the  emperor’s  seat)  ; Kaisersberg  (the 
emperor’s  fortress),  in  Alsace,  named  from  a 


KAISER  (Ger.), 
KEYSER  (Dutch), 
CYZAR  (Sclav.), 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


q6 


castle  erected  by  Frederick  II.  ; Kaiserslautern  (the  em- 
peror’s place  on  the  Lauter) ; Kaisers werth  (the  emperor’s 
island),  on  the  Rhine ; Keysersdyk  (the  emperor’s  dam), 
Keysersloot  (the  emperor’s  sluice),  Holland  j Cysarowes 
(the  emperor’s  village),  in  Bohemia. 

KALAT,  or  KALAH  (Ar.),  a castle  ; e.g.  Khelat,  in  Belochistan  ; 
Yenikale  (new  castle)  ; Calatablanca  (white  castle),  Sicily  ; 
Calahorra,  in  Spain,  Ar.  Kalat-harral  (stone  castle)  Calata- 
bellota  (the  oak-tree  castle),  Sicily ; Calata-girone  (the  sur- 
rounded castle),  Sicily ; Calatayud  (the  castle  of  Ayud,  a 
Moorish  king)  ; Calatrava  (the  castle  of  Rabah). 

KALT  (Ger.  and  Scand.),  ( “'“J’  f Kalbach  Kallenbach,  Cald- 
cfatdMS^  1 bech  (cold  brook);  Calvorde  (cold 

KOUD  mutch)  ) ’ Caldicott  (cold  hut)  ; Koudum,. 

\ and  Koudhuizen  (cold  houses),  in  Hol- 
land ; Kaldenkirchen  (the  cold  church). 

KAMEN  (Sclav.),  a stone;  eg.  Camentz,  Kemmen,  Kammena,. 
Kamienetz  (the  stony  place)  ; Kamminchen  (the  little  stony 
place),  a colony  from  Steenkirchen  ; Chemnitz  (the  stony 
town,  or  the  town  on  the  stony  river) ; Kersnakaimai  (the 
Christian’s  stone  house)  ; Schemnitz  (the  stony  town),  in 
Silesia. 

KARA  (Turk.),  black ; eg.  Karamania  (the  country  of  the  black 
people)  ; Karacoum  (the  black  sand),  in  Tartary ; Kara-su- 
Bazar  (the  market-town  on  the  black  river)  ; Kara-Tappeh 
(the  black  mound),  Persia;  Kartagh  and  Karataon  (black 
mountain  chains),  in  Turkey  and  Tartary  ; Kara-Dengis, 
(the  Turkish  name  for  the  Black  Sea). 

KEHLE  (Ger.),  a gorge  or  defile  ; eg.  Bergkehle  (hill  gorge)  ; Hund- 
kehle  (the  dog’s  defile)  ; Langkehl  (long  gorge)  ; Kehl  (the 
gorge),  in  Baden  ; Schuylkill  (the  hidden  gorge),  a river  in 
America.  This  word  is  cognate  with  the  Gk.  koilos,  hollow, 
found  in  the  name  Coelesyria  (the  hollow  Syria). 

KESSEL,  KEZIL  (Ger.),  { topography 

KYTEL  ("AS)  -/  to  a bowl-shaped  valley,  surrounded  by 

( hills  ; eg.  Ketel,  in  Holstein  ; Kessel,  in 
Belgium ; Kessel-loo  (the  low-lying  grove  or  swamp),  Bel- 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


97 


gium  ; Kesselt  (the  low-lying  wood),  Belgium  ; Kettle,  or 
King’s-kettle(the  hollow),  in  Fife,  in  the  valley  of  the  Eden,  and 
belonging  formerly  to  the  crown  ; but  such  names  as  Kessel- 
stadt,  Kesselham,  Kettlesthorpe,  and  Kettleshulme,  are  pro- 
bably connected  with  a personal  name,  Chetil,  or  Kettle,  being 
common  names  with  the  Teutons  and  Scandinavians. 

a church.  The  usual  derivation  of 
the  word  is  from  kuriake,  Gr.  oikos- 
kuriouy  the  Lord’s  house ; e.g.  Kirk- 
ham,  Kerkom,  Kirchdorf  (church 


KiRCHE  (Ger.  and  Scand.), 
CYRIC  (A.S.), 

KERK  (Dutch), 


town)  ; Kirchhof  (church  court)  ; Kirchwerder  (church 
island),  in  an  island  in  the  Elbe  ; Kirchditmold  (the  church 
at  the  people’s  place  of  meeting)  ; Kirkbean  (St.  Bean’s 
church)  ; Kirkaldy  (the  Culdee’s  church)  ; Kirkcolm  and 
Kirkconnal  (the  churches  of  St.  Columba  and  St.  Connal)  ; 
Kirkliston  (the  church  of  the  strong  fort),  founded  by  the 
Knights  Templars,  in  Linlithgow  ; Kirkoswald  (named  after 
Oswald,  king  of  Northumberland) ; Kirkmabreck  (the 
spotted  church)  ; Kirkurd,  in  Peeblesshire,  Lat.  Ecclesia  de 
Orde  or  Horda  (the  church  of  Orde,  a personal  name)  ; 
Kirkwall,  Norse  Kirk-ju-vagr  (the  church  on  the  bay)  ; 
Hobkirk  (the  church  in  the  hope,  or  valley)  ; Lady  kirk,  in 
Berwickshire  (dedicated  to  the  Virgin  Mary  by  James  IV., 
on  his  army’s  crossing  the  Tweed,  near  the  place)  ; Falkirk 
(supposed  to  be  the  church  on  the  Vallu7n,  or  wall  of  Agri- 
cola) ; its  Gaelic  name  was  Eglais-bhrac,  spotted  church)  ; 
Stony-kirk,  in  Wigtonshire,  corrup.  of  Steenie-kirk  (St. 
Stephen’s  church)  ; Kirkcudbright  (the  church  of  St.  Cuth- 
bert)  ; Kirkmaiden  (of  St.  Medan) ; Carmichael,  for  Kirk- 
Michael  (St.  Michael’s  church),  Lanarkshire  ; Carluke  (the 
church  of  St.  Luke)  ; Funfkirchen  (the  five  churches) ; Holz- 
kirchen  and  Hoodkerque  (the  church  in  the  wood)  ; Cost, 
corrup.  of  Aagst-Kirche  (the  venerable  church),  in  Belgium  ; 
Bridchurch  (St.  Bridget’s  church),  in  Cumberland  ; Selkirk, 
anc.  Sella-chyrche-Regis  (the  seat  of  the  king’s  church, 
originally  attached  to  a royal  hunting-seat)  ; Laurencekirk 
(the  Church  of  St.  Laurence). 

H 


98 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


Kis  (Hung.),  little  ; e.g.  Kis-cseg  (little  corner),  Transylvania. 

KLAUSE,  KLOSTER,  a place  shut  in,  from  the  Lat.  claudo,  also  a 
cloister  ; e.g.  Klausen  (the  enclosed  place),  Tyrol ; Klausen- 
burg,  Hung.  Kolos-var  (the  enclosed  fortress)  ; Klausenthal 
(the  enclosed  valley);  Kloster-Neuburg  (the  new  town  of  the 
cloister  or  monastery)  ; Chiusa,  in  Tuscany,  anc.  ClMsiiim 
(the  enclosed  or  shut-in  place)  ; but  klaus,  as  a prefix,  may 
be  Klaus,  the  Ger.  for  Nicholas,  and  is  sometimes  attached 
to  churches  dedicated  to  that  saint. 

KLEIN  (Ger.),  little  ; e.g.  Klein-eigher  (little  giant),  a mountain  in 
Switzerland. 


CNAP  (Celtic), 


KNAB,  KNOPF,  CNAEP  (Scand.  and  Teut.),  ( ^ j Noop- 

J noss  (the  projecting 

( point)  ; Knabtoft  (the 
farm  of  the  hillock) ; The  Knab,  in  Cumberland ; Knapen 
Fell  (the  hill  with  the  protuberance),  Norway  ; Knapdale 
(the  valley  of  hillocks),  Argyleshire  ; Knapton,  Knapwell 
(the  town  and  well  near  the  hillock) ; Snape  (the  hillock),  in 
Suffolk  and  Yorkshire ; Nappan  (little  hillock),  and  Knap- 
pagh  (hilly  land),  in  Ireland. 

( a hillock ; e.g.  Knowle,  and  Knoyle  (the  hillock) ; 
J Knowl-end  (hill  end) ; Knowsley  (hill,  place,  or 
( field)  ; Knowstone  (hill  town). 

KOH  (Pers.),  a mountain ; e.g.  Koh-baba  (the  chief  or  father  moun- 
tain) ; the  Caucasus  (mountain  on  mountain)  ; Hindu- Kush 
(the  Indian  Caucasus) ; Kuh-i-Nuh  (Noah’s  mountain),  or 
Ararat ; Kashgar  (the  mountain  fortress). 

KOI  (Turk.),  a village  ; e.g.  Kopri-koi  (bridge  village)  ; Haji-Veli- 
koi  (the  village  of  the  pilgrim  Veli). 


KNOLL  (Teut.), 
KNOW, 


KONIG  (Ger.), 
CING  (A.S.), 


f a king  ; e.g.  Kbnigshofen  (the  king’s  court)  ; 
J Konigheim  (the  king’s  dwelling)  ; Konigsbrunii 
( (the  king’s  well)  ; Konigshain  (the  king’s  en- 
closure) ; Konigshaven  (the  king’s  harbour) ; Konigstein 
(the  rock  fortress)  ; Coningsby,  Conington,  Coniston,  Kings- 
bury, places  in  England  where  the  Anglo-Saxon  kings 
often  held  their  courts  ; Kingston,  in  Surrey,  where  their 
kings  were  generally  crowned ; Kingston,  or  Hull,  upon 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


99 


KOPF,  KOPPE  (Ger.), 
KUPA,  (Sclav.), 

CABO  (Span.), 


R.  Hull,  Yorkshire,  named  after  Edward  I.  ; Kingston,  co. 
Dublin,  named  in  commemoration  of  George  IV.’s  visit  to 
Ireland;  Kingston,  in  Jamaica,  named  after  William  IILf^ 
Koniggratz,  Sclav.  Kralowitz  (king’s  fort),  Bohemia. 

a headland,  or  mountain  peak,  cognate 
with  the  Lat.  caput;  e.g.  Catzenkopf  (cat’s 
head) ; Schneekopf  (snowy  peak) ; Ochsen- 
kopf  (the  oxen’s  peak) ; Riesenkoppe  (giants’ 
peak) ; Perekop,  in  Russia  (the  gate  of  the  headland) ; Vogels- 
kuppe  (the  birds’  hill)  ; Cape  Colonna  (the  headland  of  the 
pillars),  named  from  the  ruins  of  a temple  of  Minerva ; 
Kuopio  (on  the  headland),  in  Russia  ; Cabeza-del-buey  (ox- 
head),  in  Spain  ; Cabeciera  (black  headland),  in  Spain  ; 
Capo-d’Istria  (the  summit  of  Istria). 

KOPRI,  KUPRI  (Turk.),  a bridge  ; eg.  Vezir-kopri  (the  vizier’s 
bridge)  ; Keupri- bazaar  (the  market-town  at  the  bridge) ; 
Keupris  (bridge  town),  in  Turkey. 

KOS  (Sclav.),  a goat ; eg.  Koselo  (goat’s  river)  ; Koslin  (goat  town), 
in  Pomerania. 

KOSCIOL  (Sclav.),  a Romish  church  ; eg.  Kostel,  Kosteletz  (town 
with  the  Romish  church)  ; a Protestant  church  being  called 
Zbor,  and  the  Greek  church  Zerkwa. 

KRAL,  KROL  (Sclav.),  a king ; eg.  Kralik,  Kralitz,  Krolow,  Kraliewa, 
Kralowitz  (king’s  town  or  fort). 

t beautiful ; e.g.  Krasnabrod  (beautiful  ford) ; 

J Krasnopol  (beautiful  city);  Krasno-Ufimsk 
(beautiful  town  on  the  Ufa) ; Krasna,  and 
Krasne  (the  beautiful  place). 

KRE  (Sclav.),  a coppice  ; e.g.  Sakrau,  Sakrow  (behind  the  coppice), 

KREM,  KRIMM  (Sclav.),  a stone  building,  a fortress ; e.g.  the 
Kremlin  (the  stone  fort  of  Moscow)  ; Kremmen,  Kremenetz, 
and  Kremnitz,  Kremmenaia,  Kremenskaia,  towns  in  Russia, 
Poland,  and  Lusatia. 

KRIES  (Ger.),  a circle  ; e.g.  Saalkries  (the  circle  watered  by  the  R. 
Saal)  ; Schwartswald-kries  (the  circle  of  the  Black  Forest). 

KRONE,  KRON  (Teut.  and  Scand.),  a crown  ; e.g.  Cronstadt,  or 
Kronstadt  (crown  city),  in  Hungary  ; Cronstadt,  in  Russia, 


KRASNA  (Sclav.), 
KRASNO, 


100 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


founded  by  Peter  the  Great ; Carlscrone  (Charles’s  crown)  ; a 
Konigscrone  (the  king’s  crown)  ; Lands  crone  (the  crown  or  I 
summit  of  the  land),  a mountain  and  town  in  Silesia — also  I 
with  the  same  meaning,  Landscrona,  in  Sweden  ; Kron,  t 
however,  as  a prefix^  comes  occasionally  from  kraJin^  the  j!l 
crane,  as  in  Kronwinkel  (the  crane’s  corner).  || 

KRUG  (Ger.),  a small  inn  ; e.g.  Dornkriig  (Thorn  inn) ; Kriigmiihle  IH 
(the  mill  at  the  inn).  L 


a lake,  cognate  with  the  Lat.  lacus  ^ , 
and  the  Celtic  lock  or  Iwch.  These  ! 
words  in  all  these  languages  meant  j/,  j 
originally  a hollow,  from  the  roots  j 
lag,  lug,  and  Gr.  lakosj  eg.  Lachen,  , 
Lat.  Ad-Lacum  (at  the  lake),  a town  on  Lake  Zurich  ; Inter-  > 
lachen  (between  the  lakes),  Switzerland  ; Biberlachen  (beaver  ^ 
lake) ; Lago-Maggiore  (the  greater  lake),  with  reference  to 
Lake  Lugano,  which  itself  means  the  lake  or  hollow  ; Lagoa 
(on  the  lake  or  marsh),  in  Brazil ; Lagow  (on  the  lake),  ^ , 
Prussia  ; Lagos,  in  Portugal  (on  a large  bay  or  lake)  ; \ \ 
Laguna  de  Negrillos  (the  lake  of  the  elms).  Laguna  \ 
Encinillos  (of  the  evergreen- oaks),  Spain  ; Laach,  in  the  ; ’ 
Rhine  Province  (situated  on  a lake,  the  crater  of  an  extinct  ||' 
volcano)  ; Anderlecht,  or  Anderlac  (at  the  lake  or  marsh),  « 
Belgium  ; Chablais,  Lat.  Caput-lacencis  (at  the  head  of  the  K 
lake,  i.e.  of  Geneva) ; Missolonghi,  i.e.  Mezzo-Laguno  (in  ‘ j 
the  midst  of  a marshy  lagoon) ; Beverley,  anc.  Biberlac  (the  fjl 
beaver  lake  or  marsh).  i 

LAD  (Scand.),  a pile  or  heap  ; e.g.  Ladhouse,  Ladhill,  Ladcragg, 

Ladrigg,  in  Cumberland  (the  house,  hill,  crag,  ridge  of  the  { \ 
mound  or  pile),  probably  named  from  a heap  or  cairn  }i 
erected  at  the  grave  of  some  Norse  leader. 

LADE,  or  LODE  (A.S.),  a way,  a passage,  a canal ; e.g.  Ladbrook 
(the  passage  of  the  brook) ; Leachlade,  in  Gloucester  (the 
passage  of  the  R.  Leach  into  the  Thames) ; Evenlade  (at 
the  brink  of  the  passage  or  stream)  ; Cricklade,  anc.  Crecca- 


LAC  (Fr.), 

LACHE  (Ger.), 

LAGO  (It.,  Span.,  and  Port.), 
LAGUNA, 


I 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


lor 


LAEN 

LEHEN, 


elade  (the  creek  at  the  opening  or  entrance  of  the  Churn 
and  Key  into  the  Thames). 

/Teut ) ( leased  out,  a fief ; e.£-.  Kingsland,  or  Kings-- 
’ * J laen,  in  Middlesex,  Hereford,  and  Orkney  ; King’s 
[Lynn,  in  Norfolk,  from  the  same  root;  Haylene 
(the  enclosed  fief),  Hereford;  Leen,  Hereford;  Lenham 
(the  dwelling  on  the  Laen) ; Lenton,  with  the  same  meaning. 

LAESE  (A.S.),  pasture,  literally  moist  land  ; e.g-.  Lewes,  in  Sussex  ; 
Lewisham  ; and  Lesowes,  in  Worcester ; Leswalt  (wood  pas- 
ture), Dumfriesshire. 


LAAG,  LAGE  (Ger.), 
LOOG  (Dutch), 


( a site,  a low-lying  field  ; e.g.  Brawenlage 
(brown  field)  ; Wittlage  (white  field  or  wood 
( field)  ; Blumlage  (flowery  field)  ; Miihlen- 
loog  (the  mill  field  or  site)  ; Dinkellage  (wheat  field).  The 
word  is  also  used  as  an  adjective  for  low  ; e.^.  Loogkirk 
(low  church)  ; Loogheyde  (low  heath)  ; Loogemeer  (low 
lake)  ; Laaland  (low  island). 

( a hollow,  cognate  with  the  Lat.  lams  and 
the  Gr.  lakkos  j e.g.  Logie  (the  hollow),  in 
[ Stirling ; Logie,  on  the  R.  Almond,  and 
Logie,  in  Buchan  ; Logie  Loch,  and  Laggan  Loch  (the  lake 
in  the  hollow)  ; Logan  (the  little  hollow)  ; Logi e-bride  (St. 
Bridget’s  hollow) ; Muirlaggan  (the  great  hollow)  ; Laggan- 
mullin  (the  hollow  of  the  mill)  ; Logierait  (the  hollow  of  the 
rath  or  castle) ; in  Ireland,  Legachory,  Lagacurry,  Lega- 
curry  (the  hollow  of  the  pit  or  caldron,  coire)  ; Lugduff  (dark 
hollow) ; Lagnieu,  in  France,  anc.  Lagniacum  (the  place 
in  the  hollow  of  the  waters) ; Laconia  (in  the  hollow),  in 
Greece. 


LAG,  LUG  (Gadhelic), 
LUCKE  (Ger.), 


an  enclosure,  a church,  a house  ; but  the  word 
seems  to  have  had  originally  the  same  meaning 
as  the  Teut.  and  Scand.  land.  It  is  more 
common  in  Wales  than  in  Ireland  or  Scotland, 
and,  in  its  signification  of  a church,  forms  the  groundwork  of 
a vast  number  of  Welsh  names.  In  Ireland,  it  means  a 
house  as  well  as  a church,  as  in  Landbrock  (the  badger’s 
house)  ; there  is  also  Landmore  (the  great  church),  in  Lon- 


LANN  (Gadhelic), 
LLAN  (Cym.-Cel.), 
LAND  (Teut.), 


102 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


donderry  ; Landahussy  (O’Hussy’s  church),  Tyrone  ; and 
Lanaglug  (the  church  of  the  bells).  It  is  not  frequent  in 
Scotland,  but  the  more  modern  name  of  Lamlash,  in  the 
Island  of  Arran,  formerly  Ard-na-Molas,  seems  to  mean 
the  church  or  enclosure  of  St.  Molas ; Lambride,  from 
Lannbride  (St.  Bridget’s  church)  ; Lumphanan,  from  Lann- 
Finan  (St.  Finnan’s  church).  The  derivation  of  Lanark, 
anc.  Lanerk,  is  probably  from  the  Welsh  Llanerch 
(a  distinct  spot  or  piece  of  ground).  There  are  many 
examples  of  the  word  in  Brittany  ; e.g.  Lanleff  (the  enclosure 
on  the  R.  Leff)  ; Lanmeur  (great  church)  ; Lannion  (the 
little  enclosure)  ; Landerneau  (the  enclosure  on  the  water)  ; 
and  Lannoy.  Launceston,  in  Cornwall,  is  corrupted  from 
Llan-Stephen  (St.  Stephen’s  church)  ; but  the  greatest  num- 
ber of  our  examples  must  be  taken  from  Wales.  There  are 
Lantony,  or  Llan-Ddevinant  (the  church  of  St.  David  in  the 
valley  of  the  Hodeny)  ; Llan-Dewi-Aberarth  (St.  David’s 
church  at  the  mouth  of  the  Arth)  ; Lampeter  (the  church  of 
St.  Peter) ; Llan-Asaph  (of  St.  Asaph)  ; Llanbadern-fawr 
(the  great  church  founded  by  Paternus) ; Llandelovawr  (of 
Feilo  the  great)  ; Llandewi-Brefi  (St.  David’s  church  on  the 
Brewy)  ; Llandovery,  abbreviated  from  Llan-ym-ddyfroedd 
(the  church  among  the  rivers,  at  the  confluence  of  three 
streams)  ; Llanudno  (of  St.  Tudno)  ; Llanelly  (of  St.  Elian) ; 
Llanfair  (of  St.  Mary)  ; Llanfihangel  (of  the  angel)  ; Llan- 
gadogvaur  (of  St.  Cadoc  the  great);  Llangeler  (of  St.  Celert); 
Llangollen  (of  St.  Collen) ; Llanidloes  (of  St.  Idloes) ; 
Llaniestyn (of  St.  Constantine);  Llannethlin, anc. Mediolanum 
(the  church  among  pools  or  marshes) ; Llantrissant  (of 
three  saints) ; Llanddeusaint  (of  two  saints)  ; Lagny,  a 
town  in  France,  anc.  Laniacum  (the  church  on  the  stream). 
From  the  Teut.  land.,  signifying  a country  or  district,  some 
names  may  come  appropriately  under  this  head — Monk- 
land,  in  Lanarkshire  (belonging  to  the  monks)  ; Natland 
(the  land  of  horned  cattle),  Norway  ; Sutherland  (the  land  to 
the  south  of  Caithness)  ; Cumberland  (the  land  of  the 
Cymbri,  being  part  of  the  British  kingdom  of  Cumbria) ; 


i 

ii 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


103 


LAR,  LAAR,  LEER  (Old  Ger.), 
LAER  (A.S.), 

LATHAIR,  or  LAUER  (Gadhelic), 


Friesland  (of  the  Frisii)  ; Beveland  (of  the  oxen  or  beeves)  ; 
Baardland  (of  the  Lombards). 

f a site,  a bed  ; and  in  Ger.,  ac- 
\ cording  to  Buttman,  a field ; 
i in  topography,  synonymous 
V with  /a^-ey  e.g.  Goslar  (the 
site  on  the  R.  Gose)  ; Somplar  (marshy  field)  ; Wittlar 
(woody  field  or  site)  ; Dinklar  (wheat  field)  ; Wetzlar,  anc. 
Wittlara  (woody  site)  ; Wassarlar  (watery  field)  ; Noord- 
laren  (the  northern  site)  ; Lahr  (a  town  in  Baden).  In 
Ireland,  the  word  is  found  in  the  forms  of  laragh  and  lara; 
eg.  Laraghleas  (the  site  of  the  fort)  ; Laraghshankill  (of  the 
old  church) ; Caherlarig  (the  site  of  the  stone  fort).  Lara, 
however,  sometimes  is  a corrup.  of  Leath-rath,  half  rath,  as 
in  Laragh,  West  Meath  ; Latheron  (the  site  of  the  seal),  in 
Caithness. 

f a current,  a rapid,  from  lattfen,  Ger.  ; 

hlatipen,  Scand. ; hleapen,  A.S.,  to  run, 
( to  leap  ; eg.  Laufen  (the  rapids  on  the 
R.  Salzach) ; Lauffenberg  (the  town  near  the  rapids  of  the 
Rhine)  ; Laufnitz  (the  leaping  river)  ; Lauffen  (on  the  rapids 
of  the  R.  Inn)  ; Laxleip  (the  salmon-leap),  in  Ireland ; Beek- 
loop  (brook  cataract),  in  Holland ; Loop- Head,  co.  Clare, 
Irish  Leim-Chon-Chuillin  (Cuchullin’s  Leap). 

/ a hill ; e.g.  Houndslow  (the  dog’s  hill) ; 
\ Ludlow  (the  people’s  hill)  ; Lawford  (the  ford 

(near  the  hill)  ; Greenlaw,  in  Berwickshire, 
the  modern  town  is  on  a plain,  but  old 
Greenlaw  was  on  a hill ; Marlow  (chalk  or  marshy  hill) ; 
Winslaw  (the  hill  of  victory) ; Wardlaw  (guard  hill) ; Hadlow, 
anc.  Haslow  (hazel  hill). 

LAYA  (Sansc.),  an  abode  ; e.g.  Hurrial,  for  Arayalaya  (the  abode  of 
Hari,  or  Vishnu)  ; Naglaya  (the  abode  of  snakes)  ; Himalaya 
Mountains  (the  abode  of  snow). 

f a flat  stone,  found  as  lick  and  leek  in  topo- 
< graphy,  cognate  with  the  Lat.  lapis  and 
( the  Gr.  lithos ; e.g.  Lackeen,  Licken  (the 


LAUF,  LAUFEND  (Ger.), 
LOOP  (Dutch), 


LAW  (A.S.),  hleaw^ 
LOW, 

LAGH  (Irish), 


LEAC  (Gadhelic), 
LLECH  (Cym.-Cel.), 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


little  stone)  ; Slieve  League  (the  mountain  of  the  flagstones)  ; 
Belleek,  Irish  Bel-leice  (the  ford  of  the  flagstone),  near  Bally- 
shannon  ; Lackagh  (full  of  stones)  ; Lickfinn  (white  flag- 
stone) ; Duleek,  anc.  Doimhliag  (the  stone  house  or  church), 
in  Ireland  ; Achleach,  Auchleach,  Auchinleck  (the  field  of 
the  flagstones)  ; Harlech,  in'  Merioneth,  i.e.  Hir-llech  (long 
stone)  ; Tre-llech  (stone  dwelling)  ; Llech-rhyd  (the  ford  of 
the  flat  stone) ; Leek,  Lech,  Leckbeck  (the  stony  rivers) ; 
Leckfield  (the  field  on  the  R.  Leek). 

LEAMHAN  (Gadhelic),  the  elm-tree ; e.g.  the  rivers  Laune  at  Killarney 
and  Leven  (the  elm-tree  stream)  ; Lennox,  or  Levenach  (the 
district  of  the  R.  Leven),  the  anc.  name  of  Dumbartonshire  ; 
Lislevane  (the  fort  of  the  elm-tree).  According  to  Mr. 
Skene,  the  rivers  Leven  in  Dumbartonshire  and  Fife  have 
given  their  names  to  Loch  Lomond  and  to  Loch  Leven, 
while  in  each  county  there  is  a corresponding  mountain  or 
hill  called  Lomond. 

LEARG  (Gadhelic),  the  slope  of  a hill ; eg.  Largy,  in  Ireland ; 
Lairg,  Sutherland  ; Largs,  in  Ayrshire,  and  Largo,  in  Fife, 
from  this  word.  Largan  (the  little  hill-slope) ; Largyna- 
greena  (the  sunny  hill-slope)  ; Larganreagh  (grey  hill-slope), 
Ireland. 

LEBEN  (Ger.),  a possession,  an  inheritance.  Forsteman  thinks  the 
word  is  derived  from  the  Old  Ger.  laihan^  to  leave  or  be- 
queath, cognate  with  the  Gr.  leipo^  and  not  from  leben,  to 
live ; eg.  Leibnitz,  anc.  Dud-leipen  (the  inheritance  of 
Dudo)  ; Ottersleben  (of  Otho)  ; Ritzleben  (of  Richard)  ; 
Germersleben  (of  Germer) ; Osharsleben  (of  Ausgar)  ; San- 
dersleben  (of  Sander)  ; Hadersleben  (of  Hada). 


Lambourn  (the  muddy  brook)  ; Leemkothen  (the  mud  huts). 

LEITER  (Gadhelic),  the  slope  of  a hill ; e.g.  Ballater  (the  town  on 
the  sloping  hill),  in  Aberdeenshire  ; Letterfearn  (the  alder- 
tree  slope),  Ross-shire  ; Letterkenny  (the  hill  - slope  of 
the  O’ Cannons)  ; Letterkeen  (beautiful  slope)  ; Letter- 


LEHM  (Ger.), 

LAAM  (A.S.),  LEEM  (Dutch), 


clay,  mud  ; e.g.  Learn  (the  muddy 
river)  ; Leamington  (on  the  Leam)  ; 
Lehmhurst  (the  clayey  wood) ; 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY, 


105 


mullen  (Meallan’s  hill-slope) ; Letterbrick  ^the  badger’s 
hill-slope) ; Letterlickey  (the  hill-slope  of  the  flagstone), 
Ireland. 

LEOD  (AS)  ( 5 Lauterburg  (the  people’s  town),'^in 

LEUTE  ((ieO  1 Prussia  ; Liege,  Ger.  Liittich,  anc.  Leodicus-vicus  , 
^ ^ I (the  people’s  town) — the  hill  on  which  the  citadel 

stands  was  called  Puhles-7nont  (the  people’s  hill)  ; Leeds,  in 
Yorkshire,  anc.  Loidis  (the  people’s  town,  according  to 
Bayley  ; Whittaker  makes  it  the  town  of  Loidi,  a proper 
name)  ; but  Leeds,  in  Kent,  is  said  to  have  been  named  from 
Ledian,  Chancellor  of  Ethelred  II. 

LESSO,  LESSE  (Sclav.),  a wood  or  thicket ; e.g.  Leske,  Leskau,  Les- 
sau.  Lessen,  Lissa  (woody  place),  towns  in  Prussia  ; Lesch- 
nitz,  in  Silesia,  and  Leizig,  Saxony,  with  the  same  meaning  ; 
Leschkirch  (wood  church),  Transylvania ; Liezegorike 
(woody  hill). 

LEY,  LEA  (A.S.),  LEGE,  a district,  in  English  topography  generally 
applied  to  an  open  field  or  meadow  ; eg.  Leigh  (the  meadow 
land) ; Berkeley,  Thornley,  Oakley,  Auchley,  Alderley, 
Hasley  (the  meadow  of  the  birch,  thorn,  oak,  alder,  hazel)  ; 
Hagley  (the  enclosed  meadow) ; Horsley  (the  meadow  of 
Horsa,  or  of  the  horses) ; Brachley  (of  the  ferns  or  brackens)  ; 
Brockley  (of  the  badger) ; Hindley  (of  the  stag) ; Loxley 
(of  Loki,  a Scandinavian  deity)  ; Ashley  (ash-tree  meadow)  ; 
but  Ashley,  S.  Carolina,  was  named  after  Lord  Ashley,  in 
the  reign  of  Charles  II.  ; Morley  (moor-field)  ; Stanley  (stony 
field) ; Bisley  (bean-field) ; Cowley  (cow-field)  ; Linley  (flax- 
field)  ; Monkley  (monk’s  field)  ; Tarporley,  in  Cheshire, 
corrup.  from  Thorpeley  (the  farm-field  or  meadow) ; Ofley 
(the  field  of  Offa)  ; Audley  (of  Ethelred)  ; Waverley  (the 
meadow  of  the  R.  Way)  ; Chorley  (of  the  Chor)  ; Bosley 
(Bodolph’s  field) ; West  Leigh,  North  Leigh,  Leighton  (from 
the  same  root) ; Satterleigh  (the  meadow  of  Seator,  an 
Anglo-Saxon  deity). 

LIN  (Esthonian),  a fort  or  town  ; e.g.  Ria-lin,  now  Riga  (the  fortress 
of  the  Rugii),  in  Russia  ; Pernau,  anc.  Perna-lm  (the  lime- 
tree  fort) ; Tepelin  (hill  town  ; tepe^  Turk,  a hill). 


io6 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


LINDE  (Ger.), 

LIND,  LYND  (A.S.  and  Scand.), 


the  linden-tree ; e.g-.  Lindhurst 
and  Lyndhurst  (the  wood  of  lin- 
den trees)  ; Lindheim,  Lindorf, 
Limburg  (the  town  of  linden-trees),  in  Germany,  and  Lim- 
burg, in  Holland,  formerly  Lindenburgj  Lindau  (the  meadow 
of  linden-trees) ; Lindesnaes  (the  headland  of  linden- 


trees). 

LiNNE  (Gadhelic), 
LLYNN  (Cym.-Cel.), 
HLYNNA  (A.S.),  a brook. 


a pool,  a lake,  sometimes  applied  to  a 


cascade,  but  with  the  pool  into  which 
it  is  received,  as  in  the  Linn  of  Dee,  in 
Aberdeenshire,  and  Corra-linn,  on  the  Clyde.  Dublin  (the 
black  pool)  takes  its  name  from  that  part  of  the  Liffey 
on  which  the  city  is  built ; and  there  are  several  other 
places  in  Ireland  whose  names  have  the  same  meaning, 
although  variously  spelt,  such  as  Devlin,  in  Mayo  ; Dow- 
ling and  Doolin,  in  Kilkenny  and  Clare  ; Ballinadoolin 
(the  town  of  the  black  pool),  in  Kildare  ; in  several  of 
these  cases,  the  proper  name  was  Ath-cliath  (hurdle  ford) 
— this  was  originally  as  Baile-tha-cliath  (the  town  of  the 
hurdle  ford),  the  name  of  the  city  of  Dublin.  The  anc.  name 
of  Lincoln,  Lind2im,  is  the  hill-fort  on  the  pool.  Linlithgow 
must  come  from  the  same  word,  and  is  probably  the  grey 
lake,  although  how  it  came  by  the  termination  gow^  gu,  or 
aff  as  it  is  variously  spelt,  cannot  be  determined.  Linton, 
in  Roxburghshire  (the  town  on  the  pool) ; Linton,  in  Peebles 
(on  the  R.  Lyne),  in  Cambridge  (on  the  brook,  hlynnd) ; 
Dupplin,  on  the  R.  Earn,  in  Perthshire  (the  dark  pool)  ; 
Crailing,  in  Berwickshire,  anc.  Traverlin  (the  dwellings 
\treabhar\  on  the  pool)  ; Edarline  (between  the  pools)  ; 
Aber-glas-lyn  (the  estuary  of  the  blue  pool),  in  Wales  ; 
Lynn- Regis  (the  king’s  pool). 

TTc enclosure,  a garden,  or  a fort— in 
LES  (Breton)  i Ireland,  generally  a place  enclosed  with 

^ a circular  entrenchment,  for  safety  and 

shelter,  and  often  translated  by  the  Lat.  atrium,  the  entrance- 
room  to  a dwelling  or  temple.  There  are  eleven  places  in 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY, 


107 


Ireland  called  Lismore  (the  great  enclosure) ; Lismore,  also, 
in  Argyleshire  ; Listowel  (Tuathal’s  fort)  ; Liscarrol  (Corrol’s 
fort)  ; Liscahane  (Cathan’s  fort)  ; Liseen,  Lissen,  Lissane, 
Lessany  (little  fort)  ; Ballylesson  (the  town  of  the  little  fort) ; 
Lisclogher  (stony  fort)  ; Lislevane  (of  the  elm)  ; Lismullin 
(of  the  mill)  ; Lisnadarragh  (of  the  oaks) ; Lisnaskea,  Lios-na- 
sceithe  (the  fort  of  the  bush)  ; Lissard  (high  fort)  ; Gortalissa 
(the  field  of  the  fort)  ; Lisbellaw,  Lios-bcl-atha  (the  fort  of 
the  ford  mouth) — all  in  Ireland  ; Liskard,  or  Liskeard  (the 
enclosure  on  the  height),  in  Cornwall  and  Cheshire  ; Lesma- 
hago,  in  Lanarkshire,  Lat.  Ecclesia  Machiite  (the  enclosure 
of  St.  Machute)  ; Lesneven,  in  Brittany,  Les-an-Evan  (the 
enclosure  or  palace  of  Evan,  count  of  Leon) ; Dunluce  (strong 
fort),  Antrim  ; Thurles,  co.  Tipperary,  from  Durlas  (strong 
fort)  ; Rathurles  (the  rath  of  the  strong  fort).  The  Spanish 
llosa  is  akin  to  the  Celtic  lios,  as  in  Llosa-del-Opispo  (the 
bishop’s  enclosure). 

LIPA  (Sclav.),  the  linden-tree  ; e.g.  Leipzig,  Lipten,  Laubsdorf  or 
Libanoize,  Lauban  or  Luban,  Luben,  Laubst,  Labolz,  &c. 
(the  place  of  the  linden-trees).  Lubeck  and  Lublin  may  come 
from  the  same  root,  or  from  a Sclav,  word  signifyingbeloved. 


Doine  (deep  loch)  ; Loch  Duich,  in  Ross-shire  (the  lake  of 
St.  Duthic,  the  same  person  from  whom  the  town  of  Tain 
took  its  Gaelic  name)  ; Loch  Fyne  (the  fair  lake)  ; Loch 
Lomond  (the  lake  of  the  river  of  the  elm-tree,  leamhanii) ; 
Loch  Nell  (of  the  swan,  eala)  ; Loch  Ness  (of  the  waterfall, 
i.e.  of  Foyers) ; Loch  Long  (ship  loch,  Scand.  Skipafiord) ; 
Loch  Etive  (dreary  loch,  eitidK)  ; Gareloch  (short  loch)  ; 
Lochlubnaig  (of  the  little  bend,  lubnaig')  \ Lochbuie  and 
Lochbuy  (the  yellow  loch) ; Lochmuic  (of  the  wild  boar) ; 
Lochgorm  (blue  loch)  ; Lochlaggan  (of  the  hollow)  ; 
Loch  Tay  (of  the  Tamha,  or  Tay,  i.e.  quiet  river) ; Loch- 
gelly  (of  the  fair  water)  ; Loch-Maree  (the  lake  of  St. 
Malrube) ; Lochard  (high  loch) ; Loch  Awe  and  Loch 


io8 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY, 


Linnhe  (here  duplicate  names,  awe  and  Un7te  signifying 
water)  ; Lochnagar,  Lochan-na-gabhar  (the  little  lake  of  the 
goats,  at  the  base  of  the  mountain  to  which  it  gives  its  name)  ; 
Lochmaben  (probably  the  bald  headland  on  the  loch,  as, 
in  an  old  charter,  the  castle  at  the  head  of  the  lake  is  called 
Lochmalban).  In  Ireland,  Lough  Derg  (red  lake,  originally 
Loch-Dergdherc,  the  lake  of  the  red  eye,  connected  with  a 
legend)  ; Lough  Conn  (the  lake  of  a man  named  Conn) ; 
Lough-rea  (grey  lake) ; Lough  Foyle  (the  lake  of  Febhal,  the 
son  of  Lodan)  ; Loughan,  Loughane  (small  lake)  ; Lochan- 
askin  (the  little  lake  of  the  eels)  ; Loughfad  (long  lake)  ; 
Lough  Corrib  (a  corruption  of  Lough  Orbsen,  the  lake  of 
Orbsen  or  Mannanan,  over  whose  grave  it  is  said  to  have 
burst  forth)  ; Lough  Erne,  in  Ireland  (named  from  the 
Ernai,  a tribe)  ; Lough  Finn  (named  from  a lady  who  was 
drowned  in  its  waters);  Lough  Neagh,  i.e.  Loch  iIEchach  (the 
lake  of  Eochy,  a Munster  chief,  who,  with  his  family,  was  over- 
whelmed in  the  eruption  which  gave  their  origin  to  its  waters); 
Loch  Swilly  (probably  a Scand.  name,  the  lake  of  the 
surges,  svelgr,  or  the  whirlpool,  swelcMe).  The  town  of  Car- 
low  is  from  Cetherloch  (the  quadruple  lake,  cether,  four ; from 
a tradition  that  anciently  the  Barrow  formed  four  lakes  at 
the  spot). 


LOCUS  (Lat.), 

LIEU  (Fr.), 

LOCA  (A.S.), 

LOK,  LLE  (Cym.-CeL), 


a place;  e.g.  Netley,  Lat.  Laeto-loco  (at 
the  pleasant,  cheerful  place)  ; Madley 
(the  good  place) ; Matlock  (the  meat  en- 
closure or  store-house)  ; Leominster,  Lat. 
Locus-fanum  (the  place  of  the  temple) ; 
Lok-Maria-Ker,  in  Brittany  (the  town  of  Maria  Ker)  ; Rich- 
lieu  (rich  place)  ; Chaalis,  Lat.  Carolis-locus  (the  place  of 
Charles  the  Good,  Count  of  Flanders) ; Beaulieu  (beautiful 
place) ; Henley  (the  old  place). 

//-  fa  meadow  or  thicket,  and  some- 

LOH,  LOO  (Ger.  and  Dutch),  I . , iir  ..  i 

’ ' I times  a marsh  ; e.  Waterloo 

^ (watery  marsh);  Venloo  (the  marsh 

thicket)  ; Groenloo  (green  thicket)  ; Hohenlohe  (the  high 
woody  meadow) ; Tongerloo  (the  marshy  meadow  of  the 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


loq 


LOHN  (Ger.), 
LOON 


LUG,  LUKA,  or  Luz  (Sclav.), 
LEOIG  (Gadhelic), 

LAUK  (Esthonian), 


Tungri) ; Schwarzenloh  (black  thicket)  ; Anderlues  (on  the 
marshy  ground).  _ 

(C  \ ^ Iser-lohn  (the  path  by  the  Iser) ; 

J Forstlohn  (the  path  in  the  wood) ; Neerloon  and 
^ [ Oberloon  (lower  and  upper  path);  Loon-op- 

Zand  (the  path  on  the  sand). 

LUCUS  (Lat.),  a sacred  grove  ; e.£-.  Lugo,  in  Italy,  anc.  Luais- 
DiancB  (the  sacred  grove  of  Diana)  ; Lugo,  in  Spain,  anc. 
Lucus-Augusti  (the  grove  of  Augustus). 

a marsh,  cognate  with  the  Lat. 
Iuttc7nj  e.g.  Lusatia,  or  Lausatz  (the 
marshy  land)  ; Lassahn,  Ger.  Laki- 
bmgtun  (the  town  on  the  marsh)  ; 
Lugos  or  Lugosch,  Luko  and  Liegnitz  (with  the  same  mean- 
ing), in  Poland  and  Silesia  ; Podlachia  (near  the  marshes)  ; 
a district  in  Poland.  The  towns  of  Lyons  and  Laon,  for- 
merly Lugdunu7n  (the  fortress  in  the  marshy  land) ; Paris, 
anc.  Lutetia  ParisioruTTt  (the  muddy  district  of  the  Parisii). 

LUND  (Scand.),  a sacred  grove  ; eg.  Lund,  towns  in  Sweden  and 
in  the  Shetlands  ; Lundgarth  (the  enclosed  grove),  in  York- 
shire ; Lunesthing  (the  place  of  meeting  at  the  grove),  in 
Shetland ; and,  perhaps,  Lundy,  an  island  in  the  Bristol 
Channel. 

LUST,  LYST  (Teut.),  pleasure — applied,  in  topography,  to  a palace  or 
lordly  mansion ; eg.  Ludwigslust  (the  palace  of  Ludovick), 
in  Mecklenburg  ; Charlottenlust  (of  Charlotte)  ; Ravenslust 
(of  Hrafen) ; Lostwithel  (the  manor  of  Withel),  in  Cornwall ; 
Lustleigh  (the  place  or  valley  of  pleasure),  Devon. 

LUTTER,  LAUTER,  HLUTOR  (Teut.),  bright,  clear ; e.g.  Lutri,  on 
Lake  Geneva  ; Luttar,  in  Brunswick  (the  bright  place)  ; Lut- 
terbach,Lauterburn(the  clear  stream) ; Lauterbourg,  in  Alsace 
(on  the  Lauter,  or  clear  stream)  ; Lutterworth  (the  bright 
farm) ; Lauterecken  (at  the  corner  of  the  Lauter),  Bavaria. 

LUTZEL,  LYTEL  (Teut),  f ^itgenrode  (the  little  clear- 

LILLE  (Scand.),  1 f S)  ; Luxemburg,  corrupt,  from  Lutzel- 

( burg  (small  fortress).  Latinized  Luas- 
BurgtiTn  (the  city  of  light),  hence  passing  into  Luxemburg. 


no 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


M 


MAES,  or  FAES  (Cym.-Cel.), 
MOED,  or  MEAD  (A.S.), 
MATTE  (Ger.), 


a meadow  or  field,  cognate  with  the 
Gael,  maghj  e.g.  Maescar  (the  pool 
in  the  field),  Maisemore  (great 


( field),  in  Brecknock  and  Gloucester- 
shire; Harden,  in  Hereford,  anc.  Maes-y-durdin  (the  field  of 
the  water  camp)  ; Runnymede  (the  meadow  of  the  council, 
rune) ; Andermatt  (on  the  meadow),  Zermatt  (at  the  meadow), 
Switzerland ; Matterhorn  (the  peak  of  the  meadow) ; Aeschen- 
matt  (ash-tree  meadow). 

MAGEN,  MEKEN,  or  MAIN  (Teut.),  great  or  chief ; e.g.  the  R.  Main, 
anc.  Magen-aha  (great  water)  ; Mainland  (the  chief  island)  ; 
Mainhardt  (great  wood)  ; Meiningen  (great  field). 

ir-  j-L  V \ fa  field  or  plain,  Latinized  magus : e.g.  Magh- 

MAGH  (Gadhelic),  , , i.  ’ -r  i i \ • t i 

' I breagh  (the  beautiful  plain),  m Ireland  ; Moy 

' I and  May  (the  plain),  both  m Ireland  and  Scot- 

land ; Moyne  (the  little  plain)  ; Moidart  (the  high  plain) ; 
Moyness  (the  plain  of  the  cascade)  ; Moynalty,  Magh-nealta 
(the  plain  of  the  flocks)  ; Mayo  (the  plain  of  the  yew-trees)  ; 
Macosquin,  in  Londonderry,  Magh-Cosgrain  (the  plain  of 
Cosgran)  ; Mallow,  in  Cork,  Magh-Ealla  (the  plain  of  the 
R.  Alio  or  Ealla,  now  the  Blackwater) ; Moville  and  Movilla 
(the  plain  of  the  old  tree,  bile)  ; Machaire,  a derivative  from 
magh^  is  found  under  the  forms  of  Maghera  and  Maghery, 
thus — Magheracloone  (the  plain  of  the  meadow)  ; Magh- 
eraculmony  (at  the  back  of  the  shrubbery)  ; Maynooth  (the 
plain  of  Nuadhat)  ; Moira,  Magh-rath  (the  plain  of  the 
forts),  CO.  Down  ; Moyarta  (the  field  of  the  grave,  fertd). 
In  Scotland — Monievaird,  i.e.  Magh-na-bhaird  (the  plain  of 
the  bards),  Perthshire ; Rothiemay  (the  plain  of  the  rath).  In 
its  Latinised  form,this  word  is  found  in  Marcomagus(the  plain 
of  the  Marcomanni);  Juliomagus  and  Caesaromagus ; Novio- 
magus  ; and  this  again  was  changed  by  the  Teutonic  races 
into  magen  or  megen,  thus  Noviomagus  became  Nimeguen 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


II 


(new  field).  The  Celtic  name  of  Worms,  Latinised,  was 
Bartoinagus,  which  Buttman  says  means  high  field.  Mouzon, 
in  France,  was  Mosomagus  (the  plain  of  the  R.  Meuse)  r 
Rouen,  Ratomagus  (the  fort  or  rath  on  the  plain). 

MAHA  (Sansc.),  great ; e.g.  Mahabalipoor  (the  city  of  the  great  god 
Bali)  ; Mahanuddy  (the  great  river) ; Mahadea  mountains 
(the  mountains  of  the  great  goddess) ; Maha-vila-ganga  (the 
great  sandy  river) ; Mantote,  in  Ceylon,  from  Maha-Totta 
(the  great  ferry). 

MAHAL,  MAL,  MOLD  (Teut.),  the  place  of  meeting  ; e.g.  Mahlburg, 
or  Mailburg  (the  town  of  the  place  of  meeting).  Lower 
Austria ; Detmold,  anc.  Theotnialli  (the  people’s  meeting- 
place)  ; Wittmold  (the  meeting-place  in  the  wood)  ; Mold- 
felde  (in  the  field)  ; Malton  (the  town  of  the  meeting),  York- 
shire ; Maulden  (the  hollow  of  the  meeting),  Bedford. 

MALY,  MALKI  (Sclav.),  little  ; e.g.  Malinek,  Malinkowo,  Malenz, 
Malchow,  Malkow,  Malkowitz  (little  town)  ; Maliverck  (little 
height). 

MANN  (Celtic),  a place  or  district ; Maenol  or  Mainor,  Welsh,  a pos- 
session, akin  to  the  Lat.  mansto  and  the  Fr.  maison.  From 
this  word  maybe  derived  Maine, a district  in  France  ; Mans 
and  Mantes  ; Mantua,  in  Italy  ; La  Mancha,  in  Spain;  Man- 
cunium,  now  Manchester,  Ma^iduessedmfij  now  Mancester, 
in  England. 

MANTIL  (Old  Ger.),  the  fir-tree  ; e.g.  Mantilholz  (fir-tree  wood) ; 
Mantilberg  (fir-tree  hill)  ; Zimmermantil  (the  wooden  dwell- 
ing at  the  fir-tree). 

MAR,  a German  word,  used  both  as  an  affix  and  a prefix,  and  with 
various  meanings.  As  a prefix,  it  occasionally  stands,, for 
mark,  a boundary,  as  in  Marbrook  (the  boundary  brook)  ; or 
for  a marsh,  as  in  Marbach,  on  the  Danube,  and  Marburg, 
on  the  Neckar  ; sometimes  for  mark,  an  Old  German  word 
for  a horse,  as  in  Marburg  on  the  Lahn,  and  Marburg  and 
Mardorf  in  Hesse  (horse  town) ; Marborn  (horse  well) ; 
Marwang  (horse  field).  As  an  affix,  it  is  an  adjective,  and 
signifies,  as  well  in  the  names  of  persons  as  of  places,  clear, 
bright,  distinguished,  or  abounding  in ; e.g.  Eschmar  (abound- 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


MARKT 

MERKT, 


ing  in  ash-trees)  ; Geismar  (in  goats)  ; Horstmar  (in  wood)  ; 
Weimar  (in  the  vine). 

MARK(Ger.),MEARC(A.S.),  boundary  ; Stiermark,  or 

MARCHE  (Fr.),  1 (the  boundary  of  the  R. 

( Steyer)  ; Marksteen  (boundary 
stone) ; Markhaus  (the  dwelling  on  the  border)  ; March,  a 
town  in  Cambridge  ; La  Marche  (the  frontier),  a domain  in 
France,  having  been  the  boundary  between  the  Franks  and 
the  Euskarians  ; Mercia,  one  of  the  kingdoms  of  the  Hep- 
tarchy bordering  upon  Wales  ; and  Murcia,  in  Spain,  the 
boundary  district  between  the  Moorish  kingdom  of  Granada 
and  the  other  parts  of  Spain  ; Neumark,  Altmark,  Mittel- 
mark  (the  new,  old,  and  middle  boundary),  in  Germany  ; 
Mark,  in  the  Scandinavian  language,  meant  a plain  or  dis- 
trict, as  in  Denmark  (the  plain  or  district  of  the  Danes)  ; 
Finnmark  (of  the  Finns). 

/Teut ) i ^ market,  sometimes  found  as  mart;  e.g.  Markt- 
* V miihle  (the  mill  of  the  market);  Marktham  ; 
( Marktflecken  (market -town) ; also  Martham, 
Norfolk;  Neumarkt  in  Germany,  and  Newmarket  in  Eng- 
land (the  new  market-town)  ; Martock,  in  Somerset  (the  oak 
under  which  the  market  of  the  district  was  held)  ; Market- 
Raisin,  in  Lincoln  (on  the  R.  Raisin)  ; Bibert-Markt,  in 
Bavaria  (on  the  Bibert)  ; Kasmarkt,  in  Hungary,  for  Kaiser- 
markt  (the  emperor^s  market-town). 

. fa  port ; e.g.  Marsala,  in  Sicily,  i.e.  Marsa- Allah 

MARSA  ( r.),  1 . Marsalquiver,  for  Marsal-el- 

MIRSAH,  kebir  (the  great  port). 

MAS  (Irish),  the  thigh — applied,  in  topography,  to  a long,  low  hill ; 
e.g.  Massreagh  (grey  hill)  ; Mausrower  (thick  hill)  ; Mas- 
sereene,  Mds-a-rioghna  (the  queen’s  hill)  ; but  Massbrook, 
CO.  Mayo,  is  not  from  this  root,  but  a translation  of  Sruthan- 
an-aiffrinn  (the  brook  where  the  mass  was  celebrated). 
MAUM,  MOYM,  or  MAM,  Irish  madhin,  a mountain  pass  or  chasm  ; 
e.g.  Maum-Turk  (the  pass  of  the  boars)  ; Maumakeogh  (the 
pass  of  the  mist) ; Maumnaman  (the  pass  of  the  women)  ; 
Maumnahaltora  (of  the  altar). 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


i«3 


MAVRO  (Modern  Gr.),  black  ; e.g.  Mavrovouno  (black  mountain)  ; 
Mavro  Potamo  (black  river),  in  Greece  ; Mavrovo  Mavroya 
(black  town),  in  Turkey.  ' 

MEDINA  (Ar.),  a city,  or  the  metropolis  ; e.g.  Medina,  in  Arabia, 
called  by  the  Arabs  Medinat-al-Nabi  (the  city  of  the  pro- 
phet) ; Medina-de-las-torres  (the  city  of  the  towers)  ; Me- 
dina-del-campo  (of  the  plain) ; Medina-del-pomar  (of  the 
apple-orchard)  ; Medina-del-rio-seco  (of  the  dry  river-bed)  ; 
Medina-Sidonia  (che  city  of  the  Sidonians),  in  Spain.  This 
city  was  so  called  by  the  Moors,  because  they  believed  it  to 
be  built  on  the  site  of  the  Phoenician  city,  Asidur. 

MEER,  MERE  (Teut.),  a lake,  sea,  or  marsh  ; e.g.  Blakemere  (the 
black  lake),  Hereford ; Great  Marlow,  or  Merelow  (the 
hill  by  the  marsh)  ; Wittleseamere  and  Windermere,  sup- 
posed to  be  so  called  from  personal  names  ; Buttermere 
(Buthar’s  lake)  ; Grasmere,  or  Grismere  (the  lake  of  swine)  ; 
Meerfeld  and  Meerhof  (the  field  and  court  at  the  lake)  ; 
Meerholz  and  Meerhout  (the  wood  near  the  lake).  Closely 
connected  with  meer,?^  lake  or  sea,  are  the  words  in  the  Teu- 
tonic and  Celtic  languages  denoting  marshy  land,  i.e.  lands 
that  have  lain  under  water,  and  are  still  partially  sub- 
merged— such  as  merse^  A.S.  ; morast,  Ger. ; inorfa,  Cym.- 
Cel.  ; marish,  Gadhelic  ; marsk,  Scand.  ;•  and  marais,  Fr. 
Many  places  in  Great  Britain  and  on  the  Continent  derive 
their  names  from  these  words,  thus — the  Maros  or  Marosh; 
and  the  Morava  (marshy  rivers)  ; Moravia  (the  district  of  the. 
marshy  river) ; Morast  (the  town  on  the  marsh),  Sweden;  the 
Merse  (or  marshy  land),  Berwickshire ; Merton  (dwelling  on 
the  marsh) ; Les  Moeres,  in  Flanders,  Marchienne,  Mar- 
chienes,  in  Belgium  and  France,  Marcienisi,in  Italy  (marshy 
localities);  Marsal  (the  dwelling  on  the  marsh),  France; 
Ditmarsh  (the  people’s  marsh),  Holland  ; Morebattle,  anc. 
Mere-bo  da  (the  dwelling  on  the  marsh),,  Roxburgh  ; Oster- 
marsh  (east  marsh),  Holland  ; Marengo  (the  marshy  field), 
Italy. 

MENIL,  MESNIL  (Fr.),  a dwelling,  manor,  or  hamlet ; e.g.  Le  Menil- 
la-comtesse  (the  manor  of  the  countess);  Mesnil-dglise 
I 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


114 


(church  hamlet)  ; Mesnil- Guillaume,  Mesnil-Gilbert,  Mesnil- 
Jourdan,  named  from  the  proprietors  ; Mesnil-sur-l’Estree 
(the  dwelling  on  the  Roman  road  called  Strata  Estree),  in 
F ranee. 

MENZIL  (Ar.),  a village  ; e.g.  Miselmeri,  abbreviated  from  Menzil- 
el-Emir  (the  emir’s  village)  ; Mezyojuso,  for  Menzil-  YusuJ 
(the  village  of  Joseph). 

MEON  (Cel ) ( cognate  with  the  Lat.  minor;  eg.  the  Min- 

Mio  (Scand  ) 1 Mynwy  (little  rivers),  in  Wales  ; Mincio, 

’ ’ ( in  Italy  ; Minho,  in  Portugal ; Minorca  (the  less), 
in  opposition  to  Majorca  (the  greater  island)  ; Miosen  (the 
little  sea  or  lake),  in  Norway. 

MICKLA,  MYCEL  (Teut.  and  Scand.),  great,  Scotch  muckle;  e.g. 
Mickledorf,  Michelstadt,  Michelham,  Mickleton  (great  dwell- 
ing) ; Micklebeck  (great  brook)  ; Michelau  (great  meadow)  ; 
Mitchelmerse  (the  great  marsh);  Mecklenburg,  anc.  Mikilin- 
derg {the  great  town,  or  hill  fortress);  Meikle  Ferry  (the  great 
ferry),  on  Dornoch  Frith  ; Muchelney,  in  Somersetshire  (the 
great  island),  formed  at  the  confluence  of  the  Ivel  and 
Parret;  Micklegarth  (the  great  enclosure),  the  Scandi- 
navian name  for  Constantinople ; but  mikil,  or  miklos^ 
especially  in  Russia  and  Hungary,  is  often  an  abbreviation 
of  St.  Nicholas,  and  denotes  that  the  churches  in  these  places 
were  dedicated  to  him ; Mikailov,  Mikhailovskaia,  Mikhalpol 
(St.  Michael’s  towns),  in  Russia ; Miklos-Szent  and  Miklos- 
Nagy-Szent,  in  Hungary  ; Mikolajow,  in  Poland. 


t a high  rock,  or  the  brow  of  a 
J hill ; e.g.  Maen-du  (black  rock), 
( Monmouth  ; Minto,  in  Lanark- 
shire (on  the  brow  of  a steep  hill);  Meon-stoke  (hill  station)  ; 
East  and  West  Meon  (east  and  west  hill),  Gloucestershire ; 
Mendabia  (at  the  foot  of  the  hill),  in  Spain. 

t a monk’s  dwelling  or  monastery,  a 
J cathedra],  from  the  Lat.  monas- 
( teriti77ij  e.g.  Illminster,  Axminster, 
Stourminster,  Kremmunster,  Charminster  (the  monasteries 
on  the  rivers  111,  Ax,  Stour,  Krem,  and  Char) ; Kidderminster 


MIN,  MEN,  or  MAEN  (Cym.-Cel.), 
MENDIA  (Basque),  a hill, 


MINSTER,  MYNSTER  (A.S.), 
MUENSTER  (Ger.), 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


115 


(the  monastery  of  Earl  Cynebert) ; Westminster  (the  minster 
west  of  St.  Paul’s) ; Warminster  (near  the  weir,  or  dam,  of 
the  Willey)  ; Monasteranenagh  (the  monastery  of  the  fair), 
Monasterboice  (of  St.  Boethus),  in  Ireland ; also  Monaster- 
even  (of  St.  Evin)  ; Monasteria  de  la  Vega  (of  the  plain), 
Spain  ; Montereau,  Montreuil,  Moutier  (the  monastery),  in 
France  ; also,  in  France,  Marmoutier  (the  monastery  founded 
by  St.  Martin);  Masmoutier  (of  Maso)  ; Noirmoutier  (the 
black  monastery),  and  Rougemoutier  (the  red  monastery)  ; 
Toll- Monaster,  or  Bitolia  (the  monastery  of  the  beech-trees), 
in  Turkey  ; Munster  (the  monastery  in  Westphalia,  founded 
by  Charlemagne) ; Munster  (the  monastery),  in  Alsace ; 
Munster-eifel  (the  monastery  at  the  foot  of  the  Eifel-berg). 

MIR  (Sclav.),  peace  ; e.g.  Mirgorod  (the  fortress  of  peace) ; Miropol, 
Mirow,  Mirowitz  (the  town  of  peace). 

MITTEL,  MIDDEL  (Teut.  and  Scand.),  f middle,  cognate  with 

MIEDZY  (Sclav.),  Icadhelic  meadhon;  e.g. 

Middleby,  Middleton,  Middleham,  Mitton,  Middelburg  (the 
middle  town) ; Middlesex  (the  territory  of  the  middle  Saxons) ; 
Middlewich  (the  middle  salt  manufactory),  in  Cheshire,  v. 
WICH ; Midhurst  (the  middle  wood),  Sussex ; Midmar  (the 
middle  of  the  district'  of  Mar),  in  Aberdeenshire ; Ard- 
meanadh,  i.e.  Ardmeadhonadh  (the  middle  height),  the 
Gaelic  name  for  Cromarty  ; Mitford  (the  middle  ford)  ; Mit- 
telgebirge  (the  middle  mountain  range) ; Medzibor,  Sclav., 
Ger.  Mittelwalde  (the  middle  of  the  wood),  in  Silesia  ; Meth- 
wold,  in  Norfolk,  with  the  same  meaning  ; Mittweyda(in  the 
midst  of  pasture-ground),  Saxony;  Methley,  Metfield  (middle 
field  or  meadow)  ; Meseritz  and  Meseritsch,  from  miedzy- 
vreka  (in  the  midst  of  streams),  in  Moravia  and  Pomerania ; 
Mediasch  (in  the  midst  of  waters),  Hungary;  Misdroi  (in  the 
midst  of  woods),  Pomerania  ; Mediterranean  (the  sea  in  the 
middle  of  the  land)  ; Media  (the  middle  country,  as  then 
known) ; Mesopotamia  (the  country  between  the  rivers) ; 
Mediolanum  (in  the  midst  of  the  marshy  land.  Ion),  the 
ancient  name  of  Milan,  Saintes,  and  some  other  towns. 


ii6 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


MOEL  (Cym.-Cel.), 

MAOL,  MEALL  (Gadhelic), 


MLADY,  MLODY  (Sclav.),  new  ; e.g.  Mladiza,  Mladowitz,  Mladzowitz 
(new  town),  Bohemia  ; Bladen  and  Bladow,  corrupt,  from 
Mladen,  with  the  same  meaning,  in  Silesia. 

a round  hill,  or  a bald  promontory, 
7fiaol,  or  7nael,  as  an  adjective,  signi- 
fying bald,  and  often  applied  to  hills 
and  promontories,  thus — the  Mull,  or  promontory,  of  Cantyre 
and  Galloway  ; Meldrum,  Aberdeenshire,  and  Meeldrum,  in 
Ireland  (bald  ridge)  ; Maol-ros  (the  bald  headland),  the  name 
of  Old  Melrose,  which  was  situated  on  a peninsula  formed 
by  the  Tweed  ; Mealfourvounie  (the  hill  of  the  cold  moor), 
Inverness ; Glassmeal  (grey  hill),  Perth.  In  Ireland,  the 
word  often  takes  the  form  of  77toyle,  as  in  Kilmoyle  (bald 
church)  ; Rathmoyle,  Lismoyle,  Dunmoyle  (the  bald  or  dila- 
pidated fort)  ; Mweelbane  (white  hill)  ; Meelgarrow  (rough 
hill);  Meelshane  (John’s  bald  hill);  Mweelna-horna (the  bald 
hill  of  the  barley) ; Maulagho  (abounding  in  hillocks).  In 
Wales,  Moel-hebog  (hawk  hill)  ; Moel-eryn  (eagle  hill) ; 
Malvern  (the  hill  of  the  alder-trees),  Worcester. 


MOIN, 

MON, 


MOINE  (Gadhelic), 


I a moss  or  bog ; e.g.  Monabraher, 
J Mom-7ia-77ibrathar  (the  bog  of  the 
( friars)  ; Monalour  (of  the  lepers)  ; 
Ballynamona  (the  town  of  the  bog) ; Moneen  (little  bog) ; 
Monard  (high  bog)  ; Montiagh,  Momteach  (the  boggy  place)  ; 
Monabrock  (the  badger’s  moss)  ; Monroe  (red  moss),  in 
Ireland.  In  Scotland,  Monzie  and  Moonzie  (the  mossy  land); 
Moin,  a moorland  district  in  Sutherland;  the  word,  however, 
is  sometimes  used  in  the  sense  of  mountain  for  77i07iadh.,  as 
in  CO.  Monaghan,  MicmeachaTi^  in  Ireland  (abounding  in  little 
hills,  or,  according  to  the  “Annals  of  the  Four  Masters”) 
named  from  the  town  (the  town  of  monks)  ; Monimail  (the 
bare  hill),  Fife  ; Moncrieff  (the  wooded  hill)  ; Moness  (the 
hill  of  the  cascade)  ; Monalia  (the  grey  hill),  Scotland. 


MONCH  (Ger.), 

MONEC  (A.S.), 

MONACH,  MYNACH  (Celtic), 


{a  monk,  from  the  Gr.  77to7tos,  alone  ; 
e.g.  Monkswood,  Monkstown,  Monk- 
land  (lands  belonging  to  the  church) ; 
Monachty  (the  monks’  dwelling), 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


117 


Wales  ; Llan-y-mynach  (the  monks’  church  or  enclosure), 
Salop  ; Monksilver,  in  Somerset,  for  monk-sylva  (monks’ 
wood) ; Monkleagh  (monks’  meadow  or  place) ; Munsley,  also 
with  the  same  meaning,  Hereford  ; Monach-log-ddu  (the 
place  of  the  black  monks),  Wales ; Munchberg  (monk’s  hill), 
Bavaria ; Munchengratz  (the  monks’  fortress),  Bohemia  ; 
Munchingen  and  Munich  (belonging  to  the  monks),  Germany. 


munde,  Ysselmonde,  Rupelmonde,  Orlamunda,  Stolpemunde, 
Swinmund  or  Sweinemund,  Ukermunde,  Warnemunde,  at 
the  mouth  of  rivers  forming  the  first  part  of  these  names  ; 
Mondsee  (the  mouth  of  the  lake)  ; Miinden,  in  Hanover  (at 
the  mouths  of  the  Werra  and  Fulda) ; Monmouth  (at  the 
confluence  of  the  Mynwy  and  Minnow) ; Plymouth,  Fal- 
mouth, Sidmouth,  Yarmouth,  Grangemouth,  Lynmouth, 
Teignmouth,  Wearmouth,  Cockermouth — all  at  the  mouth  of 
these  streams  ; Minde,  in  Iceland  (at  the  mouth  of  Lake 
Miosen). 

MONEY,  a frequent  prefix  in  Irish  names,  from  muine,  a brake  or 
shrubbery ; e.g.  Moneymore,  Moneybeg  (the  great  and  little 
shrubbery) ; Moneygorm  (the  blue  shrubbery) ; Moneyduff 
(black  shrubbery);  Moneygall  (the  shrubbery  of  the  strangers). 


helic  monadhy  and  the  Cym.-Cel.  mynyddj  eg.  Montalto 
(high  mountain)  ; Montauban  (the  hill  of  Albanus)  ; Monte- 
chiaro  (clear  hill) ; Monte-foscoli  (brown  hill) ; Monte- 
hermosa  (beautiful  hill),  Spain ; Montenegro,  Turk.  Kara- 
dagh^  Sclav.  Zerna-gora  (black  hill),  in  Turkey  ; Montereale 
and  Montreal  (royal  hill)  ; Monte-Rosa,  anc.  Mons-sylvas 
(woody  hill) ; Monte  Rossi  (the  russet  mountain) ; Monte- 
video (the  prospect  hill)  ; Montmartre  (the  hill  of  the  martyr- 
dom of  St.  Denis),  but  its  earlier  name  was  Mons-Martis 
the  hill  of  Mars);  Montmirail,  Lat.  Mons-mirabilis  (wonderful 


MONDE,  MUND  (Ger.), 
MUNNi,  MINDE  (Scand.), 


a river  mouth ; eg.  Dortmund,  Fischa- 
mund,  Dendermund,  Roermonde, 
Travemunde,  Saarmund,  Tanger- 


MONT,  MONTE  (Fr.  and  It.), 

MONTANA  and  MONTE  (Span,  and  Port.), 


iiS 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


mountain) ; Montpellier,  Lat.  Mons-puellarum  (the  hill  of  the  » 
young  girls,  so  called  from  two  villages, belonging  to  the  sisters 
of  St.  Fulcrum);  Montserrat  (the  serrated  mountain);  Clermont 
(clear  hill);  Mondragon  and  Mondragone  (dragon^s  mountain);  j . 
Monfalcone  (hawk’s  hill) ; Mons,  Ger.  Berghen  (hill  town),  in  I 
Belgium ; Piedmont  (at  the  foot  of  the  Alps) ; Richmond  | 
(rich  or  fertile  hill),  in  Yorkshire,  named  from  a castle  in 
Brittany  from  which  the  Earl  of  Richmond  took  his  title  ; j 
and  Richmond,  in  Surrey,  named  by  him  from  his  Yorkshire 
estate)  ; Righimount,  in  Switzerland,  corrup.  from  Mons- 
regius  (royal  mount)  ; Montacute,  in  Somerset,  and  Mont- 
aigu,  in  France  (sharp  hill)  ; Remiremont  (the  mountain  of  j 
St.  Romarie)  ; Apremont,  France,  for  Aspra-monte  (rough 
mountain) ; Tras-os-Montes,  Portugal  (beyond  the  moun-  ^ 
tains) ; Pyrmont,  corrup.  from  Mons-Petrus  (St.  Peter’s 
mountain) ; Mount- Pilatus  (the  mountain  with  the  cap  of  t 
clouds)  ; Montferrato  (the  fortified  hill).  Mont  also  signifies  i 
a hill-fort,  like  berg  and  dun,  as  Montalcino  (the  hill-fort  of  j 
Alcinous),  Italy ; Montgomery,  in  Wales  (the  fortress  of  Roger- 
de- Montgomery),  who  erected  a castle  there  in  1093 — its  | : 
earlier  name  was  Tre-Faldwyn  (the  dwelling  of  Baldwin,  a I . i 
Norman  knight)  ; Montignac  (the  hill-fort  on  the  water) ; | 
Charlemont  (named  after  Charles  V.)  ; Henrichemont  (after  j f 
Henri-Quatre) ; in  Wales,  Mynydd-du  (black  mountain) ; j' 1; 
Mynydd-mawr  (great  mountain)  ; Mynydd-moel  (bald  |r 
mountain)  ; Mold,  a town  in  Wales,  abbreviated  from  mons  1 i 
altus  (the  high  hill-fort)  ; Mount  Battock,  in  Scotland,  Gael.  I 
monadh-Beatach  (the  raven’s  hill)  ; Mountbenjerlaw,  in  Sel-  I *' 
kirk,  originally  Ben-Yair  (the  hill  of  the  R.  Yair),  to  which  j . 
the  Saxon  law  and  the  Norman  mount  were  added.  But  | V 
inonadh  in  Gaelic  signifies  a mountain  range,  as  well  as  a j ij 
moor  o moss,  as  in  the  Monadh-Liadh  (the  grey  moun-  iV 
tain  chain),  and  the  Grampians,  called  in  Gaelic  the  Month;  ” 
Mourne  mountains,  in  Ireland  (the  mountains  of  the  tribe  i. 
called  Mughdhorna).  Mon,  in  the  Basque  language,  also  M 
signifies  a hill,  and  is  found  in  Monzon,  an  anc.  town  of  d 
Spain,  with  a hill-fort ; Monda  and  Mondonedo,  in  Spain  ; j 1 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


119 


Mondego,  in  Portugal;  and  Carmona  (hill  summit),  in 
Spain. 

MOOS  (Ger.),  MOS  (Scand.),  f ' /f  Donaumoss  (the 

MECH,  MOCK  (Sclav.),  1 mossy  meadowof  the  Danube)  ; Moss- 
\ ton  (the  town  at  the  moss)  ; Mossow, 
Mehzo,  Mochow,  Mochlitz  (the  mossy  ground)  ; Moscow  (on 
the  Moskwa  '(mossy  water),  to  which  it  gives  its  name ; 
Mohacs,  Ger.  Margetta  (the  marshy  or  mossy  island),  in  the 
Danube  ; Miesbach  (the  district  of  the  mossy  brook),  in 
3avaria.  The  Irish  word  mcethail  (soft  mossy  land)  is  almost 
synonymous  with  these  roots  : it  is  found  in  Mohill,  co. 
Leitrim  ; Mothel,  Waterford,  and  Mothill,  Kilkenny,  and  in 
Cahermoyle  (the  stone  fort  of  the  mossy  land),  and  in  Muthil, 
in  Perthshire. 

MOR,  MOER  (Teut.  and  Scand,),  waste  land,  heath  ; e.g.  Moorby, 
Morton,  and  Moreton  (dwelling  in  the  moor)  ; Morpeth  (the 
moor-path) ; Oudemoor  (the  old  moor) ; Oostmoer  (east 
moor),  Holland ; Moorlinch  (the  moor  ridge,  hlinc)\  Teufels- 
moer  (the  devil’s  moor)  ; Muirkirk  (the  church  on  the  moor)  ; 
Lichtenmoer  (the  cleared  moor). 

( great ; eg.  Morven  (great  ben  or  hill);  Mor- 
MOR  ( a e 1^,  1 vern,  Mor-Earrain  (the  great  district),  in 

MAWR  ( ym.-  e .),  Argyleshire,  called  also  Kenalban,  a corrup. 
of  Kinelbaltyn  {i.e.  the  tribe  of  Baldan,  a proper  name) ; 
Kenmore  (great  headland),  at  the  head  of  Loch  Tay. 

MOR  (Sclav,  and  Cym.-Cel.),  f ‘he  =ea,  cognate  with  the  Lat. 

MUIR  (Gadhehc),  i derivatives  m the  Romance 

( languages,  and  meer,  Teut. ; eg. 
Armorica,  or  Brittany,  and  Pomerania  (Sclav,  by  the  sea- 
shore) ; Morbihan  (the  little  sea),  in  Brittany  ; Morayshire, 
anc.  Moravia  (the  district  on  the  sea-coast)  ; Morlachia,  or 
Moro-Vlassi  (the  Wallachs’  or  strangers’  land  by  the  sea, 
V.  WALSCH)  ; Morlaix  (the  place  on  the  sea-shore),  Brittany  ; 
Maracaybo(the  headland  on  the  sea);  Connemara,  in  Ireland, 
Irish  Conmacne-mara  (the  descendants  of  Conmac,  by  the 
sea-side) ; Parimaribo,  in  South  America  (the  dwelling  near 
the  sea). 


20 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


MOST '(Sclav.),  a bridge;  e.g.  Dolgemost  (long  bridge);  Maust, 
Most,  Mostje  (the  bridge  place),  Bohemia  ; Babimost  (the 
old  woman’s  bridge,  z.e.  the  fragile  bridge),  abbreviated  to 
Bomst ; Priedemost  (the  first  bridge). 

MOT,  or  MOOT  (A.S.),  the  place  of  assembly,  where  the  Anglo- 
Saxons  held  their  courts  of  justice  ; e.g.  the  Moat  Hill,  near 
Scone  ; the  Mote  of  Galloway  ; the  Moat  of  Dull,  in  Perth- 
shire, and  of  Hamilton,  on  Strathclyde ; Moot-hill,  at 
Naseby ; and  in  the  lake  district,  Montay  and  Caermote  ; 
Moothill  also  appears  in  Aberdeenshire.  The  word  is  found  in 
Ireland,  signifying  a large  mound,  as  well  as  in  Gaelic  in  con- 
nection with  the  courts  of  justice,  as  in  To7n-a-mhoid  (the  hill  of 
the  court  of  justice),  and  in  the  Gaelic  name  for  the  island 
of  Bute,  Baile-mhoide  (the  dwelling  of  the  courts  of  justice) 
but  the  word  was  probably  borrowed  from  the  Saxons. 

MUHLE  (Ger.),  MYLEN  (A.S.), 

MUILENN  (Gadhelic), 

MELIN  (Cym.-Cel.), 

MLYN  (Sclav.), 

MOLEN  (Dutch), 

England  and  Scotland,  Melbourne,  Milton,  Millwick,  Mil- 
ford, Milden,  Milnthorpe  (the  stream,  town,  ford,  hollow, 
farm,  at  the  mill)  ; but  Milton,  in  Kent  and  Dorset,  are 
abbreviations  from  Middle-town ; Moulin  (the  mill),  in  Perth- 
shire. In  France,  Moulins  (the  mills) ; and  Miilhausen  (the 
mill-houses),  celebrated  for  its  manufactures ; Molina  (the  mill), 
a manufacturing  town  in  Murcia;  Molinos-del-Rey (the  king’s 
mills),  Spain.  In  Ireland,  Mullinahone  (the  mill  of  the  cave)  ; 
Mullinavat  (of  the  stick)  ; Mullintra  (of  the  strand)  ; Mullin- 
akil  (of  the  church)  ; Mlineh,  Mlinsk,  Mlinow,  Mlinki  (Sclav, 
mill  town). 

MULLAGH  (Gadhelic),  a top  or  summit,  and  sometimes  applied  to 
hills  of  considerable  height  ; eg.  Mullaghmeen  (smooth 
summit)  ; Mulkeeragh  (the  summit  of  the  sheep)  ; Mnllan 
(little  summit)  in  Ireland  ; probably  the  islands  of  Mull,  in 
the  Hebrides. 


a mill,  cognate  with  the  Lat.  mola 
and  its  derivatives  ; e.g.  Miihlen- 
bach  and  Molenbech  (mill-brook) ; 
Molenberg,  Moleneynde,  Molen- 
stedt  (mill  hill,  corner,  and  town), 
^in  Germany  and  Holland.  In 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


I2I 


a t ^ walled  town),  in  France  ; 

\ Mauerhof  (the  enclosed  court),  Germany;  Tras- 
a /q  1^^*  \ ) mauer  (the  walled  town  on  the  R.  Trasen),  Aus^ 

V tria  ; Murany-var  (the  walled  fortress),  Hungary  ; 
Muriel-de-la-fuente  (the  walled  town  of  the  fountain)  ; and 
Muriel-viejo  (old  walled  town)  ; Murillo  (the  little  walled 
town),  Spain  ; Murviedro  (the  old  fortifications),  called  by 
the  Romans  Muriveteres^  because  they  believed  it  to  be  on 
the  site  of  the  anc.  Saguntum  ; Semur^  in  France,  abbreviated 
from  Sinemurujn  (Lat.  without  walls). 


N 


NAES  (A.S.), 
NOES  (Scand.), 
NEZ  (Fr.), 

Wales ; 


!a  headland,  cognate  with  the  Lat.  nasus,  the 
nose  ; e.^-.  Naseby,  Neston  (the  dwelling  on  the 
promontory)  ; Nash,  in  Monmouth  ; the  Naze^ 

, Norway ; Nash-scaur  (the  promontory  cliff), 
Katznase  (the  cat’s  headland) ; Blankenese  (white 
cape),  Holstein  ; Foreness,  Sheerness,  Fifeness,  Buchan- 
ness)  Blackness,  in  England  and  Scotland  ; Hundnase  (the 
dog’s  promontory)  ; Barrowstowness,  or  Boness,  in  East  Lo- 
thian (the  cape  near  Burward’s  dwelling) ; Dungeness  (danger 
cape)  ; Furness  (the  cape  of  the  beacon-fire)  ; Grinez  (grey 
headland),  near  Calais  ; Saturness  (the  south  cape) ; Shoe- 
buryness,  anc.  Sceobirig  (the  cape  of  the  sea-fortress)  ; 
Skegness  (the  cape  near  the  wood,  skogr)  ; Skipness  (ship 
headland)  ; Skudesnaes  (with  the  same  meaning ; skiide, 
Scand.  a vessel)  ; Sviatoi-nos  (Sclav,  holy  cape),  Russia. 
NAGY  (Hung.),  great ; e.g.  Nagy-Karoly  (Charles’s  great  town)  ; 
Szombat-Nagy  (the  great  Satur day-market  town)  ; Nagy- 
Malton  (St.  Matthew’s  great  town)  ; Nagy-Szent-Miklos  (St. 
Nicholas’s  great  town)  ; Nagy-varad  (great  fortress)  ; Koros- 
Nagy  (the  great  town  on  the  Koros,  or  red  river). 

NAHR  (Semitic),  a river  ; eg.  Nahr-el-keber  (the  great  river) ; Nahr- 
el-kelb,  or  Lycus  (the  river  of  the  dog  or  the  wolf,  so  called 
from  a fancied  resemblance  of  a rock  near  its  mouth,  to 
the  head  of  these  animals)  ; Nahr  Mukatta  (the  river  of 


122 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


slaughter)  ; Aram-Naharaim  (the  high  lands  of  the  two 
rivers,  i.e.  Mesopotamia). 

NANT  (Cym.-Ceh),  a brook,  or  a valley  through  which  a stream 
flows  ; e.g.  Nantmel  (honey  brook  or  valley)  ; Sych-nant 
(the  dried-up  brook),  Wales  ; Nantwich  (the  salt  works  on 
the  brook),  the  Weaver  ; Nantua  (in  a valley  of  the  Alps) ; 
Nanteuil  (at  the  source  of  the  stream,  oeuil)  ; Nantes,  named 
from  the  Namnetes  (the  dwellers  in  the  valley)  ; Nangis, 
Nans,  Nant,  Nancy  (valley  dwellings),  in  France  ; also  Val- 
de-nant  (the  valley  of  the  stream) ; Nans,  in  Cornwall ; 
Nantlee  (the  place  in  the  valley) ; Levenant  (smooth  stream) ; 
Nant-frangon,  or  Nant-yr-a-franc valley), in  Wales; 
Nantglyn  (valley  glen). 

NASS  (Ger.),  moist ; eg.  Nassau  (moist  meadow) ; Nassenfeld 
(moist  field) ; Nassenhuben  (moist  huts) ; Nassenbeuren 
(the  dwelling  in  the  moist  land). 

NAVA  (Basque),  a plain  ; e.g.  Nava-de-los-Oteros  (the  plain  of  the 
heights)  ; La  Nava-del-rey  (the  king’s  plain)  ; Nava-hermosa 
(beautiful  plain)  ; Navarre  and  Navarreux  (the  plain  among 
hills)  ; Navarette  (at  the  foot  of  the  hill) ; Paredes-de-nava 
(the  house  of  the  plain). 

NEDER,  NIEDER,  NEER  (Teut.  and  Scand.),  lower  ; eg.  Netherlands 
(the  lower  lands)  ; Netherby  (lower  town)  ; Niederlahnstein 
(the  fortress  on  the  lower  Lahn) ; Nederheim,  Nederwyk 
(lower  dwellings). 

NEMET  (Celtic),  a sacred  grove,  cognate  with  the  Lat.  nemus  and 
Gr.  nemos;  e.g.  Nanterre,  in  France,  anc.  Nemetodurum  (the 
sacred  grove  on  the  water)  ; Nemet-uj-Var  (the  new  fortress 
at  the  grove),  Hungary  ; Nismes,  diXic.  Nemausus  (the  sacred 
grove)  ; Nemetacum^  anc.  name  of  Arras  ; Nemea  (the  place 
of  the  sacred  grove),  in  Greece. 

' new,  cognate  with  the  Gr.  neos,  and 
the  Lat.  novus  and  its  derivatives  ; 
e.g.  Neuburg,  Neudorf,  Neustadt, 
Neuville,  Newburgh,  Newbury  (new 
^ town)  ; Neumarkt  (new  market) ; 


NEU  (Ger.),  NY  (Scand.), 
NEWYDD  (Cym.-Cel.), 
NUADH  (Gadhelic), 
NOWY  and  nau  (Sclav.), 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


23 


Neusatz,  or  Neoplanta  (new  station),  founded  in  1700,  on  the 
Danube  ; Neusohl  (new  seat),  in  Hungary — the  native  name 
is  Besiereze-banya  (the  mine  on  the  R.  Bistritz);  Neustadl 
(new  stall)  ; Neuwied  (new  pasture)  ; Nimeguen,  anc.  Novio- 
77tagus  {new  field),  Holland;  Novgorod  and  Novigrad  (new 
fortress);  Novidwar  (new  court),  in  Russia;  Nowe-mjasto 
(new  bridge),  in  Poland  ; N ovobeilaiaskaia  (the  new  town  on 
the  white  stream),  Russia;  Nova-Zembla,  Novaia-Zemlia 
(the  new  land);  Nowazamka  (new  castle) ; Nowosedl  (new 
station)';  Nienburg,  Nyborg,  Nyby,  Ny stead  (new  town),  in 
Denmark  and  Holland;  Neocastro  (new  camp),  in  Greece  ; 
Nola,  or  Novla  (new  place),  in  the  Sardinian  states ; 
Novibazaar  (new  market),  in  Turkey ; Naumburg  and  Nien- 
burg, corrupt,  from  Neuenburg  (new  town)  ; Newport  (the 
new  haven),  in  the  Isle  of  Wight,  so  called  because  it  super- 
seded the  older  harbour  at  Carisbrooke  ; Newport,  Wales, 
because  it  superseded  Caerleon ; Nykiobing  (new  market- 
town),  in  Denmark. 

NIJNY  (Sclav.),  lower  ; e.g.  Nijny  Novgorod  (the  lower  new  fortress) ; 
Nijnii  Neviansk  (the  lower  town  on  the  Neva,  as  distin- 
guished from  Verkii- Neviansk,  the  upper) ; Nijnaia-Ozernaia- 
Krepost  (the  lower  fort  of  the  lakes) ; Nijny-Devitzk  (the 
lower  town  on  the  Devitza)  ; Nijni-Tagelsk  (on  the  Tagel), 
in  Russia. 

NIMZ  (Sclav.),  foreign,  from  nemy  or  nemec,  dumb — a word  applied 
by  the  Sclavonic  races  to  the  Germans,  because  their  lan- 
guage was  unintelligible  to  them ; eg.  Niemitsch,  Niemez, 
and  Niemtschitz,  German  towns  in  Bohemia  ; but  there  is  a 
Sclavonic  deity  called  Njam^  to  whom  the  names  of  some 
places  may  be  traced. 

NO,  NOE,  NOU,  NOUE,  Old  Fr.,  a low  meadow  habitually  over- 
flowed with  water.  It  has  evidently  arisen  out  of  noyer,  to 
submerge ; e.g.  Noaillac,  Noallau,  La  Noalle,  Noalles, 
Noyelle,  Noyellette,  in  which  the  word  is  joined  probably  to 
mdl,  a water-source  ; Nogent  (pleasant  meadow),  the  name 
of  several  towns  in  France. 


124 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


NORDEN.,  NOORD  (Teut.), 
NOR  (Scand.),  NORD  (Fr.), 


the  north ; Normandy  (the  land 


given  to  the  Normans  under  Rollo  in  i 
912  ; Noordbroeck  (the  north  marshy  ■ 


land);  Noordwolde  (north  wood);  Norbury,  Nordenburg,  { 
Norton,  Nordhausen  (north  dwelling,  or  town) ; Northamp- 
ton (the  town  on  the  north  side  of  the  Aufona^  now  the 
Nen);  Northumberland  (the  land  north  of  the  Humber); 
Nordkyn  (north  cape)  ; Normanton  and  Normandby  (dwell- 
ings of  the  Northmen  or  Danes)  ; Norrkoping  (the  northern 
market-town)  ; Norfolk  (the  abode  of  the  north  people,  as 
contrasted  with  Suffolk  to  the  south)  ; Northleach  (north  of 
the  R.  Leach)  ; North wich,  Cheshire  (the  north  salt  manu- 
factory), V.  WICH ; Norwich,  the  town  which  superseded 
Venfa-I cenorum,  the  inhabitants  of  which,  having  fled  at  the 
invasion  of  the  Danes,  erected  a castle  of  defence  farther 
north. 

NUDDY  (Pali),  a river  ; e.g.  Maha-nuddy  (great  river)  ; Nuddea  (the 
district  of  the  rivers). 

NUWERA  (Tamil),  a city ; e.g.  Alut-nuwera  (new  city) ; Nuwera- 
Kalawa  (the  city  on  the  Kala-Oya,  rocky  river)  \ Nuwera, 
Panduas  (the  city  of  Panduas),  in  Ceylon. 


OB,  OBER  (Ger.),  i Oberhofen  (upper  court) ; Ober- 


burg  (upper  town) ; Oberdrauburg  (the  upper  town  on  the 
Drave)  ; Overyssel  (beyond  the  R.  Yssel). 

CEUIL  (Fr.),  the  eye — applied  in  topography  to  the  source  of  a 
stream,  or  fountain ; e.g.  Arcueil  (the  arched  fountain  or 
aqueduct) ; Berneuil  (the  eye  or  source  of  the  water,  dior)  ; 
Argenteuil  (silver  fountain) ; Bonneuil  (good  fountain) ; Nant- 
euil  (the  source  of  the  stream,  or  the  valley  fountain) ; Auneuil 
(alder-tree  fountain) ; Auteuil  (high  fountain) ; Chantilly,  anc. 
CantiUiacum  (the  head  of  the  water-source). 


O 


OVER  (Dutch), 


lahnstein  (the  upper  fortress  on  the  Lahn) ; 
Oberndorf,  Overbie,  Overham,  Overton,  Over- 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


25 


OFER,  or  ORE  (A.S.),  OVER  (Dutch), 
OIR  (Gadhelic), 

UFER  (Ger.), 

EYREj  or  ORE  (Scand.),  a point, 


a border,  boundary,  or  shore, 
cognate  with  the  Lat.  ora 
and  the  Gr.  Loros j e.g. 
Oare  and  Ore  (the  shore), 
in  Kent,  Somerset,  and  Sus- 
sex ; Windsor,  Windlesora  (the  winding  shore) ; Southover, 
Westover  (south  and  west  shore)  ; Hanover,  or  Hohen-ufer 
(high  shore)  ; Ventnor  (the  shore  of  Gwent,  the  ancient 
name  of  the  Isle  of  Wight,  or  the  shining  shore)  ; Pershore 
(the  willow  shore,  pursh)  ; Argyle,  Gael.  Airey-Gaedhel  (the 
district  of  the  Gaels);  Andover,  anc.  Andeafaran  (the  shore 
or  ferry  of  the  R.  Anton)  ; St.  Mary’s-Overy  {i.e.ovs.  the  shore 
of  the  Thames)  ; Elsinore  (the  point  near  the  town  of  Helsing), 
in  Denmark  ; Ravensore  (the  promontory  of  Hrafen). 

OICHE  (obs.  Gael.),  water  ; e.g.  Oich  R. ; Loch  Oich,  Ock,  Ocker, 
Ocke,  Eck,  Duich  (black  water),  river  names. 

ORD  (Scand ) ( ^ point,  a corner,  and  sometimes  a place  ; e.g. 

ORT  (Ger  ) ^ J Angerort  (the  corner  of  the  R.  Anger)  ; Ruhrort 

OORT  (D^ch),  ) ‘he  Ruhr)  ; Griinort  (green  point)  ; Schonort 
V (beautiful  point) ; Akkerort  (the  corner  of  the 
field)  ; Tiefenort  (deep  place)  ; the  Ord,  or  headland  of 
Caithness. 

ORE  (Hindostanee),  a city;  e.g.  Ellore,  Vellore,  Nellore,  Tanjore, 
Bedmore  (bamboo  city) ; Mangalore  (the  city  of  Mangala 
Devi). 

ORMR  (Scand.),  a serpent,  also  a personal  name ; e.g.  Ormeshead, 
in  Cumberland,  named  either  from  the  shape  of  the  rock, 
like  a serpent,  or  from  the  common  Norse  name  Orme  or 
Ormr ; Ormathwaite,  Ormsby,  Ormiston,  Ormskirk  (the  clear- 
ing, dwelling-place,  and  church  of  Ormr).  The  same  prefix 
in  F rench  topography  signifies  the  elm-tree,  as  in  Les  Ormes 
and  Ormoy,  synonymous  with  Olmedo  and  Olmeto  (the 
elm  grove),  in  Spain  and  Italy. 

the  east ; e.g.  Ostend  (at  the  east  corner  of  the 
canal) ; Osterburg,  Osterfeld,  Osterhofen  (the 
town,  field,  and  court  at  the  east) ; Osterholtz 
(east  wood) ; Osterdalen  (the  eastern  basin  of 


OST,  OEST  (Ger.), 
OOST  (Dutch), 
OSTER  (Scand.), 


126 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


the  R.  Dal),  Sweden  ; Oesthammer  (east  village) ; Essex 
(the  country  of  the  East  Saxons)  ; Austerlitz  (the  east  town 
on  the  R.  Littawa)  ; Alost,  or  Alst  (to  the  east). 

OSTROW,  or  OZERO  (Sclav.),  an  island  or  lake ; e.g.  Ostrov,  in 
Russia  (on  a river-island)  ; Kolkoe-Ostrog  (the  island  on  the 
R.  Kola)  ; Ostrova  (an  island  in  the  Danube) ; Tschudskoe- 
Ozero  (the  lake  of  the  Tschudes,  a tribe)  ; Ostrownoye  (the 
new  island)  ; Bielo-Ozero  (white  lake).  But  Ostrow  and 
Wustrow  are  sometimes  Germanized  forms  of  Wotschow 
(Sclav.,  a marshy  place),  as  in  Wustrow,  Ostropol,  Ostra- 
satz,  Ostrachatz,  Ostrawiec  (the  place  or  town  on  the  marshy 
ground). 

OTERO  (Span.),  a hill  or  rising  ground  ; e.g.  El-Otero  (the  rising 
ground) ; Otero-de-las-duenas  (the  hill  of  the  old  ladies) ; 
Otero-del-Rey  (king’s  hill). 

f Sclavonic  prefixes  used  as  patronymics,  like  the  Ger. 
J ingen ; e.g.  Nowakwitz  (the  possession  ot  the  de- 
( scendants  of  Nouak)  ; Jvanow,  Janow,  Janowitz  (be- 
longing to  John,  or  his  descendants)  ; Karlowitz  (to  Charles)  ; 
Petrowitz  (to  Peter) ; Kazimiritz  (to  Casimir)  ; Mitrowitz 
(to  Demetrius)  ; Stanislowow  (to  Stanislaus)  ; Tomazow  (to 
Thomas) ; Krakow,  or  Cracow  (the  town  of  Krak,  a king  of 
Poland);  &c. 


OW,  ITZ, 

owiz,  00, 


P 

^ a palace  ; e.g.  the  Upper  and  Lower  Pala- 
tinate, so  called  from  the  palaces  erected 
by  the  Roman  emperors  in  different  parts 
of  the  empire  ; Palazzo,  in  Dalmatia  and 
Naples ; Palazzolo  and  Palazzuolo  (the 
great  palace),  in  Piedmont ; Los  Palachios  (the  palaces),  in 
Spain  ; Pfalsbourg,  anc.  Palatiolum  (the  town  of  the  palace, 
founded  in  1570),  in  France;  Semipalatinsk  (the  town  of  the 
seven  palaces),  in  Siberia,  so  called  from  extensive  ruins  in 
its  neighbourhood  ; Spalatro,  in  Dalmatia,  named  from  the 
palace  of  Diocletian,  originally  Salonce-Palatium  (the  palace 


PALATIUM  (Lat.), 
PALAZZO  (It.), 
PALACHio  (Span.), 
PAILIS  (Irish), 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


127 


near  Salona),  at  first  corrupted  to  As-palthiumi^aX  the  palace), 
and  then  to  Spalatro. 

a marsh ; e.g.  Padula  and  Paduli,  towns  in  Italy ; 
Peel,  Lat.  Palus,  an  extensive  marsh  in  Belgium  ; 
Perugia,  or  Perusia  (the  town  on  the  marsh)  ; Pelu- 
sium,  Coptic  Permoun  (muddy  or  marshy  place),  on  the 
Delta  of  the  Nile. 

In  Germany,  an  enclosure  for  cattle — in  Eng- 
land and  France,  an  enclosure  for  the  protec- 
tion of  game,  or  for  pleasure ; eg.  Parkhurst 
(the  enclosure  in  the  wood) ; Parkham  (park 
^ dwelling) ; Parkmore  (great  field),  Ireland. 

/ a priest ; eg.  Papa- Stour  (the 


PALUS  (Lat.), 
PADULE  (It.), 


PAIRC  (Ir.),  a field, 
PFERCH  (Ger.), 
PEARRUC  (A.S.), 
PARC  (Fr.). 


PAPA  (Scand.),  or  pabba, 

PFAFFE  (Ger.),  PFARR  (Low  Ger.), 
POP  (Sclav.), 


J great  island  of  the  priest) ; 
\ Papa-Stronsay  (the  priesPs 
\ island  near  Stronsay)  ; and 
Pappenheim,  Pfaffenhausen, 


PAT  AM  (Sansc.),  or 
PATTANA, 


some  others  in  the  Hebrides 
Pfaffenberg,  Pfaffenhofen  (the  priest’s  dwelling  or  town)  ; 
Papendrecht  (the  priest’s  pasture)  ; Pfarrkirchen  (the  priest’s 
or  parish  church) ; Poppowitz,  Poppow  (towns  belonging  to 
the  priests). 

PARA  (Brazilian),  a river,  or  water ; eg.  Para,  Parahiba,  Parana, 
Paranymbuna,  rivers  in  Brazil ; Paraguay  (the  place  of 
waters)  ; Parana-Assu  (great  river) ; Parana-Mirim  (small 
river)  ; Parahyba  (bad  water). 

PARA  (Sclav.),  a swamp  or  marsh,  cognate  with  the  Y2X.palusj  e.g. 
Paaren,  Parchen,  Parchau,  Parchim  (places  in  a marshy 
locality) ; Partwitz,  or  Parzow,  Paaren  (the  town  on  the 
marsh),  in  several  localities.  The  letter  p is  sometimes 
changed  into  as  in  Barduz,  Barzig,  Baruth,  in  Prussia, 
and  Bars  or  Barsch,  in  Hungary. 

a city  ; e.g.  Nagapatam  (the  city  of  the  snake)  ; 
Masulipatam  (of  fishes) ; Periapatam  (the 
( chosen  city) ; Viziapatam  (the  city  of  victory)  ; 
Seringapatam,  i.e.  Sri-ranga-Pattana  (the  city  of  Vishnu) ; 
Patna,  or  Pattana  (the  city)  ; Madras,  or  Madras-patan  (the 
city  of  the  college  or  school ; madrasa^  Ar.  a university). 


128 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


called  by  the  natives  Che7ina-patana7n  (the  city  of  Chen- 
nappa,  an  Indian  prince). 

PEEL,  a fortification ; e.g.  Peel,  in  the  Isle  of  Man,  and  numerous 
Peel  towers  on  the  border  between  England  and  Scotland  ;* 
PILLAS  is  also  a castle  in  the  Lithuanian  language,  thus 
— Pillkallan  (the  castle  on  the  hill),  E.  Prussia,  as  well  as 
Pillau,  Pillnitz,  Pilsen. 

PEN  (Cym.-Ceh),  a promontory  or  hill  summit ; eg,  Pen-carrig  (the 
head  of  the  rock) ; Pen-brynn  (of  the  hill) ; Pencombe  (of 
• the  hollow) ; Pencoid  (of  the  wood) ; Penmorfa  (of  the  moor) ; 
Pen-mynnydd  (of  the  mountain) ; Pennant  (of  the  valley) ; 
Penpont  (of  the  bridge)  ; Paimpol  (of  the  pool) ; Penrith, 
anc.  Pen-rhyd  (the  head  of  the  ford)  ; Penicuik  (the  cuckoo’s 
hill)  ; Cockpen  (red  hill) ; Penllech  (stony  headland)  ; Pen- 
maen-maur  (the  great  stone  head,  or  hill);  Penn,  in  Staf- 
fordshire ; Pennigant  (the  windy  hill) ; Penryn  and  Pen- 
rhyn  (the  promontory) ; Pentraeth  (the  head  of  the  strand)  ; 
Pen-y-craig,  or  Old  Radnor  (the  head  of  the  rock)  ; 
Penzance  (the  saint’s  headland)  ; Pain-boeuf,  or  Penn-Ochen 
(the  ox’s  head)  ; Pendennis  (the  fort  on  the  headland)  ; Pen, 
the  highest  hill  in  Bucks.  The  Pennine  Alps,  the  Apennines, 
Mount  Pindus,  and  the  Grampians,  as  well  as  Vann  in  Breck- 
nock, and  the  Vans,  also  in  Wales,  are  named  from  this 
root.  Pena  and  Penha,  in  Spain  and  Portugal,  are 
applied  to  rocks,  thus — Penafiel  (the  loyal  rock),  in  Spain ; 
Penha  Verde  (green  rock),  in  Brazil ; Cape  Penas,  in  Spain. 

PFERD  (Ger.),  a horse  ; eg.  Pferdsfeld  (the  horse’s  field) ; Pferdsdorf 
(the  horse’s  village). 

a haven  or  landing-place,  or  passage,  cog- 
nate with  the  Lat.  portus;  eg.  Seligen- 
pforten  (blessed  port)  ; Sassenpoorte  (the 
Saxons’  haven) ; Himmelpforte  (the  port  of 
heaven) ; Pforzheim  (the  dwelling  at  the 
entrance  to  the  Hyrcenian  forest)  ; Zandpoort  (sand  haven) ; 
Porlock(the  enclosed  fort),  in  Somersetshire ; Portsmouth  (the 


PFORTE  (Ger.), 
POORT  (Dutch), 
PORTH  (Cym.-Cel.), 
PORT  (Gadhelic), 


I 

i 


* Pele  peel,  v.  Wedgwooc’s  Dictionary  and  Jameson’s  Scottish  Dictionary. 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


129 


mouth  of  the  harbour)  ; Porthkerry  (rocky  haven),  in  Wales  ; 
Portraine  (the  landing-place  of  Rachra^  now  Rathlin)  ; Porta- 
down  (at  the  fortress) ; Portlaw,  Port-lagha  (at  the  hill) ; 
Portmarnock  (the  haven  of  St.  Mernock) ; Port-na-Spania 
(the  port  of  the  Spaniard),  where  one  of  the  vessels  of  the 
Invincible  Armada  was  wrecked,  off  the  coast  of  Ireland ; Port 
Arlington,  named  after  the  Earl  of  Arlington  in  the  time  of 
Charles  II, — all  in  Ireland  ; Port-Glasgow,  anc.  Kil-ma-Colm 
(St.  Columba’s  church) — it  received  its  modern  name  in  1668, 
when  purchased  by  the  merchants  of  Glasgow ; Portmoak  (the 
landing-place  of  St.  Moak),  Kinross  ; Port-Patrick  (the  port 
from  which  it  is  said  St.  Patrick  sailed  for  Ireland) ; Portree, 
in  Skye,  and  Port-an-righ,  in  Ross  (the  king’s  haven)  ; Port- 
nellan  (the  landing-place  of  the  island),  in  Loch  Tummel ; 
Portmore  (the  great  port),  Wigton ; Port-na-craig  (of  the  rock) ; 
Port-na-churaich  (of  the  boat),  where  St.  Columba  landed  on 
Iona ; Portskerrie  (the  rocky  landing-place),  Sutherland  ; 
Snizort,  in  Skye,  corrupt,  from  Snisport  (probably  named 
after  a Norse  pirate  or  leader) ; Purt-ny-hinsey  (of  the  island), 
the  Celtic  name  of  Peel,  in  the  Isle  of  Man ; Portingscale,  in 
Westmoreland  (the  passage  where  the  skaala,  or  booths,  for 
the  Scandinavian  meeting,  things  were  erected)  ; Portobello, 
in  South  America  (the  beautiful  harbour),  so  named  by  its 
founder ; Portobello,  in  Mid  Lothian,  named  in  commemo- 
ration of  the  capture  of  the  American  town  in  1739;  Port- 
skewett,  or  Porth-is-coed  (the  port  below  the  wood),  Mon- 
mouth ; Porto-rico  (rich  haven)  ; Porto-seguro  (safe  haven)  ; 
Gosport  (God’s  haven)  ; Maryport,  Cumberland  (named  after 
the  wife  of  the  first  proprietor) ; Port-dyn-Norwig  (the  port 
of  the  Northman),  Wales  ; Portugal  and  Oporto  both  derive 
their  names  from  the  ancient  name  of  the  latter,  Portus- 
CaUy  both  words  meaning  a harbour. 

a peak  or  promontory ; e.g.  the  Pike  o’ 
Stickel  (the  peak  of  the  high  rock) ; the 
Peak,  in  Derbyshire ; Spitz,  a town  in 
Austria,  built  around  a hill ; Spitzbergen 
(the  mountains  with  the  peaks) ; Spithead 
K 


PIC,  PIKE  (A.S.), 
PIC  and  PUY  (Fr.), 
SPITZE  (Ger.), 
SPITZ, 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


130 


(the  head  of  the  spit  or  promontory)  ; Le  Puy  (the  peak),  a 
town  of  France,  situated  on  a high  hill ; Puy-de-Dome  (the 
dome-shaped  peak). 

PISCH  (Sclav.),  sand  ; e.g.  Peschkowitz,  Peshen,  Pisck,  Pskov,  Peck- 
ska,  in  Russia  and  Bohemia,  and  perhaps  Pesth,  in  Hungary 
(on  a dry  sandy  soil) ; but  Buttman  suggests  that  the  name 
may  be  derived  from  pazy  Sclav,  a baking-place,  especially 
as  the  German  name  for  Buda,  on  the  opposite  side  of  the 
Danube,  is  Ofen  (the  oven)  ; PieSy  Sclav,  the  dog,  may,  how- 
ever, be  the  root  word  of  some  of  these  names. 

PITT,  PITTEN  (Gadhelic),  a hole,  a small  hollow.  This  word,  as 
a prefix,  occurs  very  frequently  in  Scotland,  especially  in 
Fife,  in  which  county  the  most  important  place  is  Pitten- 
weem  (the  hollow  of  the  cave,  uaimh)y  the  seat  of  an  ancient 
monastery,  near  which  is  the  cave  from  which  it  took  its 
name.  In  the  same  county,  Pittincrieff  (the  hollow  of  the 
tree) ; Pitcairn  (of  the  crag) ; Pitgarvie  (the  rough  hollow), 
Ayrshire  ; Pitglas  (the  grey  hollow),  Elgin  ; Pitgober  (of  the 
goat),  Stirling  ; Pitnamoon  (of  the  moss),  Ayr  ; Pittendrieich 
and  Pittendrick  (the  Druid’s  hollow) ; but  in  ancient  times 
the  word  pette  is  understood  to  have  also  meant  a part  or 
portion  of  land,  and  it  may  have  this  meaning  in  Pitlochrie, 
in  Perthshire,  anc.  Pittan-cleireach  (the  portion  of  the  clerk 
or  clergy)  ; Pittan-clerach,  in  Fife,  with  the  same  meaning. 

PLEU,  or  PLOE  (Cym.-Cel.),  a village,  found  only  in  Brittany  ; eg. 
Pleu-bihan  (little  village) ; Pleu-meur  (great  village)  ; Pleu- 
nevey  (new village) ; Ploermel  (mill  village);  Pleu-Jian  (John’s 
village) ; Pleu,  Ploeven,  Pleven,  &c. 

PLON,  POLSKI  (Sclav.),  a plain ; eg.  Ploen,  a town  in  Holstein  ; 
Plonersee  (the  lake  on  the  plain);  Juriev-Polskoi  (St.  George’s 
town  on  the  plain),  in  Russia ; Poland,  i.e.  Polskoi  (the  plain, 
or  level  land). 

POD  (Sclav.),  near,  or  under  ; e.g.  Podgoriza  (under  the  hill)  ; Pod- 
mok  and  Podmokla  (near  the  moss)  ; Potsdam,  from  Pozdii- 
pemi  (under  the  oaks). 

POLDER  (Dutch),  land  reclaimed  from  the  sea  ; e.g.  Polder  and  Pol- 
ders, Belgium  ; Beemsterpolder  (the  meadow  of  the  reclaimed 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


131 


land) ; Charlotten-Polder  (the  reclaimed  land  of  Charlotte)  ; 
Pwlpolder  (the  land  reclaimed  from  the  pool  or  marsh). 

POLIS  (Gr.),  a city,  Sclav,  ^ol,  probably  borrowed  from  the  Greek  ; 
e.g.  Constantinople,  Adrianople,  Philippi  (cities  founded  bf 
Constantine,  Adrian,  and  Philip  of  Macedon) — the  ancient 
name  of  Philippi  was  Crenides  (the  place  of  fountains)  ; Nico- 
polis  and  Nicopoli  (the  city  of  victory),  the  first  founded  by 
Augustus,  to  commemorate  the  battle  of  Actium,  and  the 
second  by  Trajan,  to  commemorate  his  victory  over  the 
Dacians  ; Persepolis  (the  city  of  the  Persians) ; Pampeluna, 
corrupt,  from  PompeiopoliSy  so  called  because  rebuilt  by  the 
sons  of  Pompey  the  Great ; Decapolis  (the  district  of  the 
ten  cities),  colonized  by  the  Romans  in  Palestine ; Sebastopol 
(the  august  city) ; Stavropol  (the  city  of  the  cross),  in  Russia ; 
Bielopol  (white  city)  ; Bogopol  (the  city  of  God,  Sclav.  Bog), 
ox  Bielbogj  Gallipoli,  anc.  Gz//2}5(5»/A  (beautiful  city) ; Naples, 
Nablous,  and  Neapolis  (new  city) ; Grenoble,  corrupt,  from 
Gratianopolis  (the  city  of  Gratian) ; Heliopolis  (the  city  of  the 
sun),  the  Greek  name  for  On,  in  Egypt,  and  also  for  Baalbec, 
in  Syria ; Krasnapol  (fair  city) ; Theriasiapol,  in  Hungary, 
(named  after  the  Empress  Theresa)  ; Yelisabetpol  (after  the 
Empress  Elizabeth) ; Tripoli  (the  three  cities),  in  Syria,  a 
joint  colony  from  Tyre,  Sidon,  and  Aradus  ; Tripoli,  in  Bar- 
bary, named  from  its  three  chief  cities,  Lepta,  Oca,  and 
Sabrata  ; Tripolitza,  in  the  Morea,  built  from  the  remains  of 
the  three  cities,  Tegeo,  Mantinea,  and  Palantium ; Amphi- 
polis  (the  srurrounded  city),  so  called  because  almost  encircled 
by  the  R.  Strymon  ; Anapli,  for  Nauplia  (new  town),  in  the 
Morea;  Annapolis,  in  Nova  Scotia  (named  after  Queen 
Anne);  Antibes,  in  Provence,  a colony  from  Marseilles, 
anc.  AntinopoUs,  named  after  its  founder;  Stamboul,  the 
modern  name  for  Byzantium,  is  not  a corruption  of  Con- 
stantinople, but  of  es-tan-polin,  to  the  city. 

POLL  (Gadhelic),  marsh,  cognate  with  the 

PWL  (Cym.-Cel.),  J Poole,  in  Dorset, 

POLL  and  PFUHL  (Teut.),  ) situated  on  a lagune  ; Pontypool  (the 
l^pool  at  the  bridge);  Welshpool,  so 


132 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


called  to  distinguish  it  from  Poole  in  Dorset,  its  Welsh  name 
is  Trellyn  (the  dwelling  on  the  pool)  ; Pwl-helli  (salt  pool),  in 
Wales  ; Poggenpfuhl  (the  frog’s  pool),  in  Germany  ; Hartle- 
pool, Dan.  Hartness  (hard  by  the  headland) — the  Normans 
added  le-pol  from  a pool  called  the  Slake,  by  which  it  is 
almost  insulated  ; Liverpool,  probably  Llyr-pwl^  Welsh  (the 
sea  pool)  ; Blackpool,  in  Lancashire,  named  from  a pool 
now  drained  ; Polton  and  Pulborough  (pool  town)  ; Polbaith 
and  Polbeath  (the  pool  of  the  birches)  ; Polltarf  (of  the  bull)  ; 
Pollnaranny,  Pollrane  (the  hole  of  the  ferns),  Ireland. 

PONS  (Lat.),  the  bridge,  with  its  derivatives,  in  the  Romance  and 
m the  Welsh  languages  ; e.g.  Pontefract,  Lat.  Ad-pontem- 
fractum  (at  the  broken  bridge)  ; Pontoise  (the  bridge  across 
the  Oise) ; Pont-Audemer  (the  bridge  built  by  Aldemar 
across  the  Rille) ; Pont-de-briques  (the  brick  bridge)  ; Pont- 
d’Espagne,  corrupt,  from  Pont-de-sapins  (the  fir-tree  bridge)  ; 
Ponteland,  in  Northumberland,  Lat.  Ad-ponte7n-Aeliamim 
(at  the  bridge  of  Aelius) ; Pontigny  (bridge  town) ; Les- 
Ponts-de-Ce  (the  bridges  of  Csesar),  a town  in  France  with 
four  bridges  across  the  Loire  ; Negropont,  a corruption  of 
Euripos,  Gr.  (the  strait  with  the  violent  current),  applied  to 
the  narrow  channel  between  the  island  and  the  mainland 
— hence  the  town  built  on  the  strait  was  named  Erripo  or 
Egripo,  and  the  Italian  sailors  translated  it  into  Negropo  or 
Negropont  (the  black  bridge),  which  name  was  gradually 
extended  to  the  whole  island,  till  then  called  Etibceaj  Ponte- 
vedra  (the  old  bridge)  ; Puente-de-la-Reyna  (the  queen’s 
bridge),  in  Spain  ; Grampound,  in  Cornwall,  anc.  Pons  muir 
(great  bridge) ; Paunton,  in  Lincoln,  anc.  Ad-Pontem  (at 
the  bridge)  ; Pont-aber-glas-llyn  (the  bridge  at  the  mouth  of 
the  blue  pool) ; Deux-ponts  (the  two  bridges,  in  Bavaria  ; 
Pontfaen  (stone  bridge),  in  Wales  ; Pontesbury  (bridge  town), 
Cheshire. 

POOR,  PORE,  PURA  (Sansc.),  a city  ; eg.  Nagpoor  (snake  city)  ; 
Amarapoora  (divine  city)  ; Bejapore,  or  Visiapoor  (the  city 
of  victory)  ; Berampore  (of  the  Mahometan  sect  called 
Bohra) ; Bhagulpore  (tiger  city) ; Ahmedpore  (the  city  of 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


i33 


Ahmed)  ; Bhurtpore  (of  Bhurat,  the  brother  of  the  god 
Ram) ; Rampoor  (Ram's  city) ; Callianpoor  (flourishing  city)  ; 
Bissenpoor  (the  city  of  Vishnu) ; Ferozepore  (of  Feroze- 
Togluk)  ; Huripoor  (of  Hari,  or  Vishnu)  ; Shahjehanpoor 
(of  Shah  Jehan) ; Mahabalipoor  (of  Bali  the  Great)  ; Cauja- 
poor  (of  the  Virgin) ; Rajapore  (of  the  rajah)  ; Cawnpoor,  or 
Khanpur  (of  the  Beloved  One,  a name  of  Krishna)  ; Hajipoor 
(of  the  pilgrim)  ; Ghazipore  (of  Ghazi,  a martyr)  ; Mirzapoor 
(the  city  of  the  emir) ; Secunderpoor  (of  Secunder  Lodi)  ; 
Sidhpoor  (of  the  saint) ; Singapore  (of  the  lions)  ; Russoul- 
poor  (of  the  prophet)  ; Chandpoor  (of  the  moon)  ; Joudpoor 
(war  city)  ; Ratnapoor  (of  rubies)  ; Munnipora  (of  jewels)  ; 
Darmapooram  (of  justice)  ; Dinajpore  (of  beggars)  ; Futte- 
poor  (of  victory). 

PRAAG,  PRAYAGA  (Sansc.),  a holy  place ; e.g.  Vissenpraag  (the 
holy  place  of  Vishnu)  ; Devaprayago  (God’s  holy  place). 

PRADO  (Span,  and  Port.),  ( a meadow,  derived  from  the  Lat. 

PR  ATA  ) pratumj  eg.  the  Frames,  or  meadow 

PRAIRIE  (Fr ) f ’ Prato-Vecchio  (the  old  mea- 

^ \ dow),  in  Tuscany ; Ouro-preto,  for 

Ouro-prado  (the  gold  meadow),  near  a gold  mine,  Brazil. 

PULO  (Malay),  an  island  ; e.g.  Pulo-Penang  (betel-nut  island). 

PUSTY  (Sclav.),  a waste  place  ; e.g.  Pustina  (on  the  waste  ground) ; 
Pusta-kaminica  (the  stony  waste). 

a well  or  pool  of  standing  water,  cognate  with 
the  Lat.  puteus  and  its  derivatives  ; e.g.  Puoz- 
zuoli,  in  Italy,  and  Puteaux,  in  France,  anc. 
Ptiteoli  (the  place  of  wells) ; Pfutzenburg  and 
Pfutzenthal  (the  town  and  valley  of  the  wells  or  pools) ; Poza- 
de-la-sal  (the  pool  of  the  salt),  near  a salt-mine,  in  Spain  ; 
Pozanco  and  Pozancos  (the  stagnant  pools),  Spain  ; Pozo- 
blanco,  Pozohondo  (the  white  and  the  deep  pool). 


PYTT  (A.S.), 
PFUTZE  (Ger.), 
PYDEN  (Welsh), 


134 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


Q 


QUELLE  (Ger.),  WEDEL  (Old  Ger.), 
WYL  (A.S.), 

KiLDE  (Scand.), 

KILL  (Dutch), 


'a  place  from  whence  water 
flows — qiieUen^  to  spring  ; 
wyllan^  to  flow — hence  a 
fountain ; e.g.  Miihlquelle 
^ (the  mill  fountain)  ; Hoog- 


kill  (corner  well),  Bassekil  (low  well),  in  Holland ; Quille- 
boeuf  (well  town),  Normandy ; Roeskilde  (the  fountain  of 
King  Roe),  in  Denmark  ; Salzwedel  (salt  well)  ; Hohenwedel 
(high  well) ; the  R.  Welland  (probably  the  river  into  which 
the  tide  flows)  ; Tides  well,  in  Derbyshire  (the  well  which 
ebbs  and  flows) ; Wells,  in  Norfolk  (a  place  into  which  the 
tide  flows)  ; Wells,  in  Somerset  (named  from  a holy  fountain 
dedicated  to  St.  Andrew) ; Motherwell,  in  Lancashire  (named 
from  a well  dedicated  to  the  Virgin  Mary) ; Amwell,  in 
Hants  (corrupt,  from  Emma’s  well) ; Holywell,  in  Wales 
(named  from  the  well  of  St.  Winifred)  ; Walston,  Lanarkshire 
(named  from  a sacred  well  near  the  site  of  the  church) ; 
Bakewell,  anc.  Badecan-willan  (the  protected  wells),  Derby- 
shire. 


RADE,  RODE  (Teut.),  a place  where  wood  has  been  cut  down,  and 
which  is  cleared  for  tillage,  from  reuten^  to  root  out,  to 
plough  or  turn  up  ; the  word  in  its  various  forms,  reud^  rent, 
and  rath,  is  common  in  German  topography  ; e.g.  Wittarode 
(the  cleared  wood)  ; Herzegerode  (the  clearing  on  the  Hartz 
Mountains)  ; Quadrath  (the  clearing  of  the  Quadi) ; Lippen- 
rode  (the  clearing  on  the  R.  Lippe)  ; Rade-vor-dem-Walde 
(the  clearing  in  front  of  the  wood) ; Randarath  and  Wemi- 
gerode  (the  clearing  of  Randa  and  Werner)  j Zeulenroda  (the 
clearing  on  the  boundary,  ziel)  ; Schabert,  corrupt,  from 
Suabroid  (the  Swabian  clearing)  ; Pfaffrath  (the  priest’s  clear- 
ing) ; Baireuth  (the  cleared  ground  of  the  Boii,  or  Bavarians) ; 
Schussenried  (the  clearing  on  the  R.  Schussen^  • Royd  in 


R 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


135 


England,  means  a path  cut  through  a wood,  as  in  Huntroyd, 
Boothroyd,  Holroyd. 


Hohenrain  (high  promontory)  ; Steenrain  (stone  headland)  ; 
Renfrew  (the  promontory  of  the  stream,  ; the  Rhinus, 

in  Galloway  ; Rhynie  (a  parish  in  Aberdeenshire) ; Rhind  (a 
parish  in  Perthshire  with  its  church  situated  on  a promontory 
running  into  theTay)  ; Rinmore  (great  point),  Devon  ; Rin- 
don,  in  Wigton.  This  word,  in  various  forms,  such  as  rin, 
reen,  rine^  ring,  is  of  frequent  occurrence  in  Ireland  ; eg. 
Ringrone,  rinn-roin  (the  seals’  promontory) ; Rineanna  (the 
promontory  of  the  marsh,  eanaigP)  ; Ringville,  and  Ringa- 
bella,  Irish  Rinn-bhile  (the  point  of  the  old  tree) ; also 
RingvaUa ; Ringfad  (long  point) ; Ringbane  (white  point) ; 
Rineen  (little  point)  ; Ringagonagh  (the  point  of  the 
O’Cooneys)  ; Rinville,  in  Galway  (the  point  of  Mhil,  a Fir- 
bolg  chieftain)  ; Ringsend,  near  Dublin  (the  end  of  the  rinn 
or  point). 

RAJA,  RAJ  (Sansc.),  royal ; e.g.  Rajamahal  (the  royal  palace) ; 
Rajapoor  (royal  city) ; Rajpootana  (the  country  of  the 
Rajpoots,  i.e.  the  king’s  sons). 

RAS  (Ar.),  ROSH  (Heb.),  a cape  ; e.g.  Ras-el-abyad  (white  cape) ; 
Rasigelbi,  corrupt,  from  Rasicalbi  (dog’s  cape) ; Rasicarami 
(the  cape  of  the  vineyards) ; Ras-el-tafal  (chalk  cape) ; 
Rasicanzar  (the  cape  of  swine)  ; Ras-el-shakah  (the  split 
cape) ; Ras-el-hamra  (red  cape). 

RATH,  RAED  (Teut.),  council ; e.g.  Rachstadt,  or  Rastadt  (the  town 
of  the  council,  or  court  of  justice)  ; Rathenau  (the  meadow 
of  council) ; Raithby  (the  dwelling  of  council,  or  of  the 
court  of  justice). 

RATH  (Gadhelic),  a round  earthen  fort  or  stronghold,  synonymous 
with  lios;  e.g.  Rathmore  (the  great  fort) ; Ratass,  or  Rath- 
teas  (the  south  fort) ; Rattoo,  Rath-tuaith  (northern  fort) ; 


RAIN,  RAND,  RA  (Teut.  and  Scand.), 
RHYNN  (Cym.-Cel.), 

RINN  (Irish), 

ROINN  (Gael.), 


' a point,  a promontory,  or 


peninsula;  e.g.  Rain,  a 
town  name  in  Bavaria 
and  Styria ; Randers  (on  a 
promontory  in  Denmark) ; 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


136 


Rathaspick  (the  bishop’s  fort) ; Rathcoole  (the  fort  of  Cumhal, 
the  father  of  Finn)  ; Rathcormac  (of  Cormac)  ; Rathdeowny, 
Irish  Rath-tamhnaigh  (the  fort  of  the  green  field)  ; Rath- 
drum  (of  the  ridge)  ; Rathbane  (white  fort)  ; Rathfryland 
(Freelan’sfort),  Ireland  ; Rattray,  in  Perthshire  (where  there 
are  the  remains  of  an  old  fortress  on  a hill,  and  near  it  a 
Druidical  temple  called  the  Standing-stones ; Rathven  (hill 
fort),  in  Banffshire  ; Rathmorail  (magnificent  fort),  in  Aber- 
deenshire ; Raphoe,  co.  Donegal,  abbreviated  from  Raih- 
both  (the  fort  of  the  huts). 

REICH,  REIKE  (Goth.),  ( ^ kingdom  ; now  France 

RICE  (A  S ) < kingdorn  of  the  Fr3,nlcs)  j CEstvctch^ 

RIGH  (Scand  ) 1 Austria  (the  Eastern  kingdom,  as  op- 

’ ’ V posed  to  Neustria,  the  Western)  ; Surrey, 

or  Sud-rice  (the  southern  kingdom) ; Goodrich  (Goda’s 
rule  or  kingdom),  in  Hereford  ; Rastrick  (Hrasta’s  rule), 
Yorkshire  ; Norway,  or  Nordrike  (the  northern  kingdom)  ; 
Ringerige,  in  Norway  (the  kingdom  of  king  Ringe)  ; 
Gothland,  anc.  Gotarike  (the  kingdom  of  the  Goths),  watered 
by  the  Gotha-elf  (Goths’  river) ; Sweden,  anc.  Sviarike  (the 
kingdom  of  the  Suiones). 

REIDH  (Gadhelic),  smooth,  used  also  as  a noun  to  signify  a level 
field,  and  Anglicised  re,  rea,  or  rey  j e.g.  Remeen  (smooth 
plain) ; Muilrea  (smooth  hill) ; Rehill,  for  Redh-choill 
(smooth  wood). 

REKA  (Sclav.),  a river  ; eg.  Riga,  Rega,  Regan,  Regnitz  (river 
names)  ; also  the  Spree,  Sclav.  Srb,  or  Serbenreka  (the  river 
of  the  Serbs,  or  Wends)  ; Meseritz  and  Meseritsch  (in  the 
midst  of  rivers),  in  Moravia  and  Wallachia ; Rakonitz  (the 
town  on  the  river),  Russia ; Reka,  the  Sclav,  name  for 
Fiume  (It.  a river),  a town  on  the  Adriatic,  at  the  mouth  of 
a stream  of  the  same  name. 

to  flow,  from  whence  are  derived  rivus, 
rivula,  Lat. ; rio,  Span,  and  Port. ; rivola, 
It.  ; raes  and  rith,  A.S.,  a stream.  The 

REolGrTRUo’(Lat.),  ! Fr. 

from  riparta,  m Mediteval  Lat.  a river,  but 


RHEDIG  (Cym.-Cel.), 
RUITH  (Gadhelic), 
Rl,  SRI  (Sansc.), 


E TYMOL  OGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


137 


literally  a river-bank.  From  these  root-words  many  river 
names  are  derived  ; e.g.  the  Rhine,  Rhone,  Rye,  Rea,  Rhee, 
Rhea,  Rey,  Rheus,  Roe,  Ruhr,  &c.  ; Rio-doce  and  Rio-dulc^- 
(sweet  river),  in  opposition  to  Rio-salada  (salt  river)  ; Rio- 
branco  (white  river)  ; Rio-bravo-del-norte  (the  great  north 
river)  ; Rio-grande-del-sul  (the  great  south  river) ; Rio-de- 
Janiero  (so  named  by  the  Portuguese  because  the  bay  was 
discovered  on  the  ist  of  January,  and  was  supposed  to  be  r 
the  mouth  of  the  great  river) — the  city  founded  at  the  place, 
and  now  called  Rio-de- Janiero,  was  originally  named  St. 
Sebastian ; Rio-de-Cobra  (snake  river),  Jamaica ; Rio-dos- 
Reis,  in  Africa  (the  river  of  the  kings,  so  nanied  by  Vasco- 
de-Gama  because  discovered  on  the  feast  of  the  Epiphany) ; 
Rio-de-Ouro  (golden  river),  on  the  coast  of  Guinea  ; Rio- 
negro  and  Rio-azul  (the  black  and  blue  rivers)  ; Rio  Ma- 
rahao  (the  tangled  river) ; Rio-colorado  (ruddy  river) ; 
Rio-de-la- Plata  (the  river  oiplata  (silver),  so  called  from  the 
booty  taken  on  its  banks). 

RHIADUR  (Cym.-Cel.),  a cataract ; eg.  Pistyll-Rhiadur  (the  spout 
of  the  cataract)  ; Radnor-shire  is  supposed  to  have  taken  its 
name  from  the  Rhiadur-Gwy  (the  cataract  of  the  R.  Wye). 

RHOS,  ROS  (Cym.-Cel.),  a moor,  in  Wales,  and  in  Cornwall,  a 
valley ; e.g.  Ross  (a  town  in  Hereford)  ; Rhoscollen  (the 
meadow  of  hazels),  Anglesea  ; Rhos-du  (black  moor) ; Pen- 
rhos  (the  head  of  the  moor),  Wales  ; Roskilly  (the  wooded 
valley) ; Rosecrewe  (the  cross  in  the  valley) ; Rosvean 
(little  valley),  Cornwall. 

red  ; e.g.  Rutland  (red  land)  ; Romhilde, 
anc.  Rotemulie  (red  land)  ; Rother, 
Rotha,  Rothback  (red  stream)  ; Rother- 
thurm.  Hung.  Vdrostorony  (red  tower)  ; 
Rothen-haus,  Sclav.  Czerweny-hradek 
(red  house  or  castle),  Bohemia ; Rotenburg,  in  Switzerland 
(the  town  on  the  red  brook) ; Rothenburg,  in  Hanover  and 
Bavaria  (the  red  fortress);  but  Rothenburg,  in  Prussia 
proper,  Sclav.  Rostarezewo  (the  town  of  the  Sclavonic  deity 
Ratzi)  ; Rothenfels  (red  rock)  ; Rotherham  (the  dwelling  on 


RHUDD  (Cym.-Cel.), 
RUADH  (Gadhelic), 

ROTH  and  ROOD  (Teut.), 
ROD  (Scand.), 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


138 


the  red  river)  ; but  the  prefix  rud  is  sometimes  the  abbrevia- 
tion of  a proper  name,  as  in  Rudesheim,  in  Germany,  from 
Hruodinesheim  (the  dwelling  of  Hruodine) ; Rudby  (of 
Routh),  Yorkshire  ; Rudkioping  (the  market  town  of  Routh), 
Denmark ; Roughan  and  Rooghaun  (reddish  land).  Ire-  ' 
land. 

RIDING,  or  THRITHING,  the  three  things^  i.e.  the  three  places  or 
districts  in  which  the  Scandinavians  held  their  judicial 
assemblies  ; e.g.  the  Ridings,  in  Yorkshire,  so  named  under 
the  Danes,  who  divided  Lincolnshire  in  the  same  manner. 

RIED  (A.S.),  a reed  ; eg.  Retford,  Radford  (the  reedy  ford) ; Red- 
bridge, in  Hants,  anc.  Reideford  (with  the  same  meaning) ; 
Radbourne  (reedy  brook). 

a ridge  ; eg.  Hansriicke  (John’s  ridge) ; ^ 
Hengistriicke  (the  horses’  ridge)  ; Hunds- 
ricke  (the  dog’s  ridge) ; Rudgeley  (the 
; Reigate  (the  passage  at  the  ridge) ; Lind- 
ridge  (lime-tree  ridge)  ; Rucksteig  (the  steep  path  at  the 
ridge) ; Langrike  (long  ridge),  in  Prussia ; Steenriicke 
(stony  ridge). 


RIGGE,  HRYCG  (A.S.),  J 
RticHEN  (Ger.),  j 

field  at  the  ridge) 


ll‘ 

Hi 

10 


1( 


RIPA  (Lat.),  RIVA  (It.), 

RIVE  (Fr.),  RIBA  (Span,  and  Port.), 


a bank,  or  the  border  of  a 
stream ; eg.  Riva  (on  the 
bank  of  Lake  Como)  ; Riva, 
or  Rief  (on  Lake  Garda)  ; Rive-de-Gier  and  Aube-rive  (the 
bank  of  the  Gier  and  the  Aube)  ; Rives-altes  and  Aute-rive 
(the  high  river-banks)  ; Rieux,  anc.  Rivi-Castra  (the  camp 
on  the  river  bank) ; Riberac  (the  bank  of  the  water),  in 
France  ; Rivalta  (the  high  bank).  Piedmont ; Rivoli,  anc. 
Ripula  (the  little  bank)  ; Romorantin,  anc.  Rivus-Moren- 
tini  (the  bank  of  the  R.  Morantin),  in  France  ; Rye,  in 
Sussex,  supposed  to  be  from  rive  (the  bank)  ; Ryde,  in  the 
Isle  of  Wight,  formerly  Rye  (on  the  bank  of  the  water) ; 
Somma-riva-del-bosco(the  summit  of  the  bank  of  the  thicket) ; 
Altrupp,  on  the  Rhone,  anc.  Alta-ripa  (the  high  bank)  ; 
Ribadavia  and  Riba-de- Sella,  in  Spain  (the  bank  of  the 
rivers  Avia  and  Sella)  ; Ripon,  in  Yorkshire,  anc.  Ripum 
(on  the  bank  of  the  R.  Ure). 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY, 


139 


RISCH  (Ger.), 

RISEE  (A.S.), 
ROGOSCHA  (Sclav.), 


ROC,  ROCHE  (Fr.), 
ROCCA  (It.), 

ROC  (A.S.), 


a rush  ; Ruscomb  (the  rushy  hollow) ; 
Rushbrook  (rushy  stream)  ; Rushford,  Rush- 
mere,  Rushholme,  Ryston  (the  rushy  ford,- 
marsh,  island,  and  town) ; Rogatzn,  in  Po- 
land, Rogatchev,  in  Russia  (the  place  of  rushes). 

/ derivatives  from  the  Lat.  rupes^  a rock ; e.g. 

\ Rocca-bianca  (white  rock) ; Rocca-casale 
j (rock  castle  or  village)  ; Rocca-secura  (the 
\ safe  rock  fortress)  ; Rochefort-sur-mer  (the 
strong  fort  on  the  sea),  at  the  mouth  of  the  Charente  ; Rocca- 
Valoscuro  (the  rock  in  the  dark  valley),  Naples ; Roche- 
foucault,  anc.  Rtipes-Fucaldi  (the  rock  fortress  of  Foucalt)  ; 
Roche-Guyon  (of  Guido) ; La  Rochelle  (the  little  fort  on  the 
rock) ; Rocroi,  Lat.  Rupes-regia  (the  royal  fortress) ; La 
Roque  (a  headland  on  the  coast  of  France) ; Richborough, 
anc.  Rutupi(z  (the  town  on  the  rock)  ; Roxburgh  (the  rock 
fortress) — the  ancient  town,  as  well  as  the  county,  taking  their 
names  from  the  strong  castle  situated  on  a rock  near  the 
junction  of  the  Tweed  and  Teviot — the  ancient  name  was 
Marchidun  (the  hill-fort  on  the  marshy  land). 

ROSS  (Gadhelic),  a promontory  or  isthmus,  and  also,  in  the 
south  of  Ireland,  a wood  ; thus  New  Ross,  co.  Wexford,  anc. 
Ros-mic-Treoiii  (the  wood  of  Treu’s  son)  ; Roscommon  (of 
St.  Coman)  ; Roscrea  (Cree’s  wood) ; Rosscastle,  on  a pro- 
montory on  Lake  Killarney  ; Muckros  (the  peninsula  of  the 
pigs),  in  several  places  in  Ireland ; Muckros  was  also  the 
ancient  name  of  the  town  of  St.  Andrews  ; Rossbegh  (the 
peninsula  of  the  birches) ; Rossinver  (of  the  confluence)  ; 
Portrush  (the  landing-place  of  the  peninsula) ; Ross-shire 
seems  to  take  its  name  from  this  word  (the  wood)  ; Mon- 
trose, anc.  Monros  (the  peninsula  on  the  marshy  land, 
moine)  ; Roseneath,  anc.  Rosnevetti  (the  promontory  of 
Saint  Nevetti),  in  Dumbartonshire  ; Erris,  in  Ireland, 

(the  western  promontory). 

RUHE  (Ger.),  rest ; e.g.  Ludwigsriihe  (Ludowic’s  rest) ; Carlshriihe 
(Charles’s  rest,  founded  by  Charles  William,  the  Markgraf  of 
Baden,  in  1715) ; Henricksriihe  (Henry’s  rest). 


ROS, 


140 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


RUN  (A.S.),  counsel ; e.g.  Runhall  (the  hall  of  counsel)  ; Running- 
ton,  anc.  Runenton  (the  town  of  counsel)  ; Runnymede  (the 
meadow  of  counsel). 

RYBA  (Sclav.),  fish  ; eg.  Rybnik,  Rybniza  (the  fish-pond)  ; Ry- 
binsk, Rybnaia  (fish  town). 

RYSCH  or  ROW  (Sclav.),  a dam  or  ditch  ; e.g.  Riez,  Rieze,  Riezow, 
Riezig  (at  the  dam)  ; Ryswick  (the  town  on  the  dam)  ; 
Prierow  (near  the  dam) ; Prierosbriick  (the  bridge  near  the 
dam). 


SA  (Sclav.),  behind  ; e.g.  Sabor  (behind  the  wood) ; Zadrin  (behind 
the  R.  Drin)  ; Zamosc  (behind  the  moss)  ; Zabrod  (behind 
the  ford) ; Zablat  (behind  the  marsh). 

SABHALL  (Gadhelic),  a barn ; e.g.  Saul,  co.  Down,  anc.  Sabhall- 
Patrick  (Patrick’s  barn,  the  first  place  of  worship  used  by 
St.  Patrick),  in  Ireland  ; Saval  (the  barn  or  church),  near 
Newry  ; Drumsaul  (the  barn  or  church  on  the  ridge) ; Sawel 
Mountain  (probably  named  from  the  same  root). 

SALH,  SAEL  (A.S.),  a willow  ; e.g.  Salehurst  (willow  copse) ; Salton 
(willow  town)  ; Salford  (willow  ford) ; Saul,  in  Gloucester 
(the  willow  place)  ; Soham  (dwelling  among  willows),  in 
Cambridge  and  Suffolk. 

SALE,  ZAAL  (Teut.),  a stone  dwelling — sel,  a cottage  ; sala,  Span, 
and  Port. ; e.g.  Hohensale  (high  dwelling) ; Nordsehl  (north 
dwelling)  ; Oldenzeel  (old  dwelling)  ; Eversal  (the  dwelling 
of  the  wild  boar) ; Brunsele  (at  the  well) ; Holzselen  (at  the 
wood) ; Laufenselden  (the  dwelling  near  the  cascade) ; 
Marsal  (on  the  marsh),  in  France ; Salas  (the  halls); 
Salas-de-la-ribera  (the  halls  of  the  river-bank) ; Salas-de- 
los- Infantes  (the  dwellings  of  the  infantry),  Spain ; Upsal, 
Scand.  Upsalr  (the  high  halls),  in  Sweden. 


SALZ  (Ger.), 
SALANN  (Gadhelic), 
SOL  (Sclav.), 

SAL  (Lat.), 


salt,  cognate  with  the  Gr.  hats  and  the 
Gym.- Cel.  halen;  e.g.  Saale,  Salzach,  Salz- 
bach.  Salat,  Sal  (the  salt  stream) ; Salies, 
Salins,  Salinas,  Salines,  Salenillas,  Sals- 
^kaia,  places  in  France,  S.  America,  and 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY 


141 


Russia  (in  the  neighbourhood  of  salt  mines  or  springs)  ; 
Salamanca,  in  Spain,  anc.  Salmantica  (the  district  in  the 
neighbourhood  of  salt  springs) ; Salzburg  (on  the  Salzach)  ; 
Salzbrunn  (the  salt  well) ; Salzkammergut  (the  public  treasury 
of  the  salt  works) ; Soultz  or  Soltzbad  (the  saline  bath) ; 
Soultzbach  (salt  brook) ; Soultz-sous-forets  (the  salt  springs 
under  the  woods),  France  ; Soultzmatt  (the  meadow  of  the  salt 
springs)  ; Selters,  anc.  Saltrissa  (salt  waters),  in  Nassau,  ' 
near  the  Seltzar,  or  mineral  springs  ; Saltzkotten  (the  huts  of 
the  salt  miners),  in  Westphalia ; Solikamsk  (the  town  of  the 
salt  works  on  the  R.  Kama),  in  Russia  ; Salt  and  Saltz, 
as  affixes,  are  also  applied  to  dwellings  on  the  sea- coast ; 
e.g.  Westersalt,  Ostersalt,  Neusaltz  (the  west,  east,  and  new 
places  by  the  sea). 

SANG  (Ger.),  a place  cleared  of  wood  by  burning,  from  sengen^  to 
burn  ; eg.  F euersang  (the  fire  clearing)  ; Altensang  (the  old 
clearing);  but  Vogelgesang  means  the  place  of  singing- 
birds. 

SAX,  SAHS  (Teut.),  a stone,  cognate  with  the  Lat.  saxum;  e.g. 
Sachsa  (stony  water,  or  the  stony  place,  in  the  neighbour- 
hood of  quarries)  ; Sasso,  in  Italy  (the  stone  or  tomb) ; Sas- 
soferrato  (the  fortified  rock)  ; Sassuolo  (the  little  stone),  in 
Italy  ; but  these  words,  either  as  prefixes  or  affixes,  in  topo- 
graphy generally  point  out  places  belonging  to  the  Saxons, 
so  called  from  the  seax^  a kind  of  sword  which  they  used  in 
war ; thus  Sachsenberg,  Sachsenburg,  Sachsenheim,  Sach- 
sendorf,  Sassetot,  denote  dwellings  of  the  Saxons  ; Saxony, 
in  Germany  (peopled  by  the  Saxons) ; Sussex,  Essex, 
and  Wessex  (the  districts  of  the  Saxons,  south,  east,  and 
west)  ; Saxby  (the  Saxons’  town),  Lincolnshire  ; Saxlingham 
(the  home  of  the  descendants  of  the  Saxons),  Norfolk  ; Sas- 
senberg  (the  Saxons’  hill),  Westphalia. 

SCALE,  SKALI  (Scand.),  f 

SHEAL,  SHEALING  (Scotch),  ) (hut  town)  ; Scalloway  (the  huts  on 

( the  bay,  vzg),  Shetland  ; Galashiels 
(the  huts  on  the  R.  Gala) ; Biggarshiels  (the  huts  near  the 
town  of  Biggar) ; Shields,  North  and  South,  originally  a 


142 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


collection  of  fishermen’s  huts  ; but  as  scald,  in  the  Scandina- 
vian language  means  a bard,  that  word  is  likely  to  form  an 
element  in  the  names  of  places ; Scaldwell  is  probably  the 
bard’s  well ; Skalholt,  in  Iceland,  may  be  the  bard’s  hill. 

SCAM  (Old  Ger.),  little  ; e.g.  Schambach,  Schamach  (little  stream). 


borough  (the  town  on  the  rocks  or  cliffs)  ; Scorton  (with  the 
same  meaning),  Yorkshire ; Scarnose,  Scarness  (the  rock 
cape) ; The  Scuir  (a  sharp  rock),  in  the  island  of  Egg  ; 
Scarabines  (the  sharp  points),  Caithness  ; Scordale,  in  West- 
moreland, and  Scordal,  in  Iceland  (the  valley  of  the  steep 
rock)  ; Scarsach  (abounding  in  steep  rocks),  Perth  ; Scarba 
(the  island  of  the  steep  rock)  ; the  Skerry  and  the  Skerries,' 
in  the  Shetlands,  and  on  the  coast  of  Ireland  and  Wales  ; 
Skerryvore  (the  great  rock),  in  the  Hebrides. 

SCHANZE  (Ger.),  a bulwark  ; eg.  Rheinschanze  (the  bulwark  of 
the  Rhine) ; Hochschanze  (high  bulwark). 

SCHEIDE  (Ger.),  a water-shed,  from  scheiden,  to  divide  ; e.g.  Lenn- 
scheid,  Nettenscheide,  Remscheid  (the  water- shed  of  the 
rivers  Lenne,  Nette,  and  Rems)  ; but  the  word  sometimes 
means  a place  separated  from  the  surrounding  land  (as  in 
Scheidhof  (the  separated  court  or  enclosure)  ; Scheid-lehen 
(the  separated  fief). 

SCHENKE  (Ger.),  a public-house  ; e.g.  Schenkholtz  (the  wood  near 
the  public-house)  ; Shenklein  (the  little  inn) ; Shenkendorf 
(the  inn  village). 

SCHEUNE  (Ger.),  a shed  or  barn  ; e.g.  Ziegelscheune  (the  brick 
barn)  ; Kalkscheune  (lime-shed)  ; ScheunensteUe  (the  place 
of  the  barn  or  shed). 

SCHLAG  (Ger.),  a wood  clearing  or  field ; e.g.  Leupoldschlag  (the 
field  of  Leopold) ; Grafenschlag  (of  the  count)  ; Pfaffen- 
schlag  (of  the  priest)  ; Kirchschlag  (of  the  church)  ; Schla- 
genwald  (the  cleared  wood)  ; Schlagberg  and  Schlaghock 
(the  cleared  hill  and  corner)  ; Murzuschlag  (the  clearing  on 
the  R.  Murz),  in  Styria. 


SCAR  (Scand.), 

SGOR  and  SGEIR  (Gadhelic), 


a sharp  rock ; e.g.  Scarcliff  (the  cliff 
of  the  steep  rock) ; Nashscaur  (the 
promontory  of  the  steep  rock);  Scar- 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


143 


SCHLEUSE  (Ger.), 
SLUYS  (Dutch), 
ECLUSE  (Fr.), 


SCHLANGE  (Ger.),  a snake ; e.£-.  Slangenhorst  (snake  thicket) ; 
Schlangenbad  (the  bath  of  the  snakes). 

a sluice ; e.g‘.  Rhinschleuse  (the  sluice  of  the 
Rhine) ; Sluys  (the  sluice),  in  Holland  ; and_ 
Slooten,  also  a town  in  Holland,  on  a lake  of 
the  same  name  (from  sloof,  a ditch) ; Sluis- 
polder  (the  reclaimed  land  at  the  sluice) ; Schlusseburg,  in 
Russia  (the  fortress  at  the  sluice),  built  on  an  island  at  the 
spot  whence  the  Neva  issues  from  lake  Ladoga  ; Helvoet- 
sluis  (the  sluice  on  the  Haring- vliet,  an  arm  of  the  Maas)  ; 
Fort  de  TEcluse  (the  fortress  of  the  sluice),  in  France. 

SCHLOSS  (Ger.),  a castle  ; Marienschloss  (the  castle  of  the 
Virgin)  ; Heidenschloss  (the  castle  on  the  heath) ; Schloss- 
miihle  (castle  mill)  ; Schlosshof  (the  castle  court). 

SCHMAL  CGer ) ( Schmalkald,  anc.  Schmalenaha  (small 

SMAA  (Scand.V  ’ Smalley  (with  the  same  meaning); 

* ^ ( Schmalkalden  (the  town  on  the  small  stream), 
Hesse  Cassel ; Smalholm,  Smallburgh  (little  hillock  and  little 
town) ; Schmallenberg  (little  hill)  ; Smaalehen  (little  fief  or 
property). 

SCHMEIDE  (Ger.),  a smithy  ; e.g.  Nagelschmeide  (the  nail  smithy)  ; 
Schmeidefeld,  Schmeidsiedel  (the  field  and  site  of  the 
smithy) ; Schmeideberg  (the  hill  of  the  smithy). 

I a shed  for  cattle  ; e.g.  Herrnschweige  (the 
count’s  cattle-shed) ; Brunswick,  anc 
Braunsweig  (Bruno’s  shed,  or  the  town  of 
Bruno). 

SCHWAND  (Ger.),  a wood  clearing ; e.g.  Schwand,  or  Schwandt,  in 
Bavaria,  and  Schwandorf  (the  village  at  the  wood-clearing)  ; 
Schwanden,  in  Switzerland. 

SCHWARZ  (Ger.),  black ; e.g.  Schwarza,  Schwarzach,  Schwarzbach, 
Schwarzwasser  (black  stream) ; Schwarzburg  (black  fortress) ; 
Schwarzwald  (black  wood)  ; Schwarzberg  (black  mountain). 
SCHWERE  (Sclav.),  a wild  beast ; e.g.  Schwerin  and  Schwerin- 
lake,  in  Mecklenburg,  and  Schwersentz,  in  Posen  (places 
infested  by  wild  beasts). 

SCIR  (A.S.),  clear,  bright ; e.g.  Sherbourne  (clear  stream)  ; but  the 


SCHWAIG  (Old  Ger.), 
SCHWEIG, 


144 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


word  is  sometimes  used  for  scyre,  a division  or  shire,  as  in  SI 
Sherwood  (the  wood  where  the  shire  motes  or  meetings  were 
held) ; Sherston  (the  shire  or  boundary  stone) ; Shard-low  ^ 
and  Sharehill  (the  boundary  hill) ; Sharnford  (the  dividing  ^ 

ford)  ; Sharrington  (the  town  of  the  children  of  the  shire  or  ^ 

division).  ^ 

SEANN  (Gadhelic),  old  ; e.g.  Shanmullagh  (the  old  summit)  ; Shan- 
drum  (the  old  ridge)  ; Shangarry  (the  old  garden) ; Shan- 
bally  and  Shanvally  (the  old  dwelling)  ; Shanboe,  Shanbo, 
and  Shanbogh  (old  hut),  in  Ireland ; Sanquhar,  Gael.  ; 
Seann-Cathair  (old  fortress),  named  from  a ruined  castle 
near  the  town  ; Shankill  (old  church),  in  Ireland  ; Shannon, 
anc.  Senos  (old  river  [.?]). 

SEE  (Ger.),  ZEE  (Dutch),  a sea  or  lake  ; eg.  Ostsee  and  Oostzee 
(east  lake) ; Zuyderzee  (the  South  Sea)  ; Zealand  and  Zee- 
land  (land  surrounded  by  the  sea) ; Gransee  (boundary  or 
corner  lake) ; Bodensee,  or  Lake  of  Constance,  named  from 
the  castle  of  Bodman  on  its  shores,  and  from  a fortress 
erected  on  its  banks  by  Constantine  the  Great ; Dolgensee 
(Sclav,  the  long  lake) ; and  Plattensee  (the  lake  on  the 
marsh,  blattd)  ; Unterseen  (below  the  lakes). 

SEIFEN  (Ger.),  a place  where  metals  are  washed  ; eg.  Seifen  and 
Seifendorf  (towns  where  metals  are  washed)  ; Seifengold, 
Seifenzinn  (where  gold  and  tin  are  washed)  ; Seifenwerk 
(the  building  for  metal-washing)  ; Seifenberg  (the  hill  of  the 
metal-washing). 

SEILLE,  an  affix  in  French  and  Belgian  topography,  signifying  a 
wood  or  forest,  cognate  with  the  Lat.  saltus  and  sylvaj  e.g. 
Baseille  (low  wood)  ; Haseille  (high  wood) ; Forseille  (out 
of  the  wood)  ; Senlis,  Lat.  Civitas  Sylvanectensium  (the 
town  of  the  Silvanectes,  i.e.  dwellers  in  the  woods)  ; Tran- 
sylvania (the  country  beyond  the  woods) — its  Hungarian 
name,  Erdely-Orszag,  means  the  woody  country ; Souvigny, 
anc.  Sylviacum  (woody  place). 

SELENY,  or  ZIELENY  (Sclav.),  green  ; e.g.  Selinga  (green  river)  ; 
Zellendorf  (green  village)  ; Zielonagora  (green  mountain)  ; 
Zielenzig  and  Szelenek  (green  place). 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


M5 


SELIG  (Teut.),  holy  ; e.g.  Selby,  Seligenstadt  (holy  town  or  dwell- 
ing) ; Sellyoak  (holy  oak) ; Selwood  (holy  wood). 


SET,  SEATA  (A.S.),  ZETEL  (Dutch), 
SITZ  (Ger.),  SEDAL  (Old  Ger.), 
SSEDLIO  (Sclav.), 

SUIDHE  (Gadhelic), 


' a seat,  settlement,  or  posses- 
sion, cognate  with  the  Lat. 
sedesj  eg.  Dorset  (the  settle- 
ment of  the  Durotriges,  i.e. 
dwellers  by  the  water) ; 
Wiltshire,  anc.  Wilsaetan  (the  settlement  on  the  Willy) ; 
Shropshire,  anc.  Scrobsaetan  (the  settlement  among  shrubs)  ; 
Somersetshire,  named  from  Somerton,  the  summer  seat  of 
the  West  Saxon  kings)  ; Settle  (the  settlement),  in  Yorkshire. 
In  the  Lake  District,  colonised  by  Norsemen,  this  word  often 
take  the  form  of  side,  Scand.  sida ; eg.  Ormside,  Ambleside, 
Kettleside,  Silverside  (the  settlement  of  Ormr,  Hamel,  Ketyl, 
and  Soelvar)  ; Alsace,  anc.  Alsatia  {i.e.  the  other  settle- 
ment), with  reference  to  the  Germans  dwelling  on  the  west 
bank  of  the  Rhine,  as  distinguished  from  the  Franks,  or 
Ripitari,  on  the  east ; Holstein,  anc.  HoUsatia  (the  settle- 
ment in  the  woods)  ; Waldsassen  (wood  settlement) ; Win- 
kelsass  and  Endzettel  (the  corner  settlement)  ; Neusass, 
Neusiedel  and  Neusohl  (new  settlement) ; Einsiedlen  (the 
settlement  of  Eina)  ; Wolfsedal  (of  Wolfa)  ; Soest,  for  Suth- 
satium  (the  south  seat).  In  Sclavonian  names,  we  have 
Sedlitz  (the  possession);  Stary-Sedlo  (the  old  possession); 
Sedlitz-gross  (the  great  possession)  ; Zedlitz,  Zettlitz,  Zedlin, 
&c.,  in  Hungary  ; Szaska,  or  Nemeth-Szaska  (the  settlement 
of  the  Germans,  or  foreigners)  ; Sursee,  in  Switzerland  (the 
settlement  or  dwelling.  Old  Fr.  Zt),  on  the  R.  Sur  ; Sion,  or 
Sitten,  in  Switzerland,  Celtic  Suidh-dunum  (the  seat  at  the 
hill-fort) ; in  Ireland,  Seagoe,  Irish  Suidhe-Gobha  (St. 
Gobha’s  seat)  ; Seeoran  (Oran’s  seat)  ; Seaghanbane  (white 
seat)  ; Seaghandoo  (black  seat)  ; Shinrone,  anc.  Suidhe-an- 
roin  (literally  the  seat  of  the  seal,  but  figuratively  of  a hairy 
man)  ; Hermosillo,  in  Mexico  (Span,  beautiful  seat). 


SHAW,  (A.S.)  sceaga, 
SKOGN  (Scand.), 


a wood  or  grove,  from  scua,  a shade  ; e.g, 
the  Shaws,  in  Cumberland  and  Lanark- 
shire ; Birchenshaw  (the  birch  wood) ; 


146 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY, 


Shaugh-Prior  (the  PrioPs  wood) ; Shawbury  (the  town  in 
the  wood) ; Skegby  (with  the  same  meaning)  ; Skegness 
(the  headland  of  the  wood) ; Evershaw  (the  wild  boar’s 
wood). 

SHEHR  (Pers.),  a dwelling  ; e.g.  Begshehr  (the  dwelling  of  the  beg, 
or  bey) ; Bushire,  or  Abu-shehr  (of  Abou) ; Allah-shehr 
(God’s  house) ; Eskshehr  (old  dwelling) ; Yenishehr  (new 
dwelling)  ; Anoopshehr  (incomparable  dwelling) ; the  same 
root  is  probably  in  Shiraz  and  Shirvan. 

SIDH,  SITH  (Gadhelic),  a fairy,  or  a fairy  hill.  The  belief  in  these 
supernatural  beings  was,  and  is  still  general  among  the 
Celtic  races.  It  was  believed  that  they  resided  in  the  in- 
terior of  pleasant  hills  called  sidhe  or  siodha.  The  word 
frequently  takes  the  form  of  shee,  as  in  the  Shee  hills,  in 
Meath,  and  Sidlaw  hills  and  Glenshee,  in  Perthshire ; 
Sheann,  Shean,  Sheean,  Sheane,  Shane;  Mullaghshee 
(the  fairy  hillock)  ; Sheetrim,  or  SidTi-dhruhn  (the  fairy 
ridge,  the  old  name  of  the  rock  of  Cashel)  ; Killashee 
(the  church  near  the  fairy  hill) ; Rashee  (the  fort  of  the 
fairies),  in  Ireland. 


SIERRA  (Span.), 
CERRO  (Port.), 


f a mountain  chain,  having  a serrated  appear- 
ance,  from  the  Lat.  serra,  a saw  ; or,  perhaps, 
( rather  from  the  Ar.  sehrah^  an  uncultivated 
tract  of  land,  the  root  of  the  Desert  of  Sahara,  in  Africa  ; 
eg.  Sierra-de-fuentes  (the  mountain  chain  of  the  fountains)  ; 
Sierra-de-los-vertientes  (of  the  cascades) ; Sierra  Leone  (of 
the  lions)  ; Sierra- Calderona  (with  the  caldrons  or  craters)  ; 
Sierra-de-las-Monas  (of  the  apes) ; Sierra  Morena  (dark 
mountain  range) ; Sierra  Nevada  (the  snowy) ; Sierra 
Estrella  (the  starry  mountain  chain)  ; Sierra-de-Culebra  (of 
the  snake)  ; Sierra-de-gata  (of  agates) ; Esmeraldas-Ser- 
radas  (the  emerald  mountains),  Brazil ; Cerro-da-vigia  (the 
mountain  of  observation) ; Cerro  de  la  Giganta  (of  the 
giantess)  ; Cerro-largo  (broad  mountain)  ; Cerro-gordo  (fruit- 
ful mountain)  ; but  Serra,  in  Italian,  means  a narrow  place, 
as  in  Serra- capriole  (the  narrow  place  of  the  goats) ; and 
Serra-Monascesca  (of  the  monks). 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


147 


SKAW,  SKAGI  (Scand.),  an  isthmus  or  promontory  ; e.g.  the  Skaw,  or 
Skagen  Cape,  on  the  coast  of  Denmark ; Skagerack,  or 
Skagen-rack  (the  strait  near  the  promontory). 

SKI,  SK,  SKIA,  an  affix  in  Sclavonian  topography  signifying  a town, 
often  annexed  to  the  name  of  the  river  near  the  town,  or  to 
the  name  of  its  founder  ; e.g.  Tobolsk,  Tomsk,  Pinsk,  Vilepsk, 
Volsk,  Omsk  (on  the  rivers  Tobol,  Tom,  Pina,  Vileba,  Volga, 
Om)  ; Irkutsk,  Berdiansk,  Bielorietzk,  Bobroninsk,  Illginsk, 
Miask,  Olekminsk,  Okhotsk,  Olensk  (on  the  Irkut,  Berda, 
Biela,  Bobronia,  Ilga,  Miass,  Olekma,  Okhota,  and  Olenek) ; 
Bielozersk  (the  town  on  the  white  island) ; Jarensk  (the 
town  on  the  Jarenga,  or  strong  river) ; Kesilskaia  (on  the 
red  river)  ; Krasno-Ufimsk  (the  beautiful  town  on  the  Ufa)  ; 
Petsk  (silk  town),  in  Turkey,  where  the  mulberry-tree  is  ex- 
tensively cultivated ; Yakutsk  (the  town  of  the  Yakuts,  a 
Tartar  tribe)  ; Yamsk  (on  the  Yama) ; Salskaia  (on  the 
Sal) ; Sviajsk  (the  town  on  the  Sviga,  holy  river) ; Sviat- 
skaia  (the  town  of  Sviatovid,  a Sclav,  deity) ; Dmitrovisk 
(the  town  of  Demetrius) ; Kupiansk  and  Kupiszki  (the  town 
on  the  promontory,  kupd). 

’■VP  j V fa  sheep  ; e.g.  Skipton,  Skipwdch,  Schaefheim 
sphaffTa  S ^ \ ’ Shapfells  (sheep  hills) ; Sheppey 

' ’ ( (sheep  island)  ; Skipsia  (sheep  stream)  ; Schaef- 

matt  (sheep  meadow)  ; Shefford  (sheep  ford) ; Scaefstadt 
(sheep  town). 

SLIABH,  SLIEVE,  SLIEU  (Gadhelic),  a mountain,  a heath,  akin  to 
the  Old  Ger.  slut,  a declivity ; e.g.  Slieve-Anieran  (iron 
mountain),  so  called  from  its  mines  ; Bricklive  (speckled 
mountain)  ; Slievesnaght  (snowy  mountains) ; Slieve-Ber- 
nagh  (gapped  mountain) ; Beglieve  (small  mountain) ; in 
all  these  places  in  Ireland  the  original  names  have  been 
corrupted  ; Sleaty  (the  mountains)  ; Sleeven  (the  little  hill)  ; 
Slievenamon  (the  mountain  of  the  women,  or  fairies)  ; Slieve- 
bloom  (Bladh’s  hill) ; Slieve-beagh  (birch-tree  hill)  ; Slieve- 
corragh  (rugged  hill) ; Slieveroe  (red  hill)  ; Slamanan  (the 
moor  of  the  district  formerly  called  Manan,  parts  of  Stirling 
and  Clackmannanshire). 


148 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


SLOG  (A.S.),  a slough  or  marshy  place ; e.g.  Slough,  co.  Bucks  ; 
Sloby,  Slawston,  Slaugham  (the  dwelling  on  the  marsh). 

SLUAGH  (Gadhelic),  a multitude,  a host ; e.g.  Ballinasloe  (the  ford- 
mouth  of  the  hosts),  co.  Galway  ; Srahatloe,  Sraih-d-isluagh 
(the  river  holm  of  the  host)  ; Knockatloe  and  Tullintloy  (the 
hill  of  the  host). 

SNAID,  SNOED  (Teut.),  a separated  piece  of  land,  from  the  Old 
Ger.  sniden^  modern  schneiden^  to  cut ; e.g.  Eckschnaid  (the 
oak  snaid) ; Hinterschnaid  (behind  the  snaid) ; Snaith, 
Yorkshire  ; Snead,  Montgomery  ; Sneyd,  Stafford  ; Sneaton 
(the  town  on  the  snaid) ; Snodland  and  Snodlands  (the 
separated  lands)  ; Snodhill  (the  hill  on  the  snaid). 

SOC  (AS)  ( ^ place  privileged  to  hold  local  courts ; eg. 

SOKE  (Scand  ) 1 Thorpe-le-Soke,  Kirby-le-Soken  (the  village  and 

’ ( church  town  where  the  court  was  held) ; Wal- 
soken  and  Walton-le-Soken  (the  place  near  the  wall  or  the 
well  where  the  court  was  held)  ; Sockbridge  and  Sockburn 
the  bridge  and  stream  near  the  court  station). 

SOTO  (Span.),  a grove ; e.g.  Soto,  the  name  of  several  places  in 
Spain  ; Sotilla  (the  little  grove)  ; Sotilla-de-las-Palomas  (the 
little  grove  of  the  doves)  ; Sotilla-de-la-ribera  (the  little 
grove  of  the  river-bank). 

( a thorn  ; e.g.  Epinac,  Epinal,  Epinay,  in  France  ; 

Espinosa,  in  Spain  (a  thorny  place)  ; Speene,  in 
( Berks,  anc.  Spince  (the  thorns). 

an  hospital  or  place  of  entertainment  for 
strangers  or  invalids,  from  the  Lat.  hospi- 
tiumj  e.g.  Spittal,  in  Caithness  and  Pem- 
broke ; Spittle,  Cheshire  and  Berwick- 
shire ; the  Spital  of  Glenshee,  in  Perthshire  ; Dal-na-Spidal, 
in  Atholl ; Spittalfields,  Middlesex ; and  many  others  in 
England  and  Scotland,  which  derive  their  names  from  hos- 
pitals attached  to  religious  houses  in*  the  Middle  Ages 
Yspytty-Rhew-Ystwith  (the  hospital  on  the  R.  Ystwith) ; 
Yspytty-Evan  (Evan’s  hospital),  in  Wales. 

QPPTMP  rTpnf  'i  ( ^ water-source  ; e.g.  Springthorpe  (the  farm  at 
(Scand ) i fountain) ; Adlerspring  (the  eagle’s  foun- 
^ * ( tain) ; Lippspring  (the  source  of  the  R.  Lippe) ; 


JtA 


1ST 


SPINA  (Lat.),  J 
EPINE  (Fr.),  ^ 


SPITAL  (Nor.-Fr.), 
YSPYTTY  (Cym.-Cel.), 
SPIDEAL  (Gadhelic), 


SPRONG 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


149 


Springe  (at  the  source  of  the  R.  Haller)  ; Magdespring  (the 
maiden’s  fountain).  — - 


SRATH  (Gadhelic), 


{an  extensive  valley,  Anglicised  strath; 
ep  Strathmore,  Strathbeg  (the  great  and 
little  valleys) ; Strathyre  (the  western 
valley,  with  reference  to  Stratheam,  the  eastern),  Perthshire  ; 
but  the  straths  in  Scotland  generally  take  their  names  from 
the  rivers  which  flow  through  them ; thus  Strathclyde, 
Strathavon,  Strathnaver,  Strathdon,  Strathspey,  Strathbogie, 
Strathallan,  Strathpeffer,  Strathbran,  and  many  others  with 
strath  prefixed  to  the  river’s  name ; Ystrad-Tywy  (the  valley 
of  the  R.  Tywy) ; Ystrad-yw  (yew-tree  valley),  Wales. 

SRON  (Gadhelic),  ( t ““^e,  hence  a promontory ; 

TRWYN  and  TRON  (Cym.-Cel.),  1 Stronaba(the  cow’s  promontory) ; 

( Stronaclacher  (the  stony  pro- 
montory) ; Stronechrigen  (rocky  point) ; Stronfearn  (the 
point  of  the  alder-trees)  ; Strondeas  (the  southern  point)  ; 
Strontian  (the  little  point) ; Sorn,  in  Ayrshire,  named  from 
an  ancient  castle  on  a rocky  headland  ; Troon  (the  promon- 
tory), on  the  Ayrshire  coast ; Sroan-keeragh  (the  sheep’s 
promontory) ; Shrone-beha  (birch-tree  promontory),  in 
Ireland. 

SRUTH,  SRUTHAIR  (Gadhelic),  ( ^ Or  flowing  water;  sru 

SROTA(Sansc.),  with 

( stroum^  Teut.,  struja,  Sclav.,  and 

ffrwd,  Welsh ; e.g.  Srue,  Sruh,  Shrough,  Sroughan  (the 
stream),  in  Ireland  ; also  Abbeyshrule,  anc.  Sruthair  (the 
abbey  on  the  stream),  and  Abbeystrowy ; Bealnashrura  (the 
ford-mouth  of  the  stream)  ; Sroolane,  Srooleen,  SrufFan, 
and  Sruflaun  (little  streams);  Killeenatruan,  anc.  Cillin-a- 
tsruthain  (the  little  church  of  the  stream) ; Anstruther,  in 
Fife,  and  Westruther,  in  Berwickshire,  probably  from  the 
same  root. 

{a  projecting  rock  or  point ; eg.  the  Stack 
Rocks  and  South  Stack,  on  the  coast  of 
Wales ; the  Stags,  on  the  Irish  coast.  In 
Ireland,  the  word  is  generally  Anglicised  into  stookj  thus, 


STACKR  (Scand.), 
STUAic  (Gadhelic), 


50 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


the  Stookans  (the  little  rock  pinnacles),  standing  near  the 
entrance  of  the  Giant’s  Causeway ; Stookan  and  Stookeen 
(little  rock). 

STADT  and  STATT  (Ger.),  STAD  (Scand.),  ( 

STEDE  or  STEAD  (A.S.), 


STAETH,  a bank  or  shore, 


J stadelj  a small  town  ; 
\ e.g-.  Carlstadt,  Therie- 
sanstadt,  Christianstadt  (towns  named  after  one  of  the  Ger- 
man emperors,  after  the  Empress  Theresa,  and  after  Chris- 
tian IV.  of  Sweden) ; Darmstadt,  Illstadt,  Stadt-Steinach, 
Lippstadt  (towns  on  the  rivers  Darm,  111,  Steinach,  and 
Lippe) ; Bleistadt  (lead  town),  near  lead  mines  ; Brahestadt, 
in  Russia  (founded  by  Count  Brahe) ; Elizabethstadt,  Hung. 
Ebbd-falva,  named  after  the  Empress  Elizabeth  ; Frederick- 
stadt  (Frederick’s  town),  in  Denmark  and  Norway) ; Gerb- 
stadt,  in  Saxony  (the  town  of  Gerbert) ; Gluckstadt  (the 
fortunate  town),  Lat.  Fanum  Fortunce ; Halbertstadt  (the 
town  of  Albert) ; Heiligenstadt  (holy  town)  ; Hermanstadt 
(the  town  of  Herman,  one  of  the  Germans  who  colonized 
the  seven  German  cities  in  Transylvania  in  the  twelfth 
century)  ; Ingoldstadt,  in  Bavaria  (the  settlement  of  Ingold), 
the  name  was  mistranslated  by  Latin  and  Greek  authors 
into  Auripolis  and  ChrysopoUs  (golden  city) ; Rudolstadt 
(the  town  of  Rudolph)  ; Grimstadt,  in  Norway,  and  Grim- 
stead,  Wilts  (the  town  of  Grim),  a common  Scandinavian 
name  ; Stade  (the  station),  in  Hanover ; Scoppenstadt,  in 
Brunswick,  anc.  Scipingestete  (the  ship  station)  ; Stadt-an- 
hof  (the  town  at  the  court),  in  Bavaria ; Tennstadt,  anc. 
Danne7istedi  (the  town  of  the  Danes),  Saxony ; Kroppen- 
stadt,  the  Germanised  form  of  the  Sclav.  Grobeyistadt  (the 
count’s  town) ; Reichstadt  (rich  town)  ; Altstadt  (old  town) ; 
Elstead,  in  Sussex  and  Surrey  (the  place  of  Ella,  the  Saxon)  • 
Stadhampton  (the  town  at  the  home  place),  Oxfordshire  ; 
Thaxsted  (the  thatched  town),  Essex  ; Boxstead  (the  place 
of  beech-trees,  or  of  the  Bokings) ; Hampstead  (the  home 
place) ; Wanstead  (Woden’s  place) ; Armenianstadt,  in 
Transylvania,  colonized  by  Armenians  in  1726  ; Staithes 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


(the  banks),  in  Cumberland  ; Stathern  (the  dwelling  on  the 
bank),  Leicester.  

STAEF  STAUF  (Teut.)  f ^ applied  to  a perpen- 

STAV  (Scand.)  ' ^ "I  dicular  rock,  in  Germany  ; e.g-.  Stauffen- 
^ ( berg  (the  mountain  with  the  pillar-like 

rocks),  in  Lower  Hesse  ; Donaustauff  (the  steep  rock  on 
the  Danube),  in  Bavaria ; Hohenstauffen  (the  high  rocks), 
Wurtemberg ; Regenstauf  (the  rock  on  the  R.  Regen) ; 
Staufen  (a  fort  on  a rock),  in  Baden  ; Staffa  (the  island  with 
the  pillar-like  rocks) ; Staffen  Loch  (the  lake  of  the  pillars), 
in  Skye. 

STAL,  STELLE,  STUHL  (Teut.),  a Stall,  place,  seat ; e.g.  Hohenstellen 
(high  place) ; Herstal  (army  place). 

STAN  (AS)  stone,  and  sometimes  applied  in  topography 

STEIN  (cier ) ) to  a rock-fortress  ; eg.  Stanton,  Staunton, 

STEEN  (Dutch)  ) steynton  (the  town  on  stony  ground) ; Stanton, 

^ \ in  Gloucester  (named  from  a remarkable  stone 

in  the  neighbourhood)  ; Fewstone  (fire  stone),  Yorkshire, 
said  to  have  been  named  from  a fire-circle  in  the  neighbour- 
hood ; Staines  (the  stones),  in  Middlesex,  marking  the  juris- 
diction of  the  mayor  of  London  ; Stantz  (the  stony  place), 
Switzerland ; Steenbeke,  Steenbirge,  Steenbrugge,  Steenhout, 
Steenkirche  (the  stony  brook,  hill,  bridge,  wood,  church),  in 
Belgium ; Steenvorde  (stony  ford) ; Stein-am-anger  (the 
fortress  on  the  field)  ; Steinitz  (the  Ger.  rendering  of  the 
Sclav.  Sczenz,  dog  town),  in  Moravia ; Offenstein  (the  lor- 
tress  of  Offa) ; Lahnstein  (the  fortress  on  the  R.  Lahn) ; 
Lauenstein  (the  lion’s  fortress,  with  reference  to  some  per- 
son who  bore  that  sobriquet) ; Ehrenbreitstein  (the  broad 
stone  of  honour) ; Stennis  (the  headland  of  the  stones), 
Orkneys  ; Hauenstein,  in  Baden  (the  hewn  rock),  so  called 
because  the  precipices  of  the  Jura  in  that  locality  resemble 
masonry ; Ysselstein  (the  rock  on  the  R.  Yssel) ; Bleistein 
(lead  rock),  near  lead  mines,  in  Bavaria ; Dachstein,  anc. 
Dagoberti  Saxum  (the  rock  of  Dagobert),  in  Alsace  ; Eddy- 
stone  (the  rock  of  the  eddy) ; Frankenstein  (of  the  Franks)  ; 
Falkenstein  (of  the  falcon) ; Greiffenstein  (of  the  vulture) ; 


152 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


Schaunstein  (beautiful  rock  or  fortress) ; Neckar-Steinach 
(the  stony  place  on  the  'Neckar) ; Iselstein  (on  the  Isel)  ; 
Wetterstein  (on  the  Wetter).  In  some  cases  the  affix  stone 
. denotes  a town,  as  in  Maidstone,  A.S.  Medwegston,  Celtic 
Caer-Medwig  (the  town  on  the  Medway)  ; Godmanstone 
(the  priest’s  town),  Dorset ; and  in  Cumberland  and  West- 
moreland, where  the  Norsemen  had  settlements,  the  word 
often  marks  the  site  of  the  grave  of  one  of  their  heroes,  as 
in  Haroldstone,  Hubberstone,  Thurston,  Gamfreston,  Silver- 
stone. 

STAN  (Pers.)  ( ^ district  or  region  ; e.g.  Hindostan  (the  dis- 
c 1 H AM  A ^ S watered  by  the  Indus,  Pers.  hindu,  water) ; 

siHANA^iansc.;,  ^^g^anistan  (the  district  of  the  Affghans)  ; 

Kurdistan  (of  the  Kurds)  ; Beloochistan  (of  the  Beluchis)  ; 
Kaffiristan  (of  the  unbelievers)  ; Arabistan  (of  the  Arabs) ; 
Gurgistan,  or  Georgia  (the  district  watered  by  the  R.  Kur,  or 
Kyros)  ; Bootan  (the  country  of  the  Highlanders) ; Dushi- 
stan  (the  south  region),  also  called  Gurmsir  (warm  country) ; 
Gulistan  (the  district  of  roses) ; Baghistan  (of  gardens). 
STAPLE,  STAPEL  (Teut.),  literally  a prop,  support,  or  heap,  but  in 
the  commerce  of  the  middle  ages,  applied  in  the  first  place 
to  the  buildings  or  towns  in  which  the  chief  products  of 
a country  were  treasured  up  and  sold,  and,  in  the  second 
place,  to  the  commodities  themselves  ; e.g.  Stapleton  (the 
town  of  the  market) ; Staplehurst  and  Stapleford  (the  wood 
and  ford  near  the  market-place) ; Dunstable  (the  market- 
place on  the  hill) ; Whitstable  (white  market-town) ; Etaples 
(the  place  of  merchandise),  in  Normandy ; Barnstaple. 
STARY  (Sclav.),  old  ; e.g.  Stargard,  Starogard  (old  fortress)  ; Starr- 
witz  (old  town)  ; Starysedlo,  Starosol,  Starosele  (old  settle- 
ment) ; Starodub  (old  oak-tree)  ; Staro-Constantinov  (the 
old  town  of  Constantine) ; Staria,  Starinki,  Staritza  (old 
place)  ; Starobielsk  (the  old  town  on  the  R.  Biela).  In 
places  where  the  population  is  chiefly  German,  the  word 
takes  the  form  of  stark,  as  in  Starkenburg,  Starkenhorst  ; 
Istarda,  or  Starova  (old  town),  in  Turkey  ; Staroi-Oskol  (the 
old  town  on  the  Oskol,  in  opposition  to  Novoi,  or  new  Oskol). 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


S3 


STEIG,  STIG,  STY  (Teut.  and  Scand.),  a steep  path  ; e.g.  Stickney 
(the  island  or  watery  meadow  by  the  steep  path) ; Kirch-- 
steg  (the  steep  path  to  the  church)  ; Durnsteeg  (thorny 
path)  ; Stiegmiihle  (the  mill  on  the  steep  path). 

STEORT  (A.S.),  STERZ  (Old  Ger.),  a tail,  in  topography  a point ; e.g. 
Startpoint,  Devonshire  ; Starston  (the  town  on  the  point)  ; 
Stertzhausen  (the  houses  on  the  point) ; Sterzmiihle  (the 
mill  at  the  point)  ; Staartven  (the  marsh  on  the  point). 

STEPPES  (Sclav.),  uncultivated  waste  land ; a word  applied  to  the 
extensive  desert  plains  in  Russia. 

STER  (Brezonic),  a river  ; e.g.  the  Stour,  Elster,  Gelster,  Stura,  &c. 

STER  (Scand.),  a station  or  place,  contracted  from  stadrj  bu-stadr., 
a dwelling-place,  contracted  to  bister  or  buster;  e.g.  Grun- 
aster  (green  place)  ; Hesting-ster  (the  settlement  of  Resting)  ; 
Keldabuster  (the  dwelling  at  the  well  or  fountain)  ; Kirk- 
buster  (at  the  church).  The  same  word  appears  in  the 
names  given  by  the  Danes  to  three  of  the  provinces  of  Ire- 
land— Ulster,  for  the  Irish  Uladh,  also  called  Dal-Araidhe ; 
Leinster  (the  settlement  of  Laighen,  or  Layn,  the  Irish  name 
given  to  that  part  of  Ireland  formerly  called  Galian) ; 
Munster,  Irish  Mumha  (named  after  a king). 

STOCK,  STOC,  STOW  (Teut.),  literally  a stake,  or  the  trunk  of  a tree, 
and,  in  German  topography,  sometimes  applied  to  hills,  as 
in  Hochstock  (high  hill) ; Stockheim  (the  home  at  the  hill)  ; 
sometimes  to  places  built  upon  stakes,  as  in  Stockholm.  In 
England,  standing  alone,  it  means  simply  the  place,  as  in 
Stock,  in  Essex  ; Stoke-upon-Trent ; Stow-in-the-Wold,  or 
waste  land  ; Stoke-Bardolph,  Stoke-Fleming,  Stoke- Gabriel, 
Stoke-Poges,  Stoke-Edith  (the  places  possessed  by  the  per- 
sons named) ; Stow-market  (market-place)  ; Stoke-ferry,  in 
Norfolk  ; Woodstock  (in  the  woods) ; Stow-Upland  (the  ' 
place  in  the  high  land)  ; Kewstoke  (at  the  quay) ; Elstow, 
in  Wilts  (old  place)  ; Elstow,  in  Bedford  (St.  Helen’s  place)  ; 
Basingstoke  (the  place  belonging  to  the  Basings,  a patro- 
nymic) ; Bridstow  (St.  Bridget’s  place)  ; Bristol,  A.S.  Brieg- 
stow  (the  place  at  the  bridge  or  at  the  breach  or  chasm, 
brice^  through  which  the  Avon  passes).  Cel.  Nant-Avo7i  (in 


154 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


the  Avon  valley) ; Padstow,  anc.  Petrocstowe  (the  place  of 
St.  Petroc)  ; Tavistock  and  Tawstock  (the  places  on  the 
rivers  Tavy  and  Taw).  As  a prefix,  stock  often  denotes  the 
chief  place  in  a district,  as  Stockton  (the  chief  place  on  the 
R.  Tees)  ; Stockport  (the  chief  port). 

STOLL  (Ger.),  a mine-shaft ; e.g.  Stollenberg  (the  hill  at  the  mine- 
shaft)  ; Stollenschmeide  (the  smithy  at  the  mine-shaft)  ; but 
Stollenkirchen,  Stallinchirchun^  is  from  Stallo,  a proper 
name. 

STOLPE  (Sclav.),  a rising  ground  in  a marshy  place  ; eg.  Stolpe, 
the  name  of  a circle,  and  of  several  towns  in  Hungary  and 
Pomerania  ; Stolpen,  in  Saxony. 

STOR  (Scand.),  great ; e.g.  Storfiord  (great  bay)  ; Storhammer 
great  hill) ; Storoe  (great  island) ; Storaa  (great  river)  ; Stor- 
sjon  and  Stor-soen  (great  lake) ; Stora-kopparberg  (the  great 
, in  Sweden  and  Norway. 

' row,  a street,  borrowed  from  the  Lat. 
strata;  e.g.  Stratford  (the  ford  near  the 
Roman  road)  ; Stratford-le-bow  (the  ford 
with  the  bow  or  bridge  near  the  Roman 
road)  ; Stradsett  (the  station  on  the  road) 
Streatham,  Stretton  (the  town  on  the 
road)  ; Stratton,  in  Cornwall,  and  Stradbally,  in  Ireland  (the 
village  with  one  street) ; Straid,  Strade  (the  street) ; Stra- 
deen  (little  street),  Ireland  ; Strasbourg,  West  Prussia  (the 
town  on  the  highway) ; but  Strasbourg,  in  Alsace,  anc. 
Stratiburg,  is  the  translation  of  its  Latin  name  Argentoriatum 
(the  town  of  silver  ; strati ^ Teut.,  silver). 

STRAZNA  (Sclav.),  a watch-tower,  akin  to  the  A.S.  streo7ie;  Straz- 
nitz,  in  Moravia  (the  town  with  the  watch-tower). 

STRELITZ  (Sclav.),  a huntsman  ; e.g.  Strelitz-klein  and  Strelitz-gross 
(the  great  and  little  town  of  the  huntsman,  or  of  the  Strelitzi, 
the  name  given  to  the  life-guards,  in  Russia)  ; Strelitzkaia, 
and  Strielinskaia  (with  the  same  meaning). 

STROM,  STROOM,  STREAM  (Teut.),  a Stream  or  current ; e.g.  the 
Maelstrom  (mill-stream,  so  called  from  its  rushing  sound) ; 
Rheinstrom  (the  Rhine  current) ; Stroomsloot  (the  sluice  of 


copper  mountain) 

STRAD  (A.S.), 

STRASSE  (Ger.), 

STRCEDE  (Scand.), 

SRAID  (Gadhelic), 
YSTRID  (Cym.-Cel.), 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


155 


the  current) ; Stroma,  Stromoe,  Stromsoe,  Stromay  (the 
island  of  the  current)  ; Stromen  and  Stromstadt  (the  town 
on  the  current) ; Stroemmen-Fiorden  (the  bay  of  the  cur- 
rent) ; Stromberg  (the  town  or  hill  on  the  stream)  ; Strom- 
ness  (the  headland  of  the  current). 

SU  (Turk.),  water ; e.g.  Ak-su  (white  water)  ; Adji-su  (bitter  water). 

SUD  SUTH  (Teut.)  f oldest  form  of  this  word, 

SOBER  SOUDEN  ' ^ \ sundar,  Buttman  traces  to  the  sun,  i.e.  coming 
^ ^ [ from  the  sun ; eg.  Sonnenburg,  Sonder- 

hausen,  Sundheim,  Soudham,  Southofen  (the  south  dwelling 
or  enclosure) ; Southdean  (the  south  hollow) ; Southwark, 
Danish  Sydvirche  (the  south  fortress) ; Southover  (south 
shore) ; Suffolk  (the  district  of  the  south  people,  as  distin- 
guished from  Norfolk) ; Sutton  (south  town) ; Sudbrook, 
Sudborne  (south  stream) ; Suderoe  (south  island) ; Sudetic 
(the  southern  mountain  chain) ; Sudereys  (the  southern 
islands,  a name  applied  by  the  Norsemen  to  all  the  British 
islands  under  their  rule  south  of  the  Orkneys) ; Sutherland 
(the  land  to  the  south  of  Caithness). 

SUMAR,  SOMAR  (Teut.),  summer;  eg.  Somerby,  Somercotes,  Somer- 
sall,  Somerton  (summer  dwellings)  ; Somerghem,  in  Bel- 
gium, and  Summerberg,  in  Bohemia,  with  the  same  meaning ; 
but  Somarsheim,  in  Hungary,  is  the  German  translation  of 
Szomorsfalva  (the  village  of  sorrow) ; Szmarja,  Hung.,  St. 
Mary’s  town,  in  the  same  manner  is  Germanised  into  Som- 
marein. 

SUND  (Scand.),  a strait ; e.g.  the  Sound,  between  Sweden  and  Zea- 
land ; Christiansund,  founded  by  Christian  IV.  at  the  mouth 
of  a narrow  inlet ; Fredericksund,  on  a narrow  inlet  in  Zea- 
land ; Stralsund  (the  arrow-like  strait,  straele). 

SUNTARA  (Teut.),  a place  separated  or  privileged ; e.g.  Franken- 
sundern  (the  privileged  place  of  the  Franks) ; Beversundern 
(the  privileged  place  on  the  Bever)  ; Sontra,  anc.  Suntari 
(the  privileged  place),  Hesse  Homberg ; Sunderland  (the 
privileged  land),  in  Durham. 

SZASZ  (Hung.),  Saxon ; e.g.  Szasvaros,  Ger.  Sschenstadt  (the  town  of 
the  Saxons),  in  Transylvania. 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


156 


SZENT  (Hung.),  a saint ; e.g.  Szenta,  Szentes  (the  saint’s  town,  or 
holy  town) ; Szendro  (St.  Andrew’s  town)  ; Mindszent  (the 
town  of  All  Saints) ; Szent-kercsyt  (the  town  of  the  holy 
cross);  Szent-Kiraly  (the  town  of  the  holy  king). 

T 

TA  (Chinese),  great ; e.g.  Ta-kiang  (great  river) ; Ta-hai  (great 
lake);  Ta-Gobi  (the  great  desert);  Ta-shan  (great  mountain). 

TABERNA  (Lat.  and  Span.),  an  inn ; e.g.  Taberna,  in  Spain  ; 
Zabern- Rhein  (the  inn  on  the  Rhine);  Zabern-berg  (at 
the  hill);  Zabern-Elsass  (the  Alsatian  inn),  called  in  French 
Savernae^  corrupt,  from  the  Lat.  tabernce. 

TAING,  TANG,  TUNGE  (Teut.  and  Scand.),  a tongue,  a point  of  land ; 
e.g.  Tongue,  in  Sutherlandshire  ; Tongland,  Kircudbright, 
upon  a peninsula  formed  by  the  Dee  and  Tarf ; but  Tongres, 
Tongrinnes,  and  Tongerloo,  in  Belgium,  derive  their  names 
from  the  Tungri,  a tribe. 

TAMH,  TAW  (Celtic),  quiet,  cognate  with  the  A.S.  tarn,  found  in 
river  names ; e.g.  the  Tame,  Tamar,  Tamer,  Teane,  Teign, 
Thame,  Thames,  Taw,  Tawey,  Tavoy,  Tay,  Temesch, 
Tees,  &c. 

TAMNACH  (Gadhelic),  a green  field,  a word  common  in  Irish  topo- 
graphy under  various  forms,  such  as  Tawnagh,  Tawny^ 
Tonagh,  Tamnagh,  and  Tamny  ; Tainhnaich-naemh,  com- 
monly called  Tonaghneeve  (the  field  of  the  saints),  is  now 
Saintfield  ; Tawnaghlahan  (broad  field)  ; Tawnakeel  (narrow 
field) ; Tamnaghbane  (white  field)  ; Tavnaghdrissagh  (the 
field  of  the  briars). 

TANNA  (Old  Ger.),  wood  ; ta?ine  (modern),  the  fir-tree  ; eg.  Nieder- 
than  (the  lower  wood)  ; Hohenthan  (high  wood) ; Thanheim, 
Thanhausen,  Tandorf  (the  dwellings  at  the  wood)  ; Tanberg 
(wood  hill). 

TARBERT,  or  TAIRBEART  (Gadhelic),  an  isthmus  ; e.g.  Tarbet,  in 
Ross  and  Cromarty  ; Tarbert,  in  Harris  ; East  and  West 
Tarbert,  in  Argyle;  Tarbetness  (the  point  of  the  isthmus),  in 
Ross. 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


*57 


TARBH  (Gadhelic)  ( ^ cognate  with  the  Lat.  i^aun^s  and  the 
TARW  rcvni -Cen'  ' Knockatarriv,'KnockataTry 

TARV  ^ ^ ^ \ ’ Clontarf,  anc.  Cluain- 

' V tarbh  (the  bulls’  meadow) ; Cloontariff  and 

Cloontarriv,  also  with  the  same  meaning.  Some  river  names, 
such  as  Tarf,  Tarras,  Tarth,Tarn,  may  come  from  this  word, 
or  from  tara^  Irish,  rapid. 

TARNIK  (Sclav.),  the  thorn  ; e.g.  Tarnowce,  Tarnowitz  (thorn  vil- 
lage) ; Tarnow  (the  place  of  thorns),  as  well  as  Tornau, 
Tornow,  Torniz,  with  the  same  meaning,  but  with  the  vowel 
a changed  into  oj  Tarnograd  (thorn  fortress)  ; Tarnopol  (the 
city  among  thorns). 

TEACH  and  TIGH  (GadheUc),  f ^ dwelling,  cognate  with 

TY  (Cvm  -Cel ) 

’ ( Scand.  tag,  a roof,  Anglicised  tagh, 

and  in  the  gen.  tigh.  Teach,  under  various  forms,  is  very 
general  in  Irish  names.  Tagheen  (beautiful  house)  ; Tagh- 
boy  and  Taghbane  (the  yellow  and  the  white  house) ; Tagh- 
adoe,  Teach-Tua  (St.  Tua’s  house  or  church);  Tiaquin,  co. 
Galway,  Tigh-Dachonna  (St.  Dachonna’s  house) ; Timahoe, 
Queen’s  Co.,  Tech-Mochua  (St.  Mochua’s  house  or  church, 
founded  in  the  sixth  century).  Joined  to  the  gen.  of  the 
article,  it  takes  the  form  of  tin  or  tinna,  thus — Tinnahinch 
(the  house  of  the  island,  or  river  holm,  innis) ; Tincurragh 
(of  the  marsh) ; Tinakilly  (of  the  church  or  wood)  ; Tigh- 
na-bruaich,  Argyle  (the  house  on  the  edge  of  the  bank) ; 
Tyndrum,  Perth  (on  the  ridge) ; Timolin  (of  St.  Moling)  ; 
Tynron,  Tigh-an-roinne  (the  house  on  the  point),  Dumfries ; 
Tisaran,anc.  Teach-Sarain  (the  house  of  St.  Saran,  in  King’s 
Co.).  Stillorgan,  in  Ireland,  is  corrupt,  from  Tigh-Lorcain 
the  house  of  St.  Lorcain  or  Laurence) ; Saggard,  also  in  Ire- 
land, Teach-Sacra  (of  St.  Mosacra).  In  Wales,  Ty-gwyn 
(white  house) ; Ty-Ddewi  (St.  David’s  house) ; Great  Tey, 
Little  Tey,  and  Tey-at-the-elms,  in  Essex. 

TEAMHAIR  (Irish),  a palace  situated  on  an  elevated  spot ; hence 
Tara,  or  Teamhair,  the  ancient  capital  of  Meath,  and  several 
other  places  called  Tara,  in  Ireland,  from  the  same  root.  It 


158  ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


sometimes  takes  the  form  of  tavver,  tawer,  or  tower;  e.g. 
Towerbeg  and  Towermore  (the  little  and  the  great 
palace). 

TEAMPULL  (Gadhelic),  a temple  or  church,  derived  from  the  Lat. 
templum;  e.g.  Templemichael,  Templebredon  (St.  Michael 
and  St.  Bredon’s  church)  ; Templemore  (the  great,  or  cathe- 
dral church)  ; Templecarriga  (of  the  rock)  ; Templetogher 
(of  the  causeway). 


TEINE  (Gadhelic), 
TAN  (Cym.-Cel.), 


{fire — in  topography  it  is  found  under  the 
form  of  tin  or  tinny,  and  must  indicate  the 
spots  where  fires  of  special  importance  were 
wont  to  be  kindled.  Whether  these  fires  were  beacon-fires,  or 
whether  they  refer  to  the  Beltane  fires  kindled  by  the  ancient 
Celts  on  May-day,  cannot  be  determined  in  special  cases  ; 
but  that  they  were  connected  with  the  religious  rites  of  the 
Druids  is  allowed,  even  by  those  who  do  not  derive  the  word 
beltane  from  the  name  of  a Celtic  deity,  or  trace  the  obser- 
vance of  these  rites  to  the  sun  and  fire  worship  once  alleged 
to  have  existed  among  the  Celtic  tribes,  but  now  held  to  be 
an  untenable  theory,  by  Celtic  scholars.*  In  Ireland,  near 
Coleraine,  we  find  Kiltinny  (the  wood  of  the  fire)  ; Tamnagh- 
velton  (the  field  of  the  Beltaine  sports)  ; Clontinty,  co.  Cork 
(the  meadow  of  the  fires) ; Mollynadinta,  anc.  Mtillaigh-na- 
dtaeinte  (the  summit  of  the  fires) ; Duntinny,  co.  Donegal  (the 
fort  of  the  fire) ; Tinny,  in  Scotland,  is  also  found  in  topo- 
graphy, thus — Ardentinny  and  Craigentinny  (the  height  and 
rock  of  the  fire)  ; Auchteany,  and  perhaps  Auchindinny 
(the  field  of  the  fire);  Tinto  (the  hill  of  the  fire),  in  Lanark- 
shire. 

TEPLY  (Sclav.),  warm ; eg.  Tepla  (the  warm  stream) ; Tepel  (on 
the  Tepla,  in  the  neighbourhood  of  warm  mineral  waters)  ; 
Teplitz  (the  town  on  the  warm  waters),  near  warm  baths, 
in  Hungary,  Bavaria,  and  Illyria,  sometimes  written  Top- 
litz;  Teplik  and  Teplovka,  in  Russia;  Teflis,  in  Georgia, 
celebrated  for  its  warm  baths. 


* For  the  word  Beltein,  or  Beltaine,  v.  Joyce’s  “ Irish  Names  of  Places,”  p.  187  ; 
Chambers’s  “ Encyclopaedia and  Petrie’s  “ Round  Towers  of  Ireland,”  pp.  37 — 40. 


ETYMOL  OGICA  L GEOGRAPH  Y, 


159 


TERRA  (Lat.,  It.,  and  Port.), 
TIERRA  (Span.),  TERRE  (Fr.), 
TIR  (Gadhelic  and  Cym.-Cel.), 


land ; e.g,  Terciera  (the  rough 
land),  in  the  Azores  ; TerranovA 
(the  new  land),  in  Sicily,  supposed 
to  be  on  the  site  of  the  ancient 


Gela;  Tierra-del-fuego  (the  land  of  fire),  so  named  on 
account  of  the  many  fires  seen  on  the  land  by  the  first  dis- 
coverers ; Ternant  (the  land  in  the  valley),  France ; Terregles 
in  Kircudbright,  anc.  Travereglys  (the  church  on  the  sloping 
bank) ; Tiree,  Gael.  Tir-ith  (land  of  corn)  ; Terryglass,  co. 
Tipperary,  Tir-da-ghlas  (the  land  of  the  two  rivers)  ; Terry- 
land,  Tir-oilein  (the  land  of  the  island)  ; Tyrone,  anc.  Tir~ 
Eoghain  (Owen’s  land)  ; Tiranascragh  (the  land  of  the  sand 
hill,  esker)^  Galway ; Finisterre  (land’s  end) ; Carstairs 
in  Lanarkshire,  anc.  Casteltarras,  probably  corrupt,  from 
Castelterres  (the  castle  lands), — the  castle  in  the  village  was 
the  site  of  a Roman  station  ; Culter,  in  Lanarkshire,  anc. 
C^lltir  (the  back  of  the  land). 

THAL  (Ger.),  a valley,  v.  dal. 

THING,  or  TING,  a term  applied  by  the  Scandinavians  to  the  legis- 
lative assemblies  of  the  nation,  and  also  to  the  places  where 
these  assemblies  met,  from  an  old  word  tinga,  to  speak. 
Traces  of  these'  institutions  appear  in  the  topography  of  dis- 
tricts in  Great  Britain  formerly  occupied  by  Norwegians  or 
Danes.  The  Norwegian  parliament  is  still  called  the  Stor- 
thing, or  great  assembly  ; smaller  courts  are  called  Law- 
things ; and  the  Althing  was  the  general  assembly  of  the 
whole  nation.  These  meetings  were  generally  held  on  some 
remote  island,  hill,  or  promontory,  where  their  deliberations 
might  be  undisturbed  ; eg.  Sandsthing,  in  Iceland  (the  place 
of  meeting  on  the  sand)  ; Aithsthing  (on  the  tongue  of  land) ; 
Delting  (in  the  valley) ; Dingwall,  in  Ross-shire,  has  the 
same  derivation,  its  Gaelic  name  being  Inverpeffer,  at  the 
mouth  of  that  stream  ; Tingwall,  in  Shetland,  Tynwald  Hill, 
Isle  of  Man,  and  Thingwall,  in  Cheshire,  with  the  same  mean- 
ing, as  well  as  Dinsdale,  in  Durham  ; Tinwald,  in  Dumfries 
(the  wood  of  the  assembly) ; Tain,  in  Ross-shire,  Norse  Thing 
— its  Gaelic  name  is  Baile-Duich  (St.  Duthic’s  town). 


i6o 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


THOR,  THUR,  prefixes  derived  from  the  Scandinavian  and  Saxon 
god  Thor  ; e.g.  Thorley,  Thorsby,  Thurlow,  the  valley,  dwell- 
ing or  hill,  named  after  Thor,  or,  perhaps,  from  a people  or 
family  name  derived  from  the  god,  i.e.  the  ThuHrigs^  from 
whom  also  are  derived  Thorington,  in  England,  and  Thorignd 
and  Thorigny,  in  France,  and  Thuringerwald,  in  Germany. 
Thursford,  Thurston,  Thurscross,  Thormanby,  Thurlstone, 
Thurlby,  and  many  others  in  England  from  the  same  root ; 
Thorsoe  (Thor’s  island) ; Thurso  (Thor’s  stream)  ; Thors- 
haven  (Thor’s  harbour),  in  Norway  and  the  Faroe  Islands, 
On  the  Continent  the  Saxons  worshipped  the  god  under  the 
name  of  Thunor,  hence  the  English  thunder  and  the  German 
Donner.  From  this  word  are  derived  Thunersberg,  in  West- 
phalia, Donnersberg,  near  Worms  (the  hill  of  Thor)  ; Thors- 
borg,  in  Gothland  ; Donnersbach  (Thor’s  stream),  in  Styria  ; 
Torslunde  (Thor’s  sacred  grove),  in  Denmark. 

THORP,  or  THORPE  (A.S.),  an  assembly  of  people,  but  also  signify- 
ing a village  or  farm ; eg.  Thorp,  in  N orthamptonshire ; 
Calthorpe  (cold  village)  ; Langthorpe  (long  village)  ; Ingel- 
thorpe,  Kettlesthorpe,  Swansthorpe,  Bischopsthorpe  (the  farm 
or  village  of  Ingold,  Kettle,  Sweyn,  and  the  bishop)  ; Nun- 
thorpe  (the  nun’s  village)  ; Raventhorpe  (of  Hrafen) ; Thorp- 
arch,  in  Yorkshire,  on  the  Wharfe  (the  village  bridge) ; Milne- 
thorpe  (mill  village) ; Applethorpe  (apple  farm)  ; Althorpe 
(old  village);  Basingthorpe  (the  village  of  the  Basings,  a 
patronymic)  ; Copmanthorpe  (of  the  merchant). 

TH WAITE,  or  THVEIT  (Scand.),  a cleared  spot,  or  an  isolated  piece 
of  land,  akin  to  the  Danish  tvede,  a peninsula  ; e.g.  Harrow- 
thwaite,  Finsthwaite,  Ormathwaite,  Sattersthwaite,  places 
cleared  and  cultivated  by  the  Scandinavians  whose  names 
are  prefixed  ; Calthwaite  (cold  clearing). 

TOBAR  (Gadhelic),  a fountain  or  well,  from  the  old  word  dohoir^ 
water.  Wells  and  fountains  were  held  in  great  veneration 
by  the  Celts  in  heathen  times,  and  are  the  subjects  of  many 
traditions  in  Ireland  and  Scotland.  Many  of  the  early 
preachers  of  Christianity  established  their  foundations  near 
these  venerated  wells,  which  were  the  common  resorts  of  the 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


i6i 


people  whom  they  had  come  to  convert.  In  this  way  the 
new  religion  became  associated  in  the  minds  of  the  converts 
with  their  favourite  wells,  and  obtained  the  names  of  saints, 
by  which  they  are  known  to  this  day ; e.g.  Tobermory  (St. 
Mary’s  well),  in  the  island  of  Mull ; Tobar-na-bhan-thighern 
(the  chieftainess’s  well),  in  Badenoch  ; Ballintobar  (the  town 
of  the  well),  co.  Mayo,  now  called  Tobermore  (the  great  well), 
had  a well  blessed  by  St.  Patrick  ; Tibbermore,  or  Tipper- 
muir  (the  great  well),  in  Perthshire;  Tobar-nam-buadh,  in 
Skye  (the  well  of  virtues)  ; Tipperary,  anc.  Tiobrad-Arann 
(the  well  of  the  district  of  Ara) ; Tipperkevin  (St.  Kevin’s 
well)  ; Tipperstown,/.<?.  Baile-an-tohair  (the  town  of  the  well) ; 
Tobercurry  (the  well  of  the  caldron)  ; Toberbilly  (the  well  of 
the  old  tree).  Perhaps  the  rivers  Tiber  and  Tiverone  and 
Tivoli,  anc.  Tibur,  may  be  connected  with  this  root. 

TOFT,  TOT  (Scand.),  an  enclosure  or  farm ; eg.  Lowestoft,  Danish 
Luetoft'  (the  enclosure  or  place  of  the  beacon-fire,  which  in 
early  times  was  placed  on  the  promontory  where  the  town 
stands) ; Ecclestofts  (the  church  farm  buildings),  Berwick- 
shire; Monks  Tofts  and  West  Tofts,  in  Norfolk;  Langtoft 
(long  farm) ; Ivetot,  anc.  Ivonis-tot  (the  farm  of  Ivo),  in 
Normandy. 

TOM  (Gadhelic),  a knoll ; e.g.  Tomentoul,  Gael.  Tom-an-t-sabhail 
(the  knoll  of  the  barn) ; Tomachuraich  (the  knoll  shaped 
like  a boat,  curacK)^  at  Inverness  ; Tomatin  (the  knoll  of  the 
fire) ; Tomnacroiche  (of  the  gallows) ; Tom-da-choill  (of  the 
two  woods);  Tombreck  (speckled  knoll);  Tomgarrow  (rough 
knoll) ; Tomnaguie  (windy  knoll) ; Tomantighmore  (the 
knoll  of  the  great  house). 

TON  (AS)  ( enclosure,  a town.  The  primary  meaning  of  the 

.T.TTXT  /c  ’ * j \ *\  word  comes  from  the  Gothic  tains.  Scand.  teinn. 

TUN  (Scand.), ) _ . 

( Ger.  zaun^  a fence  or  hedge  formed  with  twigs. 

Originally  it  meant  a place  rudely  fortified  with  stakes,  and 
was  applied  to  single  farm  steadings  and  manors,  in  which 
sense  tun  is  still  used  in  Iceland,  and  toon  in  Scotland. 
These  single  enclosures  became  the  nucleus  of  a village 
which,  gradually  increasing,  became  a town  or  city,  in  the 

M 


162 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


same  way  as  villages  and  towns  arose  round  the  Celtic  duns, 
raths,  and  Uses.  This  word,  in  the  names  of  towns  and 
villages,  is  more  common  than  any  other  in  Anglo-Saxon 
topography,  being  an  element  in  an  eighth  part  of  the  names 
of  dwelling-places  in  the  south  of  Great  Britain.  The 
greatest  number  of  these  names  are  connected  with  those  of 
the  original  proprietors  of  the  places,  of  which  but  a few 
examples  can  be  given  here.  In  such  cases,  the  root  ton  is 
generally  preceded  by  s or  ingj  e.g.  Grimston,  Ormiston, 
Ribston,  Haroldston,  Flixton,  Kennington,  and  Canewdon 
(the  property  of  Grim,  Orm,  Hreopa,  Harold,  Felix,  and 
Canute) ; Addlington  and  Edlington  (of  the  noble)  ; Dolphin- 
ton,  Covington,  and  Thankerton,  parishes  in  Lanarkshire, 
which  take  their  names  from  Dolphine,  Colban,and  Thancard, 
to  whom  the  lands  were  given  in  very  early  times  ; in  the  same 
county,  Symington  and  Wiston  are  found  described  in  old 
charters,  the  one  as  Ecclesia  de  tiilla  Simonis  Lockard  (the 
church  of  Simon  Lockhart’s  villa),  and  the  other,  Ecclesia 
ttilla  Withce  (the  church  of  Withce’s  villa)  ; Haddington 
(the  town  of  Haddo)  ; Alfreton,  Wimbledon,  Herbrandston, 
Houston,  Riccarton  (of  Alfred,  Wibba,  Herbrand,  Hugh,  and 
Richard)  ; Boston,  in  Lincoln  (named  after  St.  Botolph, 
the  patron  saint  of  sailors)  ; Maxton  (the  settlement  of 
Maccus)  ; Stewarton,  in  Ayrshire,  had  its  name  from  the 
family  which  became  the  royal  race  of  Scotland  ; Flemings- 
ton  and  Flemington  (named  from  Flemish  emigrants)  ; 
Ulverston,  Woolston,  and  Wooleston  (from  St.  Wulstan)  ; 
Wolverhampton  and  Royston  (from  ladies  who  endowed 
religious  houses  at  these  places)  ; Minchhampton  (the  en- 
closed home  of  the  nuns,  minchens')  ; Hampton  (the  enclosed 
home  or  dwelling) ; Preston  and  Presteign  (priest’s  town)  ; 
Thrapston  (the  dwelling  at  the  cross-roads)  ; Broughton  (the 
town  at  the  fort  or  mound,  barrow)  ; Albrighton  (the  town  of 
Aylburh) ; Ulverston  (of  Ulvar) ; Harrington  (of  the  de- 
scendants of  Haro)  ; Barton,  Burton,  and  Barnton  (the  en- 
closure for  the  crop,  literally  what  the  land  bears)  ; Shettle- 
ston,  in  Lanarkshire,  Lat.  Villa-filii-Sadin  (the  villa  of  Sadin’s 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY, 


163 


son) — Campbelton,  in  Argyleshire,  received  this  name  from 
the  Argyle  family  in  1701,  its  Gaelic  name  was  Ceann-Loch 
(loch  head) ; Sigtuna,  in  Sweden  (the  town  of  the  warrior, 
ix.  of  Odin).  Of  towns  named  from  the  rivers  near  which 
they  are  situated,  Collumpton,  Crediton,  Frampton,  Taun- 
ton, Lenton  (on  the  Culm,  Crede,  Frome  or  Frame,  Tone,  and 
Lene);  Leyton  (on  the  Lee);  Northampton  (on  the  north 
shore  of  the  Aufona,  now  the  Ken);  Okehampton  (on  the 
Oke) ; Otterton,  Leamington,  Bruton,  Moulton,  Wilton  (on 
the  Otter,  Learn,  Brue,  Mole,  and  Willey ; Darlington,  or 
Darnton  (on  the  Dar)  ; Petherton  (on  the  Peddar,  now  the 
Parret) ; Lymington,  in  Hants,  anc.  Lenton  (on  the  pool)  ; 
Southampton  (the  south  town  on  the  Anton  or  Test,  which 
with  the  Itchen  forms  Southampton  Water). 

TOPOL  (Sclav.),  the  poplar-tree  ; e.g.  Tdplitz,  Neu  and  Alt  (in  the 
basin  of  the  Elbe),  to  be  distinguished  from  Teplitz,  in  Bo- 
hemia (the  place  of  warm  baths),  and  sometimes  called 
Tdplitz. 

TORGAU  (Sclav.),  a market-place  ; egJ'J^orga.u,  Torgovitza,  Targo- 
witz  (market-towns). 

TORR  (Gadhelic),  ( ^ a heap,  a conical  hill,  cognate  with 

TWR  (Cvm  -Cel ) thurm^  and  Gr.  pyrgos,  a 

’ ' [ tower  ; Tor,  in  Ireland,  means  a tower  ; eg. 
Toralt  (the  tower  of  the  cliff)  ; Tormore  (great  tower,  or 
tower-like  rock) ; Tornaroy  (the  king’s  tower)  ; Tory  Island, 
off  the  Irish  coast,  had  two  distinct  names,  Torach  {i.e. 
abounding  in  tower-like  rocks),  and  Toirinis  (the  island  of 
the  tower),  from  a fortress  called  Tor-Conaing  (the  tower  of 
Conaing,  a Fomorian  chief)  ; Torran,  Tortan  (little  tower), 
applied  to  little  knolls,  as  in  Toortane  and  Turtane  ; Mistor, 
Mamtor,  in  Devonshire  ; in  Scotland,  Torrdubh  and  Torrduff 
(black  hill)  ; Torbane  and  Torgorm  (the  white  and  the  blue 
hill) ; Torbreck  (speckled  hill) ; Torinturk  (the  wild  boar’s 
hill)  ; Torbay,  in  Devonshire  (named  from  the  hill  which 
overlooks  the  bay,  which  gives  its  name  also  to  Torquay) ; 
Kintore  (at  the  head  of  the  hill),  in  Aberdeenshire.  From 
the  Lat.  turris  and  its  derivatives,  Tordesillas  (the  tower  of  the 


164 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


bishop’s  see),  in  Spain  ; Torquemada,  Lat.  Turn's  cremaia 
(the  burnt  tower)  ; Torr-alba  and  Torre-blanca  (white  tower) ; 
Torrecilla,  Lat.  Turricellce  (the  church-towers),  in  Spain ; 
Torres-novas  and  Torres-vedras  (the  new  and  old  towers), 
Portugal ; Torella  (little  tower),  Naples  ; Tourcoing  (corner 
tower),  France  ; Tournay,  Lat.  Turris  Nerviorum  (the  tower 
of  the  Nervii),  in  Belgium;  Torres-Torres  (the  fortifications 
of  the  mountains) ; Tours,  in  France,  is  not  named  from  this 
word,  but  from  the  Turones^  a tribe.  In  the  Semitic  lan- 
guages also,  Tzur  means  a rock  ; it  is  the  root  of  the  city 
of  Tyre,  and  of  Syria,  of  which  it  was  in  ancient  times  the 
chief  city  ; and  Taurus  is  a general  name  for  a mountain 
range. 


TRAETH  (Cym.-Cel.), 
TRAIGH  (Gadhelic), 


f a strand,  corresponding  with  the  Lat. 
< tr actus,  a district ; e.g.  Traeth  - mawr 
( (great  strand)  ; Traeth-bach  (little  strand)  ; 
Trefdraeth  (dwelling  on  the  strand),  in  Wales  ; in  Ireland, 
Tralee  (the  strand  of  the  R.  Lee),  in  Kerry ; Tralee,  in 
Derry,  is  from  Traigh-liath  (grey  strand)  ; Tranamaddree 
(the  strand  of  the  dogs),  Cork  ; Ballintra,  when  it  occurs  on 
the  coast,  means  the  town  of  the  strand,  but  inland,  it  comes 
from  Baile-an-tsratha  (the  town  on  the  river  holm)  ; Ventry, 
CO.  Kerry,  is  from  Fionn-traigh  (white  strand)  ; Fintry,  a 
parish  in  Aberdeenshire,  on  the  Don,  probably  means 
the  same,  but  Fintray,  in  Dumbartonshire,  was  anciently 
Fyntref,  or  Fyntre  (probably  the  dwelling,  tref,  on  the  Fen- 
nach,  a stream  which  is  the  boundary  of  the  parish  on  one 
side). 

TRANK  (Ger.),  a tank  for  watering  animals  ; eg.  Kleintrank  (little 
tank)  ; Rosstrank  (horse  tank)  ; Trankmiihle  (mill  tank). 

TRAWA  (Sclav.),  grass ; e.g.  the  Traun  and  the  Trave  (the  grassy 
rivers) ; Traunkirchen  (the  church  on  the  Traun,  or  grassy 
lake);  Traunik,  Trawitz  (grassy  place);  Traunviertel  (the 
district  of  the  R.  Traun),  in  Silesia  and  Austria. 

TRE,  TREE  (Cym.-Cel.),  a dwelling,  a town  ; e.g.  Treago,  anc.  Tref- 
y-goll  (hazel-tree  dwelling),  Monmouth;  Tre-n-eglos (church 
town),  Cornwall ; Coventry  (convent  dwelling) ; Daventry, 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


165 


Dwy-avon-tre  (the  dwelling  on  the  two  rivers)  ; Truro,  Tre- 
rhiw  (the  dwelling  on  the  sloping  bank,  or  on  the  stream, 
frhiw)  ; Redruth,  Cornwall,  Tref-Derwydd  (Druid’s  town)  ; 
Trefrhiw  (dwelling  on  the  stream),  Caernarvon  ; Tremadoc 
(Madoc’s  dwelling)  ; Tremaene  (stone  dwelling) ; Trecoid 
(dwelling  in  the  wood)  ; Braintree  (hill  dwelling)  ; Dreghorn, 
in  Ayrshire,  anc.  Trequern  (the  dwelling  at  the  alder-trees)  ; 
Thrisk,  in  Yorkshire,  anc.  Tref-Ysk  (dwelling  by  the  water); 
Tranent,  in  Midlothian,  anc.  Travernant  (the  houses  in  the 
valley)  ; Crailing,  in  Berwickshire,  corrupted  iromTraverline 
(beside  the  pool). 

TROM,  TRUIM  (Gadhelic),  the  elder-tree  ; e.g.  Trim,  co.  Meath, 

truim  (the  ford  of  the  elder-trees)  ; Trummery  and  Trimmer 
(places  where  elder-trees  grow) ; Tromann,  Tromman, 
Trumman  (the  little  elder-tree). 


shoulders) ; Toome  (on  the  Bann) ; Tomfinlough  (the 
tumulus  of  the  bright  lake) ; Tomgraney  (the  tomb  of 
Grian)  ; the  Tomies  mountains,  at  Lake  Killarney  ; Too- 
mona  (the  tomb  of  the  bog)  ; Toomyvara,  Tuaim-ui-Mheadra 
(O’Mara’s  tomb). 

TUAR  (Gadhelic),  a bleach-green.  Anglicised  toor ; e.g.  Tooreen 
(little  bleach-green)  ; Tooreenagrena  (sunny  little  bleach- 
green)  ; Ballitore  (the  ford-mouth  of  the  bleach-green) ; 
Monatore  (the  bog  of  the  bleach-green)  ; Tintore,  for  Tigh- 
an-tuair  (the  house  of  the  bleach-green). 

TULACH  (Gadhelic),  a little  hill  or  mound,  and  also  a measure  of 
land ; Anglicised  Tulla,  Tullow,  Tully,  Tulli ; eg.  Tullow 
(the  hill) ; Tullamore  (great  hill) ; Tullanavert,  Tulach-na- 
bhfeart  (the  hill  of  the  graves) ; Tullaghcullion  and  Tiilly- 
cullion  (of  the  holly)  ; Kiltullagh  (the  church  of  the  hill) ; 
Tullaghan  (little  hill) ; Tallow,  co.  Waterford,  more  cor- 
rectly Tealach-an-iarainn  (the  hill  of  the  iron),  from  the  iron 
mines  near  it ; Tullyallen,  on  the  Boyne,  Julaigh-dlainn 
(beautiful  hill) ; and  Tulliallan,  in  Perthshire ; Tullyard 


TUAIM,  TOOM  (Gadhelic), 
TUMULUS  (Lat.), 


a mound  raised  over  a grave  ; e.g. 
Tuam,  in  co.  Galway,  anc.  Tuaim-da- 
ghualann  (the  tumulus  of  the  two 


i66 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


(high  hill) ; Tillicoultry  (the  hill  at  the  back  of  the  land) ; 
Tullibardine  (the  bard’s  hill)  ; Tullochgorum  (blue  hill)  ; 
Tullygarth  (the  hill  of  the  field).  The  word  tealach,  a family 
or  tribe,  is  also  sometimes  contracted  into  the  prefix  tulli. 

TUNDRA  (Tartar),  a mossy  flat,  the  name  given  to  the  vast  plains 
bordering  on  the  Arctic  Ocean. 

TURA  (Tartar),  a town  or  settlement ; e.g.  Tura  River,  in  Russia, 
so  named  by  the  Tartars  because  they  made  a settlement  at 
the  place  ; Tura,  in  Hungary ; also  O’Tura  (old  town) ; 
Turinsk  (the  town  on  the  Tura),  Russia. 

TWISTLE  (Scand.),  a boundary ; e.g.  Twistleton  (the  town  on  the 
boundary)  ; Oswaldtwistle  (the  boundary  of  Oswald) ; Hal- 
twistle  (high  boundary) ; Birchtwistle  (birch-tree  boundary). 

U 

UAIMH  (Gadhelic),  a cave  ; e.g.  Cluain-uamha  (the  pasture  of  the 
cave),  the  ancient  name  of  Cloyne,  co.  Cork ; Drumnahoe, 
i.e.  Druim-na-huamha  (the  ridge  of  the  cave)  ; Mullinahone 
(the  mill  of  the  cave)  ; Lisnahoon  (the  fort  of  the  cave),  in 
Ireland  ; Wemyss  (the  caves)  ; and  Pittenweem  (the  hollow 
of  the  cave),  Fife ; Wem,  in  Salop,  and  Wembdon,  in 
Somerset,  as  well  as  others  with  the  prefix  wc7n^  may  be 
derived  from  the  Saxon  wem^  a hollow,  analogous  to 
uaimh. 

UCHEL,  UCH  (Cym.-Cel.),  high  ; uchder,  a height ; Gael,  uchd  or 
uchda;  e.g.  Uchel-tref  and  Ochiltree  (the  high  dwelling); 
the  O chills,  Lat.  Ocelli-montes.  . 

UISCE  or  uiSGE  (Gadhelic), 

WYSG  (Cym.-Cel.), 

Eska,  Esla,  Aisne, 

Duffus  (black  water)  ; Marosh  (marshy  water)  ; Knockaniska 
(the  hill  of  the  water)  ; Killiskey  and  Killiskea  (the  church 
of  the  water)  ; Ballyniska  (the  town  of  the  water),  in 
Limerick  ; but  Balihisky,in  Tipperary,  is  from  Bealach-uisce 
(the  road  of  the  water)  ; the  rivers  Minho  and  Mincio,  anc. 


f water ; e.g.  Esk,  Usk,  Oise,  Ouse, 
< Issy,  Esky,  Esker,  Eskle,  Ax,  Axe, 
( Ux,  Ex,  Is^re,  Use,  Ousel,  Wisk^ 
Isar,  Isen,  Etsch,  &c.  (river  names)  ; 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


167 


Minius  and  Mincius  (little  stream)  ; Argense  or  Argenteus 
(silver  stream),  in  France  ; Caldas  (warm  waters),  in  Spain 
and  Portugal ; Doubs,  a river  in  France,  anc.  Duhh-uisce 
(black  water)  ; Ischia  (the  island  of  waters),  abounding  in 
mineral  springs  ; Issny,  on  the  Leine,  anc.  Issiacum  (on  the 
water) ; Metz,  anc.  Mettis  (in  the  midst  of  waters),  also  called 
Divodurtcni  (on  the  two  rivers)  ; Osimo,  in  Italy,  anc. 
Auximumj  Osma,  in  Spain,  anc.  Uxama  (on  the  water). 

URA  (Basque),  water  ; e.g.  Astura  (rocky  water),  a river  which  gives 
its  name  to  the  Asturias ; Illuria  (the  town  on  the  water) ; II- 
luro,  with  the  same  meaning,  now  Mataro,  in  Spain  : Osuno, 
anc.  Ursomim,  and  Tarazona,  anc.  Turiaso  (the  place  of  good 
waters),  in  Spain  ; Osoa^  Basque  (good)  ; Oloron,  anc.  Illura 
(the  town  on  the  water ; illia^  Basque,  a town). 

URBS  (Lat.),  a city  ; eg.  Orvieto,  Lat.  Urbs-vetus  (old  city). 


VAGR,  VOE  (Scand.),  a bay  ; e.g.  Vaage  (on  the  bay),  a town  in  Nor- 
way ; Leirvogr  (mud  bay),  in  Iceland ; Laxvoe  (salmon 
bay)  ; Siliavoe  (herring  bay) ; Grunavoe  (green  bay) ; Kal- 
tenwaag  (cold  bay). 


de-Avallano  (the  valley  of  the  hazels) ; Val-de-fuentes  (of 
the  fountains)  ; Val-del-laguna  (of  the  lake)  ; Val-del-losa  (of 
the  flagstone) ; Val-del-Moro  (of  the  Moor)  ; Val-de-Olivas 
(of  olive-trees)  ; Val-de-penas  (of  the  rocks)  ; Val-de-robles  ' 
(of  the  oak-trees),  in  Spain  ; Val-de-lys  (the  valley  of 
streams),  in  the  Pyrenees,  from  lys^  an  old  Provencal  word 
for  water ; Vallee-de-Carol  (of  Charles,  through  which 
Charlemagne  passed  from  his  conquest  of  the  Moors) ; 
Vallombrosa  (the  shady  valley)  ; Valparaiso  (the  valley  of 
Paradise) ; Valteline  (the  valley  of  the  R.  Teglio  or  Tell) ; 
Vaucluse,  Lat.  Vallis-dusa  (the  enclosed  valley) ; Pays-de- 


V 


VALLIS  (Lat.), 

VAL  and  VALLEE  (Fr.), 

VALLE  (Port.,  Span.,  and  It.), 


a valley  ; eg.  Valais,  in  Switzer- 
land (the  district  of  valleys) — its 
inhabitants  were  formerly  called 
Nantuates  (valley-dwellers)  ; Val- 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


1 68 


Vaud  (the  country  of  the  valleys) ; Clairvaux,  anc.  Clara- 
(the  bright  valley)  ; Roncesvalles  (the  valleys  abounding 
in  briars)  ; Val-di-chiana  (the  valley  of  the  standing  pool), 
in  Italy. 

VAR,  VARAD  (Hung.),  a fortress  ; e.g.  Kolos-var,  Ger.  Klattsen- 
burg  (the  enclosed  fortress) ; Unghvar  (the  fortress  on  the 
R.  Ungh)  ; Csek-var  (the  seat  of  the  fortress)  ; Kukullovar, 
Ger.  Kockelberg  (the  fortress  on  the  R.  Kockel)  ; Maros-uj- 
Var  (the  new  fortress  on  the  R.  Maros) ; Peterwarden,  or 
Petervarad  (the  fortress  of  Peter  the  Hermit,  who  marshalled 
the  armies  of  the  first  crusade  at  that  spot)  ; Varad  (the 
fortress)  ; Vukovar  (the  fortress  on  the  R.  Vuka)  ; Warsaw, 
anc.  Varsovia  (the  fortified  place) ; Fehervar-Szek,  Ger. 
Stuhl-Weissenburg  (the  seat  of  the  white  fortress)  ; Foldvar 
(land  fortress) ; Varosvar,  Ger.  Eisenthurm  (red  fortress,  or 
iron  tower). 

VAROS  (Hung.),  a town ; eg.  Ujvaros  (new  town) ; Also-varos 
(lower  town)  ; Szasz-varos,  Ger.  Sachsenstadt  (the  Saxons’ 
town). 

VATN  and  VAND  (Scand.),  a lake ; e.g.  Vatnsdalr  (lake  valley)  ; 
Arnarvatn  (eagle  lake) ; Fiskvatn  (fish  lake) ; Langavat 
(long  lake)  ; Steepavat  (steep  lake)  ; Sanvatn  (sandy  lake)  ; 
Vatster  (dwelling  on  a lake) ; Miosen  Vand  (little  lake)  ; 
Vatnagaard  (the  farm  on  the  lake)  ; Myvatn  (the  lake  of  the 
midges). 

VEGA  (Span.),  a plain  ; e.g.  Vega-de-la-neustra-Senora  (the  plain  of 
our  Lady) ; Vega  Espinarada  (the  plain  surrounded  with 
thorns),  in  Spain. 

VELIKI,  or  WELIKI  (Sclav.),  great ; e.g.  Velikaia  (the  great  river) ; 
Velikija-luki  (the  great  marsh),  in  Russia ; Welkawes  (the 
great  town),  in  Sclavonia  ; Welka,  Welkow,  Welchau, 
Welchow,  &c.,  with  the  same  meaning. 

VIE  VE  wy  (Scand ) ( ; e.g.  Wydale  (holy  valley) ; Wyborg, 

VIE,  VE,  (,bc  a.;,  I Wisby,  Wigthorp  (holy  dwell- 

( ing)  ; Wigan,  anc.  Wibiggan  (holy  build- 
ing), in  Lancashire  ; Wigton,  in  Cumberland  (holy  town)  ; 
but  Wigton,  in  Scotland  (the  town  on  the  bay,  vig)  \ Sviaga 


SVIA  (Sclav.), 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


169 


(holy  river),  in  Russia ; Sviajsk  (the  town  on  the  holy  river) ; 
Sveaborg  and  Viborg  (holy  town) ; Sviatoi-nos  (holy  cape) ; 
Sviatskaia  (the  town  of  the  god  Sviatovid),  Russia. 

VILLA  (Lat.),  a farm,  or  manor,  or  town,  with  its  derivatives  in  the 
Romance  languages ; e.g.  Villa-hermosa  (beautiful  town) ; 
Villa- franca -de-panades  (the  free  town  of  the  bakers),  in 
Spain  ; Charleville,  in  France  (named  after  Charles,  Due  de 
Nevers)  ; Flamanville,  in  Normandy  (founded  by  a colony  of 
Flemings) ; Joinville,  Lat.  Jovis-  Villa  (the  city  of  Jove,  named 
from  a Roman  tower  near  the  town) ; Louisville,  United 
States  (named  after  Louis  XVL,  whose  troops  assisted  the 
Americans  in  the  War  of  Independence)  ; Luneville,  in 
France  (the  city  of  the  moon,  supposed  to  have  been  named 
from  a temple  to  Diana)  ; Nashville,  United  States  (named 
after  Colonel  Nash,  who  was  killed  in  the  revolutionary 
war) ; Offranville,  in  Normandy,  Lat.  Vulfrani  Villa  (the 
manor  of  Wulfran)  ; Auberville  and  Aubervilliers  (the  villas 
of  Albert) ; Thionville,  anc.  Theodonis  Villa  (the  manor  of 
Theodo)  ; Villa-Vigosa  (abundant  town),  in  Spain  and  Por- 
tugal]; Villa-rica  (rich  town)  ; Yeovil,  in  Somerset  (the  town 
on  the  R.  Yeo) ; Maxwell,  in  Roxburgh  and  Kircudbright, 
corrupt,  from  Maccusville  (the  settlement  or  villa  of  Maccus, 
to  whom  the  lands  were  given  in  the  reign  of  David  I.)  ; 
Philipville,  or  Philipstadt,  in  Belgium  (named  by  Charles  V. 
after  son). 

VORM  (Ger.),  in  front  of ; eg.  Vormbach,  Vormbusch,  Vormhorst, 
Vormhagen  (in  front  of  the  brook,  thicket,  wood,  and  hedge). 

W 

WAD  WATH  f A S cognate  with  the  Lat.  vadum  and  the 

VAD  f Scand  'I  ' Gadhelic  ath;  e.g.  Wadebridge  (the  bridge 

’ ^ (at  the  ford),  Cornwall ; Wath-upon-Dearne 

(the  ford  on  the  Dearne),  York ; Carnwath  (the  ford  at  the 
cairn),  Lanarkshire  ; Laswade  (the  ford  on  the  pasture  land, 
laes),m  Midlothian  ; Wath  (on  the  R.  Ouse),  Yorkshire ; Lang- 
waden  (long  ford),  Germany;  Wageningen,  Lat.  Vadu  (on 
the  ford  on  the  R.  Leek),  in  Holland. 


70 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


WADI,  or  WADY  (Ar.),  a river- course  or  ravine  ; e.g.  Wadi-el- 
Ain  (the  ravine  of  the  fountain) ; Wadi-Sasafeh  (of  the 
pigeons) ; Wddi-Sidri  (of  the  thorn) ; Wady-Solab  (of  the 
cross);  Wady-Shellal  (of  the  cataract);  Wady-Magherah  (of 
the  caves). 


WALD  (Ger  ) ( ^ wood,  or  waste  land ; eg.  Walden-Saffron, 

( was  afterwards  cultivated)  ; the  Weald, 
and  the  Wold,  and  Wealden  (the  waste  lands),  in  Essex, 
Kent,  Lincolnshire,  and  Yorkshire ; Waltham,  Walthamstow 
(the  dwelling-place  near  the  wood),  in  England  ; Waldstadt, 
Waldheim,  Walddorf  (dwellings  in  the  wood),  Germany  ; 
Waldeck  (wood  corner)  ; Waldau  (woody  meadow) ; Wald- 
sassen  (wood  settlement)  ; Unterwalden  (under  the  wood) ; 
Zinnwald-Sachsisch  (the  wood  near  the  tin  mine,  in  Saxony, 
as  distinguished  from  Zinnwald-Bohmisch,  in  Bohemia) ; 
Finsterwalde  (dark  wood) ; Greifswald  (the  griffin’s  wood)  ; 
Habechtswalde  (hawk’s  wood)  ; Lichtenwalde  (the  cleared 
wood) ; Rugenwalde  (the  wood  of  the  Rugii,  a tribe),  in 
Pomerania  ; Regenwalde  and  Saalwalde  (the  woody  districts 
on  the  rivers  Rega  and  Saale)  ; Methwald,  in  Norfolk  (in 
the  midst  of  wood) ; Leswalt  (pasture  ground  in  the  wood), 
in  Wigtonshire  ; Mouswald  (the  wood  near  Lochar  Moss),  in 
Dumfries-shire. 

WALL  (Old  Ger.),  f ““  embankment  a rampart,  a wall  cognate 

A T T / A c \ < With  the  Lat.  vallMm.  the  Gadhelic  balla  and 

WEALL  (A.O.),  1 A 1 . T -.TT  /I 

the  Welsh  gwalj  e.g.  Wallton  (the  town  near 

the  wall);  Wallsend  (at  the  end  of  the  wall),  in  Northum- 
berland ; Walford,  in  Hereford  (the  ford  near  a Roman 
fortification) ; Wallsoken  (the  place  near  the  wall,  where  the 
judicial  courts  were  held)  ; Walmer  (the  embankment  by  the 
sea),  in  Kent ; Wallburg,  Walldorf  (walled  towns),  in  Ger- 
many ; Wallingford,  in  Berks,  Welsh  Gwal-hen  (the  old 
fortification),  A.S.  Wealingaford  (the  ford  at  the  old  wall) ; 
Wallmill,Wallshiels,  Wallfoot,  Wallhead  (places  in  Northum- 
berland near  the  wall  of  Adrian)  ; Walpole  (the  dwelling, 
bolj  near  the  wall),  in  Norfolk ; but  Walsham  and  Wal- 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


171 


singham,  in  Yorkshire,  are  named  from  the  Waelsings,  a 
patronymic. 

WALSCH  rGer ) [ These  words  have  been  applied  by 

„rr^.rTT  / \ )the  Teutomc  and  Sclavonic  nations  to  all 

TTT  A^TT  /c  \ i foreigners,  and  to  the  countries  inhabited  or 
\ colonized  by  those  who  did  not  come  from  a 
Teutonic  stock  and  speak  their  language,  thus — Wales  (the 
home  of  the  Cymric  Celts,  so  named  by  the  Anglo-Saxons) ; 
Wallachia  (the  strangers’  land,  Sclav,  vlach^  so  called  by  the 
Germans  and  Sclaves  because  colonized  by  Romans) ; Wal- 
cherin,  anc.  Walacria,  or  Gualacra  (the  island  of  the 
strangers  ; or  Celts)  ; Cornwall  (the  horn  or  promontory  of 
the  Celts) ; also  Cornuailles  (a  district  in  Brittany  peopled 
by  British  emigrants  from  Wales)  ; Wallendorf  (the  town  of 
the  strangers),  the  German  name  for  Olasgi,  in  Hungary, 
peopled  by  Wallachians ; Wallenstadt  and  Wallensee  (the 
town  and  lake  on  the  borders  of  the  Romansch  district  of  the 
Grisons,  conquered  by  the  Romans  under  Constantins).  The 
Celts  of  Flanders  were  called  Walloons  by  their  German 
neighbours  ; and  Wlachowitz,  in  Moravia,  is  the  town  of  the 
Wallachs,  or  strangers.  The  Ga.dh.elic gall,  foreign,  although 
used  with  the  same  meaning  as  wealh,  is  not  connected  with 
it.  It  is  a word  that  has  been  applied  to  strangers  by  the 
Irish  from  the  remotest  antiquity ; and  as  it  was  applied  by 
them  to  the  natives  of  Gaul  (the  Galli),  gall  might,  in  the 
first  instance,  have  meant  a native  of  Gaul.  It  was  after- 
wards applied  to  the  Norwegians,  Fionn-ghaill  (the  fair- 
haired strangers),  and  to  the  Danes,  Dubh-ghaill (dark-haired 
strangers) — and  in  connection  with  them,  and  with  the  Eng- 
lish, the  word  enters  largely  into  Irish  topography ; e.g. 
Donegal,  Dun-na-n-Gall  (the  fortress  of  the  foreigners,  or 
Danes) ; Clonegall  and  Clongall(the  meadow  of  the  strangers) ; 
Ballynagall  and  Balnagall  (the  town  of  the  strangers,  or  Eng- 
lish). For  the  further  elucidation  of  these  words,  v.  “ Irish 
Names  of  Places,”  by  Dr.  Joyce,  and  Words  and  Places,’- 
by  the  Rev.  Isaac  Taylor.  The  words  Gaill  and  Gallda  are 
applied  by  the  Highlanders  of  Scotland  to  their  countrymen 


172 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


in  the  lowlands,  but  they  have  no  connection  with  the  name 
which  they  apply  to  themselves,  the  Gaidheil,  derived  from 
an  ancestor,  Gaodhal. 

WANG  (Ger.  and  A.S.),  a field  or  strip  of  land,  akin  to  the  Scottish 
whangs  a slice  ; e.g.  Feuchtwang  (moist  field)  ; Duirwangen 
(barren  field)  ; Ellwangen,  anc.  Ellhenwang  (the  field  of 
the  temple,  eleh,  or  alhs)  ; Affolterwangen  (apple-tree|.field)  ; 
Wangford  (the  ford  of  the  strip  of  land). 

WARA  (Sansc.),  a dwelling ; e.g.  Kattiwar  (the  dwelling  of  the 
Katties) ; Judwar  (of  the  Juts  or  Jats)  ; Kishtewar  (woody 
dwelling). 

WARD,  WART,  WARTH  (Teut.),  a watch-tower  or  beacon,  or  a place 
guarded,  Ger.  warten^  A.S.  waerdian,  to  guard — waering,  a 
fortification;  e.g.  Hohenwarth,  Lat.  Altaspecula  (the  high 
watch-tower) ; Warburg  (the  town  of  the  watch-tower),  West- 
phalia ; Warden,  Wardle,Wardley,  in  England  (guarded  places, 
or  places  where  the  warden  of  the  district  resided)  ; Wardlaw 
(the  hill  of  the  beacon)  ; Wardoe  (the  island  of  the  beacon), 
in  Norway ; Warwick,  Waering-wic  (the  fortified  dwelling) 
— also  Wareham,  in  Dorset ; Woerden,  or  Warden  (the  forti- 
fied place),  Holland  ; Vordhill,  Shetland,  and  also  Varberg, 
Sweden  (the  hill  of  the  beacon).  From  guardary  Span,  to 
defend,  we  have  Guardamar  (the  sea  guard,  with  a hill-fort  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Segura) ; La  Guardia  (built  as  a defence 
against  the  incursions  of  the  Moors)  ; Guardia-regia  (the 
royal  guard)  ; Leewarden,  anc.  Lienwarden  (the  guarded 
place  near  lime-trees). 


WARID,  WERID  (Old  Ger.), 
WERDER  (Mod.  Ger.), 


( a river  island,  or  sometimes  a plot 
J of  ground  insulated  by  marshes  and 
( secured  by  dykes.  It  often  takes  the 
forms  of  werth  or  worthy  cognate  with  the  A.S.  worth  or 
worthing;  e.g.  Bischopswerder  (the  bishop’s  island)  ; Elster- 
werder,  Saarwerder  (the  islands  in  the  Elster  and  Saar)  ; 
Donau worth  (the  island  in  the  Danube) ; Kirchwerder  (church 
island) ; Marienwerder  (the  island  or  enclosure  dedicated  to 
the  Virgin  Mary) ; Falconswaart,  in  Holland  (the  falcon’s 
enclosure) ; Poppenwarth  (the  priest’s  enclosure) ; Werdan 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


173 


Werden,  Werder,  Wertheim  (dwellings  near  river  islands)  ; 
Worth  (the  enclosed  place),  in  Bavaria ; Worth-sur- Sauer 
(the  enclosure  on  the  Sauer)  ; Nonnewerth  (the  nun’s  en- 
closure) ; Fursten werder  (the  prince’s  island)  ; Verden,  in 
Hanover  (near  a large  island  formed  by  the  Aller) ; Werder- 
briich  (the  island  bridge)  ; Bolswaard  (the  river  island  of 
Bolswine),  in  Holland  ; Wertingen  (the  town  on  an  {island 
in  the  R.  Schmutter),  in  Bavaria ; Schbnwerda  (beautiful 
island,  in  theR.  Unstruth)  ; but  Hoyerswerda,  in  Silesia,  is  a 
corruption  of  the  Wendish  name  Worejze  (the  town  on  the 
ploughed  land). 

WARK,  VIRKE  (Scand.),  a fortress  ; e.g.  W'ark,  in  Dumfriesshire, 
Warke  Castle,  on  the  Scottish  border ; Warkthwaite  (the 
enclosure  belonging  to  the  fortress),  Cumberland ; Aldwark 
(old  fortress)  ; Newark,  in  Notts  and  Selkirk  (new  fortress)  ; 
Warksburn,  Warkton,  Warkworth  (places  named  from  their 
vicinity  to  Warke  Castle),  in  Northumberland. 

WASSER,  WAZAR  (Teut.),  ( '"T'  ’ R°thwasser  (a  town  on  the 
J red  river) ; Schwartzwasser  (black  river) ; 
( Whiteadder  (white  stream)  ; Ulleswater 
(named  from  Ulla,  a Norse  chief) ; Wasserburg,  in  Bavaria, 
on  the  R.  Inn,  and  also  Wasserburg  on  Lake  Constance  ; 
Waterloo  (the  watery  marsh) ; the  R.  Oder,  anc.  Wodra 
(water)  ; Wasserbillig  (the  plain  by  the  river) ; Zwishenwas- 
sern  (between  the  waters),  in  Illyria,  at  the  confluence  of  two 
streams) ; Altwasser,  or  Starawoda  (old  water),  in  Moravia. 

a way,  a road,  cognate  with  the  Lat.  via;  eg. 
Wegefurt  and  Wayford  (the  way  to  the  ford)  ; 
Braden waag  (broad  way);  Lichtenweg  (the  cleared 
road);  Wegmiihle  (road mill);  Wainfleet  (the  way 
by  the  harbour) ; Wakefield  (the  field  by  the  wayside)  ; Cour- 


WODA  (Sclav.), 


WEG  (Ger.), 
WAAG  (Dutch), 
WAEG  (A.S.), 


bevoie,  Lat.  Curb  a via  (the  crooked  way),  France. 


WEIDE  (Ger.), 
WEOD  (A.S.), 


f pasture  ; e.g.  Langenweid  (long  pastures) ; Raths 
J weide  (the  counsellor’s  pasture)  ; Neuweid  (new 
( pasture)  ; Mittweyda  (middle  pasture). 

WEILER  (Ger.),  a hamlet.  Old  Ger.  wiia;  eg.  Kleinweil  (little 
hamlet) ; Kurzweil  (short  hamlet) ; Langweil  (long  hamlet) ; 


174 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY, 


Pfaffwyl  (the  priest’s  hamlet)  ; Echzell,  in  Hesse-Darmstadt, 
corrup.  from  Achizwila  (the  hamlet  on  the  water);  Esch- 
weiler  (the  hamlet  near  ash-trees) ; Dettweiler  (the  hamlet 
of  the  diet,  or  people’s  meeting)  ; Rappersweil  (the  town  of 
Rappert)  ; Rothwell,  in  Baden,  anc.  Rotwili  (red  hamlet). 

WEIR,  a dam,  that  which  wards  off  the  water,  wearariy  A.S.,  to 
guard  ; e.g.  Ware,  co.  Herts,  named  from  a dam  on  the 
R.  Lea,  made  by  the  Danes ; Warminster  (the  monastery 
near  the  weir) ; Wareham. 

WEISS  (Ger.)  ( '^^isshorn  (the  white 

HWIT  (A.S  ) ^ I ’ Weissmaes  (white  field) ; 

HviD  fDan  ) Weissenberg,  Weissenfels  (white 

' V rock) ; Weissenburg,  Weissenstadt 

(white  town) ; Weissenthurm  (white  tower).  Sometimes 
the  word  takes  the  form  of  witten,  as  in  Wittenberg  and 
Wittenburg  (white  fortress),  though  this  prefix  is  more 
generally  derived  from  vitu,  wood ; Whitacre  (white  field)  ; 
Whitburne,  Whitbourne,  Whitbeck  (white  stream);  Witley 
(white  meadow) ; Whiston,  in  Worcester,  so  named  because 
it  was  originally  a convent  of  white  nuns. 

WEND,  WIND,  a word  applied  in  German  topography  to  mark  the 
settlements  of  the  W ends ^ a Sclavonic  tribe,  from  the  verb 
wandeln,  to  wander  ; this  tribe  occupied  the  north-eastern 
parts  of  Germany  in  the  sixth  century,  but  are  now  chiefly  con- 
fined to  Lusatia;  eg,  Wendischbach  (the  brook  of  the 
Wends)  ; Wendischhausen,  Windsheim  (the  dwellings  of  the 
Wends)  ; Wendisch-gratz  (the  Wends’  fortress)  ; Wendisch- 
kappel  (the  Wends’  church)  ; Windecken,  Wendischhayn 
(the  Wends’  corner  and  enclosure). 

WERBA  (Sclav.),  pasture  ; eg.  Werben,  on  the  Elbe. 

WERCH  (Sclav.),  a summit ; eg.  Werchau  (the  town  on  the  height), 
in  Prussia;  Werch-see  (the  high  lake)  ; Verkne-Dnieprevosk 
(the  high  town  on  the  Dnieper) ; Werchne-Udinsk  (the  high 
town  on  the  Uda)  ; Werchne-Uralish  (on  the  Ural)  ; Verkne- 
Kolynski  (on  the  Kolyma)  ; Verkho-Sousensk  (on  the  Sosna), 
in  Russia  ; Werchblatt  (high  marsh). 

WERE,  WARE  (Teut.),  a dam,  or  embankment,  or  wharf,  literally 


I 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


175 


what  is  thrown  up  ; e.g.  Werfen  (the  town  on  the  embank- 
ment), in  Upper  Austria ; Antwerp,  anc.  Andoverpum  (at 
the  wharf);  Hohenwerpum  (high  wharf);  Neuwarp  (new 
wharf). 

WERK,  WEORC  (Teut.),  a work,  applied  in  topography  to  places 
where  manufactures  are  carried  on  ; berg-werk,  a hill  work, 
or  a mine  ; eg.  Konigswerk  (the  king’s  manufactory)  ; Hof- 
werk  and  Werkhausen  (connected  with  mines) ; Hiittenwerk 
the  work-huts),  in  the  Hartz  Mountains ; Seifenwerk  (the 
place  for  washing  the  metals  at  the  mines)  ; Fredericks- 
werk  (a  cannon  foundry  in  Denmark,  established  by  one  of 
the  kings)  ; Wirks worth,  in  Derbyshire  (the  town  near  the 
mine-works). 

WESTEN  (Ger.),  the  west,  a word  which  Buttman  traces  to  an  old 
Ger.  root  wesefiy  Goth,  visan,  rest,  i.e.  the  quarter  of  the 
heavens  where  the  sun  sinks  to  rest;  eg.  Westphalia  (the 
western  plain) ; Westerwald  (west  wood) ; Westerufer  (the 
western  shore,  i.e.  of  the  R.  Inn) ; Westmoreland  (the  west 
moor- land) ; Wesen,  on  the  west  shore  of  lake  Wallen- 
stadt;  Westeraas,  in  Sweden,  anc.  Vestra-aros  (western 
dwelling),  so  called  to  distinguish  it  from  Osfra-aros,  or 
Upsal  (the  eastern  dwelling) ; Westmans  Isles,  Scand.  Vest- 
manna-eyar,  on  the  coast  of  Iceland,  so  called  because 
peopled  by  men  from  the  west — Irish  pirates ; Westbury, 
Weston,  Westbrook,  Westbourn,  from  the  same  word. 


with  various  significations;  according  to  Leo,  the  Teut. 
wich  or  vichs  arose  out  of  the  root  waes,  A.S.,  wiese  Ger.,  a 
moist  meadow,  and  hence  applied  to  places  situated  on  low 
lands,  generally  on  the  bank  of  a stream  ; e.g.  Meeswyk  (the 
town  on  the  Maas) ; Beverwyk  (on  the  Bever)  ; Alnwick 
(on  the  Alne)  ; Ipswich,  anc.  Gippenswich  (on  the  Gipping) ; 
York,  A.S.  Eorvic,  Lat.  Eboracum  (on  the  Eure) ; Hawick 
(the  town  on  the  haugh,  or  low  meadow)  ; Noordwyk  (north 


WICH,  WIC,  WYK,  VICHS  (Teut.), 
WICK,  VIG  (Scand.), 

WAS,  WIES  (Sclav.), 


i;6 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY, 


town)  ; Nederwyk  (lower  town)  ; Zuidwyk  and  Zuick  (south 
town),  in  Belgium  and  Holland  ; Keswick  (the  town  of 
Cissa)  ; Wickware,  in  Gloucester  (the  town  of  the  family  of 
De  la  Ware).  On  the  other  hand,  the  Scandinavian  wzcL 
or  vig  signifies  a bay,  or  a place  situated  on  the  coast,  or  at 
the  mouth  of  a river  ; thus,  Schleswick  (at  the  mouth  of  the 
She)  ; Sandwich  (the  town  on  the  sandy  bay)  ; Wick  (on 
the  bay),  in  Caithness  and  in  Sleswick  ; Lerwick  (the  muddy 
bay)  ; Greenwich,  Scand.  Granvigen  (the  town  on  the  pine 
bay)  ; Harwich  (the  bay  or  town  of  the  army),  used  by  the 
Danes  as  a great  military  depot ; Reikavik,  in  Iceland  (the 
reeky  or  smoky  bay)  ; Vigo,  in  Spain  (on  a spacious  bay)  ; 
also  Vaage,  in  Norway;  Swanage,  in  Dorsetshire,  from 
Swanwick  (Sweyn’s  bay  town)  ; Brodwick;  in  Arran  (broad 
bay)  ; Wicklow,  in  Ireland,  probably  Danish  Vigloe  (bay 
shelter),  used  by  the  Danes  as  a ship  station  ; Smerwick 
(butter  bay)  ; Berwick,  Aberwick^  contracted  to  Berwick 
(at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Tweed,  on  the  Border). 
Wiche  also  denotes  a place  where  there  are  salt  mines 
or  springs,  and  may  in  this  sense  be  derived  from  the  Scand. 
vig,  as  salt  was  often  obtained  by  the  evaporation  of  sea- 
water in  shallow  bays ; thus,  Nantwich  (the  salt-works  on 
the  meadow)  ; Middlewich  (the  middle  salt-works) ; Droit- 
wich,  Lat.  Salince  (the  salt-springs  where  the  droit,  i.e.  the 
tax,  was  paid).  In  other  cases  wick  or  wick  is  derived  from 
the  Lat.  vicus,  cognate  with  the  Gr.  oikos,  Sansc.  veca,  a 
dwelling  ; thus,  Katwyk-sur-mer  and  Katwyk-sur-Rhin  are 
supposed  to  occupy  the  site  of  the  Roman  Vicus-Cattorum 
(the  dwelling-place  of  the  Chatti)  ; Vick,  or  Vique,  in  Spain, 
from  Vicus- Ausoniensis  (the  dwelling  of  the  Ausones)  ; Vidau- 
ban,  in  France,  from  Lat.  Vicus- Albanus  (the  dwelling  of 
Albanus);  \jycigyNy ,immLongiis-victis  (long  town)  ; Limoges, 
anc.  Lemovicuzn  (the  dwelling  of  the  Lemovici).  The  Scla- 
vonic wice  is  found  in  Jazlowice  (the  town  on  the  marsh) ; 
Malschwice  (Matthew’s  village),  and  many  other  names. 

WIDU,  or  VITU,  or  WUDU  (Teut.  and  Scand.),  wood  ; eg,  Norwood 
(north  wood)  ; Moswidi  (mossy  wood) ; Selwood,  Lat.  Sylva- 


I 


/ 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


177 


magna  (great  wood),  Celtic  Cotemore  j Woodsetts  (wood 
settlement) ; Wittstock  and  Woodstock  (woody  place) ; but 
Wittingan,  Wittingen,  Wittick,  Wittgenstein,  Wittgensdorf, 
and  other  names  in  Germany,  with  the  prefix  wittgen,  come 
from  the  patronymic  Wittick  or  Wittikind  {i.e.  the  child  of 
the  wood).  In  England  the  same  prefixes  may  in  some  cases 
be  from  white,  as  in  Witney,  or  from  places  where  the 
Witangemote  held  their  meetings  ; Holywood,  in  Dumfries- 
shire, Lat.  Abbia  sacra  nemoris  (the  abbey  of  the  sacred 
wood),  was  called  by  the  Irish  Der-Congal  (the  oak  grove  of 
Congal). 


WIECK  (Sclav.),  J 


WIKI 


WIESE  (Ger.), 


a market  especially  for  corn  ; e.g.  Wieck  (the 
market  town) ; Wikow  (the  Sclav,  name  of  Elster- 
■ ( werder). 

C pasture-ground,  a meadow  ; e.g.  Pfaffenwiese  (the 
<1  priest’s  meadow)  ; Schaafwiese  (sheep  meadow)  ; 


WAES  (A.S.)  ^ 

^ ( Wiesbaden  (the  meadow  baths)  ; the  Wash  (near 

the  moist  pasture-ground)  ; Wismar  (beautiful  or  rich  mea- 
dow), in  Mecklenburg,  v.  MAR  ; Ziegelwasen  (the  goat’s 
meadow)  ; Wisheim  (the  dwelling  on  the  meadow). 

WILIG  (A.S.),  the  willow ; e.g.  Wilcrick  (willow  crag)  ; Wilsden 
(willow  hollow)  ; but  Willoughby  and  Willoughton,  more  pro- 
bably from  personal  names. 

WIN  (A.S.),  victory  ; e.g.  Wimborne,  Winford,  Winslow,  Wingrave 
(the  brook,  ford,  hill,  entrenchment  of  the  victory). 

WINKEL  (Ger.),  f ^ Winceby  (corner  dwelling)  ; 


corner 

Winchcomb  (corner  hollow)  ; Winchelsea  (the 
( island  or  moist  land  at  the  corner)  ; Winchendon 
(comer  hill)  ; Winkleigh  (corner  field  or  meadow)  ; Winkel- 
horst  (corner  wood)  ; Winkeldorf  (corner  village)  ; Wink- 
larn  (the  waste  field  at  the  corner). 

f for  the  Sclav,  hussoki,  high  ; e.g.  Wischhrad 
(high  fortress) ; Wissek,  Weissagk,  Wisowice 
[ or  Wisowitz,  Ossiegt,  and  Ossagt  (high  vil- 
lage) ; Wisoki-mazo-wiecki  (the  high  middle  market-town), 
in  Poland  ; but  in  Germany  wisch  is  sometimes  a form  of 
wiese,  a meadow,  as  in  Wischmiihle  (meadow  mill) ; Wisch- 

N 


WINCEL  (A.S.), 


WISCH,  WYSOKI, 
OSSICK, 


or 


i;8 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


hausen  (the  houses  in  the  meadow)';  Essek,  for  Ossick  (high 
place),  in  Sclavonia. 

WITHIG  (A.S.),  a willow  ; e.g.  Witham  (willow  dwelling)  ; Withern 
(willow  place) ; Withybrook  (willow  stream) ; Withridge 
(willow  ridge). 

WOH  (A.S.),  a turning ; e.g.  Woburn,  Wooburn  (the  bend  of  the 
brook)  ; Woking  (the  turning  of  the  chink  or  chine). 

WOL  (Sclav.),  the  ox ; e.g.  Wolgast  (the  oxen’s  shed)  ; Wohlau  (the 
enclosure  for  oxen),  a town  in  Prussia  which  carries  on  an 
extensive  trade  in  cattle  ; Wollin  (the  place  for  oxen),  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Oder. 

WOLSCHA  or  OELZA  (Sclav.),  the  alder-tree  ; e.g.  Wolschau,  Wol- 
schen,  Wolsching,  Wolshinka  (the  place  of  the  alder-trees)  ; 
the  R.  Elster,  Sclav.  Wolshinka  (the  river  of  alder- trees)  ; 
Oels,  in  Silesia,  on  the  Oelse  (alder-tree  river)  ; Oelsen  and 
Olsenice  (the  village  of  alder-trees)  ; Olsnitz  (the  town  on 
the  Elster,  or  alder-tree  river). 

WORTH,  WEORTHING  (A.S.),  a farm,  manor,  or  estate,  cognate  with 
the  Ger.  warid  or  werder ; eg.  Worthing,  in  Kent  and  Nor- 
folk ; Worthen,  Salop  ; and  Wortham,  Suffolk  ; Worthy  and 
Worting,  in  Hants  ; and  Worthington,  Lancashire  ; High- 
worth  (high  manor)  ; Kenilworth  (the  estate  of  Kenelm)  ; 
Bosworth  (of  Bosa) ; Edgeworth  (the  estate  on  the  border)  ; 
Edgeware,  anc.  Edgeworth^  with  the  same  meaning ; Pol- 
worth  (the  estate  on  the  marshy  land),  Berwickshire  ; Ra- 
venworth,  Rickmansworth  (the  estate  of  Hraefn  and  Rick- 
man) ; Tamworth  (on  the  R.  Tam)  ; Wandsworth  (on  the 
Wandle)  ; Hammersmith,  corrup.  from  Hermoderworth  (the 
manor  of  Hermod). 

WURZE  (Ger.)  ( ^ ’ wyrtun,  a garden  ; e.g.  Wurtz- 

WYRT  (AS)  ^ ) burg,  anc.  Herbipolis  (the  city  of  plants)  ; Wort- 

( ley  (the  place  of  herbs)  ; Warton  (the  garden). 

WOLF,  WOLV,  or  WOL,  a prefix  sometimes  used  with  reference  to  the 
animal,  as  in  Wolvesley  (wolf’s  island),  where  a tribute  of 
wolves’  heads  was  paid  annually  by  the  Britons  to  the  Saxons ; 
sometimes  as  a contraction  for  wold^  the  waste  land,  as  in 
Wolford,  Wolborough,  Woldingham,  and  Wooler  : but  it 


i 


ETYMOLOGICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


179 


more  commonly  comes  from  a personal  name ; e.g.  Wolf- 
hamcote  (from  Ulp) ; Wulferlow,  Wolferton  (from  Wulf  here). 

Y 

YEN  (Chinese),  salt ; eg.  Yen-shan  (salt  hill) ; Yen-yuen  (salt 
spring). 

YENI  (Turk.),  new ; e.g.  Yenidja-Vardar  (the  new  fortress),  anc. 
Pella;  Yenidya-Carasu  (the  new  place  on  the  black  water)  ; 
Yenikale  (the  new  castle)  ; Yenikhan  (the  hew  inn)  ; Yenisei 
(the  new  river) ; Yeniseisk  (the  new  town  on  the  Yenisei) ; 
Yenishehr  (new  dwelling) ; Yeni-Bazar  (new  market). 

Z 

ZAB  (Ar.),  a fountain  ; e.g.  Great  and  Little  Zab,  in  Turkey. 

ZARNY,  or  CZERNY  (Sclav.),  black ; e.g.  Zschome  (black  town)  ; 
Sornosche  Elster,z>.  the  black  Elster ; Zschornegosda  (black 
inn);  Zarnowice,  Zarnowitz  (black  village) ; also  Same, 
Sarnow,  Sarnowo,  Sarnaki. 

ZERKWA  (Sclav.),  a Greek  church  ; e.g.  Zerkowo,  Zerkowitz,  Zerk- 
witz  (church  town).  This  word  is  applied  only  to  Greek 
churches,  from  the  Gr.  Kuriake  j a Romish  church  is  called 
in  their  language,  Kosciol;  a Protestant  church,  Zbor. 

ZERENY,  CZERENY  (Sclav.),  red  ; e.g.  Tscherna  (red  river) ; Tscher- 
niz,  or  Zerniz  (red  town)  ; Tzemagora  (red  mountain). 

ZETTEL,  from  sedal  (Ger.),  a seat ; e.g.  Brockzettel  (the  settlement 
or  seat  on  the  broken-up  land)  ; Endzettel  (the  settlement  at 
the  corner)  ; Weinzettel  (the  wine  settlement). 


INDEX, 


A few  Names  that  do  not  occur  in  the  body  of  the  Work  are  explained 
in  this  Index. 


A 

Abbeville,  3 
Abbeyfeale,  4 
Abbeyleix,  4 
Abbeysbrule,  149 

Abyssinia,  named  from  the  rivers  Abai 
and  Habash,  or,  according  to  Bruce, 
j from  habish,  mixed,  the  country  of  the 
mixed  races 
Acapulca,  8 

Acre,  anc.  A echo,  Ar.  the  sultry  or  sandy 
shore 

Aden,  Ar.  a paradise 
Agde,  in  France,  anc.  Agatha,  Gr.  good, 
founded  by  Greeks  from  Marseilles 
Aghrim,  or  Aughrim,  57 
Agosta,  Lat.  Augttsta 
Agra,  2 
Airdrie,  9 
Aix,  8 

Aix-la-Chapelle,  8 
Akerman,  Turk,  the  white  castle 
Albania,  6 

Albuera,  Ar.  the  lake 
Albuquerque,  Lat.  the  white  oak 
Alcala,  Ax.  the  castle 
Alcantara,  6 
Alcarez,  Ar.  the  farm 
Aldershott,  89 

Alemtejo,  Port,  beyond  the  Tagus 

Algarve,  6 

Algeziras,  95 

Algiers,  95 

Alhama,  84 

Almaden,  Ar.  the  mine 
Almanza,  Ar.  the  plain 
Alraanzor,  Ar.  victorious 


Almeida,  Ar.  the  table 
Almeria,  Ar.  conspicuous 
Almunicar,  Ar.  the  gorge 
Alost,  126 
Alps  Mountains,  6 
Alsace,  145 

Altaian  Mountains,  the  golden  moun- 
tains, Turk,  altun,  gold 
Ambleside,  145 
Amboise,  8 
Amboyna,  8 
Amhara,  the  high  lands 
Amiens,  13 

Amritzir,  the  pool  of  immortality 
Anahuac  Mountain,  near  the  water 
Anatolia,  Gr.  the  country  of  the  east  or 
of  the  sun-rising 

Ancona,  the  place  at  the  comer,  Gr. 
angon 

Andes,  the  copper  mountains,  anta,  Peru. 

copper 
Andover,  125 

Angers,  named  from  the  Andecavi 
Anglesea,  60 

Angostura,  the  place  on  the  narrow 
strait,  angzisttis,  Lat.  narrow 
Angra,  8 

Annam,  the  peace  of  the  south 

Anstruther,  149 

Antwerp,  175 

Aosta,  Lat.  Augusta 

Apennines,  128 

Appenzell,  3 

Appleby,  32 

Aranjuez,  Lat.  Ara  yovts,  the  altar  of 
Jove 

Arbois,  anc.  Arborosa,  the  woody 


/ 


INDEX. 


i8i 


Arbroath,  3 

Arcos,  anc.  Arcobriga,  the  town  on  the 
bend 

Ardee,  anc.  Ath~Thh'dia,  Irish,  the  ford 
of  Firdia 
Ardeen, 9 
Ardennes,  9 
Ardfert,  9 
Ardrossan,  g 
Argyle,  125 

Arles,  Celtic  Ar-laeih,  on  the  marshy 
land 

Armagh,  anc.  Ardmacha,  Macha’s 
height 

Armorica,  119 

Arras,  named  from  the  A irebates 
Asperne,  10 

Aspropotamo,  Modern  Gr.  the  white 
river 

Assouan,  Ar.  the  opening  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Nile 

Astrakan,  named  after  a Tartar  king 

Astura  R.,  167 

Asturias,  The,  ii 

Attica,  Gr.  the  promontory 

Aubusson,  32 

Auch,  named  from  the  Auscii 
Auchinleck,  104 
Auckland,  4 
Audlem,  6 

Aurillac,  supposed  to  have  been  named 
after  the  Emperor  Aurelian 
Auriol,  anc.  Aurtolum,  the  golden  or 
magnificent 
Austerlitz,  126 
Australia,  the  southern  land 
Austria,  136 
Autun,  58 
Auvergne,  9 

Ava,  or  Awa,  named  from  angwa,  a fish- 
pond 

Avignon,  13 

Avranches,  named  from  the  A brincatui 
Awe  Loch,  i 

Azores,  Port,  the  islands  of  hawks 


B 

Raalbec,  13 
Babelmandeb  Strait,  13 
Badajos,  corrup.  from  the  Lat.  Pax  Au- 
gusta 
Baden,  14 
Baghdad,  14 
Baikal,  Turk,  rich  sea 
Baireuth,  134 
Bakewell,  134 
Balachulish,  16 
Balaclava,  19 
Ballater,  104 
Ballina,  19 


Ballintra,  164  ^ 

Bally,  15 
Bampton,  18 
Bangor,  21 

Ban  try,  Irish  Beaniraighe,  the  descen- 
dants of  Beann,  of  the  royal  race  of 
Ulster 

Barbadoes,  Port,  the  island  of  pines 
Barbuda,  the  island  of  the  bearded  men, 
so  called  by  the  Portuguese 
Barcelona,  said  to  have  been  named  after 
Barca,  the  father  of  Hannibal 
Bardhwan,  Pers.  the  thriving 
Barfleur,  68 
Bar-le-Duc,  17 
Barnstaple,  152 
Barton,  162 

Basle,  Gr.  Basile'ia,  the  queenly  city 

Bassora,  or  Bozra,  Semitic  the  fortress 

Batavia,  91 

Bath,  14 

Bautzen,  29 

Bavaria,  10 

Bayeux,  named  from  the  Bajucasses 
Bayonne,  15 
Beachy  Head,  19 
Beauly,  19 

Beauvais,  named  from  the  Bellovaci 
Bednore,  125 

Beira,  Port,  the  river-bank  ^ 

Beirout,  or  Beyroot,  18 

Beja,  corrup.  from  the  Lat.  Pax- Julia 

Belfast,  19 

Belgrade,  19 

Belize,  named  after  a person  called 
Wallace 

Belper,  corrup.  from  Beau-repatre,  Fr. 
beautiful  retreat 

Benares,  named  from  the  two  rivers  on 
which  it  is  situated 
Bender,  21 

Benin,  corrup.  from  the  Lat.  Benignus 
Bergen,  22 

Bermudas  Isles,  named  after  the  dis- 
coverer 
Beveland,  103 
Beverley,  23,  100 
Bewdley,  19 
Bielitz,  19 

Bilbao,  Basque,  under  the  hill 
Birkenhead,  23 
Biscaya  and 

Biscay,  Bay  of,  named  from  the  Basques 
Bohemia,  84 

Bombay,  named  after  an  Indian  goddess, 
BombJ,  and  translated  by  the  Portu- 
guese into  Bom-bahia,  good  bay 
Bordeaux,  8 
Borovsk,  25 

Bourges,  named  from  the  Bituriges 
Brabant,  17 

Bramapootra  R.,  the  offspring  of  Brahma 


i82 


INDEX. 


Brazil,  named  from  the  colour  of  its  dye- 
woods,  braza,  Port,  a live  coal 
Breadalbane,  27 
Breda,  26 

Breslaw,  named  after  King  Wratislaw 

Bridgenorth,  28 

Bridgewater,  28 

Brieg,  26 

Bristol,  153 

Brixton,  28 

Brody,  27 

Brodick,  176 

Brooklyn,  in  New  York,  Dutch  the 
broken -up  land 
Bruges,-  28 
Brunswick,  143 
Brussels,  27 
Brzce-Litovski,  26 
Buckingham,  29 
Buda,  29 
Budweis,  29 
Buenos- Ayres,  25 
Builth,  6 
Bungay,  80 
Burgos,  31 

Burslem,  Burward’s  dwelling  on  the 
clayey  soil,  lezm 
Bury,  30 
Bushire,  146 
Bute,  29 
Buttermere,  113 
Buxton,  30 

C 

Cabeza-del-Buey,  99 
Cader-Idris,  the  chair  of  Idris 
Cadiz,  72 

Cahors,  named  from  the  Cadurci 

Cairo,  Ar.  Al-kahirah,  the  victorious 

Calahorra,  96 

Calais,  34 

Calatayud,  96 

Calcutta,  73 

Calvados,  named  after  one  of  the  vessels 
of  the  Spanish  Armada,  wrecked  on 
the  coast  of  France 

Cambay,  anc.  Khumbavaii,  the  city  of 
the  pillar 
Cambus,  34 

Canada,  Ind.  Kannata,  a collection  of 
huts 

Candia,  Ar.  Khanda,  a trench 
Cannes,  35 
Cantal,  39 

Canton,  Chinese  Kwans  Chou,  the  me- 
tropolis 
Can  tyre,  39 
Capri,  35 

Carlingford,  anc.  Cairlinn  with  Scand. 
fiord 

Carlow,  108 


Carlscroone,  100 
Carlshamm,  81 
Carlsruhe,  139 
Carluke,  97 
Carmichael,  97 
Camac,  36 

Carnatic,  named  from  the  Camafes 
Camiola,  36 
Carnsore  Point,  36 

Carolina,  U.S.,  named  after  Charles  II. 
Caroline  Isles,  named  after  Carlos  II. 

of  Spain 
Carthage,  72 
Carthagena,  72 
Casale,  37 
Cashel,  37 

Caspian  Sea,  named  from  the  CasN,  a 
tribe 

Cassel,  37 
Castile,  37 
Cattegat,  73 
Caucasus,  98 
Cavan,  38 
Cetalu,  40 
Cephalonia,  40 
Cerro,  v.  Sierra,  146 
Cevennes,  39 
Ceylon,  54 
Chamouni,  34 

Charleston,  named  after  Charles  II, 

Chateau,  37 

Chatham,  46 

Chaumont,  34 

Chelsea,  60 

Chemnitz,  96 

Chepstow,  40 

Chester,  37 

Cheviot  Hills,  39 

Chiltern  Hills,  10 

Chippenham,  40,  ' 

Chiusa,  98 

Christiana,  named  after  Christian  IV.  of 
Sweden 
Ciudad,  42 
Civita  Vecchia,  42 
Clackmannan,  42 
Clameny,  91 
Clare  Co.,  43 
Cleveland,  43 
Cleves,  43 
Clifton,  43 
Clitheroe,  43 
Clogheen,  43 
Clonakilty,  43 
Clones,  44 
Clontarf,  157 
Closeburn,  41 
Cloyne,  166 
Coblentz,  46 
Cochin,  kocht,  a morass 
Cognac,  92 
Coire,  or  Chur,  47 


INDEX. 


183 


Colberg,  28  \ 

Coleraine,  4< 

Colmar,  'LsiNolEs-Marh's,  the  hill  of 
Mars 

Colombo,  coriiP-  from  Kalan-Totta,\he 
ferry  on  the  >alawa  Ganga 
Colonna,  Cape, 99 
Como,  Lake,  46 

Comorin,  Cap^>  named  from  a temple  to 
the  goddesr  Durga 

Compostella  Santiago  de,  corrup.  from 
Sancius  "jacobus  Apostolus,  so  called 
from  a legend  that  the  Apostle  St. 
James  was  buried  there 
Conde,  4J 
CongletJn,  46 

Connai’ght,  anc.  Conaichf,  the  territory 
possessed  by  the  descendants  of  Conn 
Connecticut,  Indian  Qzinnitukut,  the 
country  on  the  long  river 
Conpemara,  119 
Constance,  Lake,  144 
Copeland  Isle,  40 
Copenhagen,  40 
Corbridge,  47 
Cork,  46 
Cornwall,  46 

Coromandel,  corrup.  from  Cholomandala, 
the  district  of  the  Cholas 
Corrientes,  Span,  the  currents 
Corryvrechan,  45 
Corsica,  the  woody 

Corunna,  corrup.  from  Columna,  the  pil- 
lars, in  allusion  to  a tower  of  Hercules 
Cosenza,  Lat.  Coseniia,  the  confluence 
Cotswold  Hills,  44 

Cottian  Alps,  named  after  a Celtic 
chief 

Coutances,  named  after  the  Emperor 
Constantins  Chlorus 
Coventry,  164 

Cowal,  in  Ayrshire,  named  after  King 

Coin 

Cowes,  39 
Cracow,  126 
Cramond,  34 
Crathie,  47 

Cremona,  anc.  Cremonensis-ager,  a tribe 
name 
Crewe,  48 
Crewkerne,  48 
Crieff,  Gael.  Craobh,  a tree 
Croagh-Patrick,  St.  Patrick’s  hill 
Croatia,  91 

Cromar,  the  heart  of  the  district  of  Mar 
Cronstadt,  99 
Croydon,  58 

Cuen(ja,  Lat.  concha,  a shell,  so  called 
from  its  form 
Cueva-de-Vera,  39 
Cumberland,  102 
Cumbernauld,  45 


Cumbraes  Isles,  and 
Cumbrian  Mountains,  named  from  the 
Cymri 

Cundinamarca,  named  after  an  Indian 
goddess 

Cyclades  Isles,  Gr.  kuklos,  a circle 
Czernowitz,  Sclav,  black  town 


D 

Dacca,  Sansc.  Da-akka,  the  hidden  god- 
dess, from  a statue  of  Durga  found 
there 

Dantzic,  51 
Daventry,  164 
Daviot,  5 
Dax,  8 
Deal,  50 

Deccan,  Sansc.  Dakshina,  the  southland 

Delft,  52 

Denbigh,  54 

Denmark,  112 

Deptford,  54 

Derbend,  the  shut-up  gates,  or  difficult 
pass 

Derry,  or  Londonderry,  52 
Derwent  R.,  59 

Desaquadero  R.,  Span,  the  drain 
Detmold.  54 
Detroit,  Fr.  the  strait 
Devizes,  anc.  Devisaz,  denoting  a place 
where  two  roads  met,  dis—bis,  and  via 
Devonshire,  54 
Dhawalagiri  Mountain,  75 
Dieppe,  54 
Digne,  54 
Dijon,  58 
Dinan,  54 
I'kinant,  54 
Dingle,  58 
Dingwall,  159 
Dinkelsbiihl,  30 

Dmtrov,  the  town  of  Demetrius,  a Rus- 
sian saint 
Doab,  2 
Dole,  50 
Dolgelly,  51 

Dominica  Isle,  so  named  because  dis- 
covered on  a Sunday 
Donagh,  as  prefix,  55 
Dondra  Head,  54 
Donegall,  58 
Donnybrook,  55 
Doon  R.,  13 
Dorchester,  59 
Dorking,  59 
Dorset,  145 

Dort,  or  Dortrecht,  56 
Douglas,  76 
Douro  R.,  59 
Dovrefield  Mountains,  65 


184 


INDEX, 


Down,  57 
Downpatrick,  57 
Downs,  The,  58 
Drachenfels,  65 
Drenthe,  17 

Dresden,  Sclav.  Drezany,  the  haven 
Dreux,  named  from  the  Duracasses 
Drogheda,  56 

Drohobicz,  the  woody  place 
Droitwich,  176 

Dromore,  Irish,  the-  great  ridge 

Drontheim,  83 

Drum,  V.  drium,  56 

Dryburgh,  52 

Dubicza,  57 

Dublin,  106 

Dubno,  57 

Dumbarton,  57 

Dumfries,  57 

Dungeness,  121 

Dunkirk,  58 

Dunluce,  107 

Dunse,  59 

Dunstable,  152 

Durham,  53  and  89 

Durrow,  52 

Dynevor,  54 

Dysart,  53 

E 

Ecclesfechan,  61 
Eccleshall,  82 
Ecija,  II 

Ecuador,  on  the  equator 
Edessa,  61 

Edfou,  corrup.  from  Af5o,  the  Coptic 
synonym  for  Hut,  the  throne  of  Horus 
Edinburgh,  58 
Egripo,  V.  Negropont,  132 
Ehrenbreitstein,  151 
Eichstadt,  Ger.  oak  town 
Eilenburg,  62 
Eisenach,  62 
Eisenburg,  62 

Elbing,  named  from  the  river  on  which  it 
stands 
Elbceuf,  33 
Elche,  92 

Elgin,  named  after  Helgyn,  a Norwegian 
chief 

Elizabetgrad,  79 
Elmina,  Ar.  the  mine 
Elphin,  Irish  Aill-finn,  the  rock  of  the 
clear  spring 
Elsinore,  125 

Elster  R.,  the  alder-tree  stream 
Elstow,  153 

Elvas,  anc.  Alha,  Basque,  the  place  on 
the  steep  hill,  alboa 
Ely,  the  island  of  eels 
Emden,  58  _ 


Empoli,  corrup.  from  the^g^t^  Empo- 
rium, the  market-place 
Enkhuizen,  63 
Ennis,  93 
Enniskillen,  93 

Eperies,  Hung,  the  placcf  strawberries 

Epinal,  148 

Epping,  a patronymic 

Epsom,  83 

Erekli,  anc.  Heraclea 
Erfurt,  69 
Erith,  88 

Erivan,  Pers.  Rewan,  nam^  after  its 
founder  Rewan 
Erlangen,  63 
Erlaw,  63 

Errigal,  Irish  Airegal,  a small  ciuj-ch 
Erzeroum,  corrup.  from  Arz-er  ^oum, 
the  fortress  of  the  Romans 
Eschwege,  ash-tree  road 
Eschweiller,  5 
Esk  R.,  166 
Essek,  or  Ossick,  178 
Essex,  126 
Estepar,  ii 
Estepona,  ii 

Esthonia,  the  district  of  the  Aestiaci, 
people  of  the  East 

Estremadura,  Lat.  Extrema-Durii,  the 
extreme  limits  of  the  R.  Douro 
Eton,  60 

Euho,  or  Yuho  R.,  88 

Euphrates  R.,  Eiiphrat,  the  fruitful 

Evreux,  8 

Evesham,  64 

Exeter,  38 


F 

Faenza,  Lat.  Faventia,  the  favoured 
Fair  Head,  and 

Fair  Island, /arr,  Scand.  a sheep 

Falaise,  65 

Falkirk,  99 

Famars,  64 

Fano,  64 

Fareham,  64 

Farnham,  66 

Faroe  Isles,  60 

Faulhorn,  90 

Femern,  10 

Fermanagh,  Irish,  the  men  of  Monagh 

Fermoy,  Irish,  the  men  of  the  plain 

Fernando  Po,  named  after  the  discoverer 

Ferney,  64 

Ferns,  64 

Ferrara,  70 

Ferriby,  64 

Ferrol,  Span.  Farol,  the  beacon 

Fetlar  Isle,  60 

Fez,  Ar.  bountiful,  fertile 


INDEX. 


85 


Figueras,  Span,  the  fig-trees 

Finisterre,  Cape,  and  district,  159 

Finster- Aar-horn,  90 

Fintray,  164 

Fintry,  164 

Fishguard,  73 

Fiume,  68 

Flamborough  Head,  anc.  Fleambur^h, 
the  headland  ef  the  beacon  or  flame  hill 
Fleche,  La,  named  from  the  lofty  spire  of 
the  church  of  St.  Thomas 
Fleetwood,  68 

Flintshire,  supposed  to  derive  its  name 
from  the  abundance  of  quartz  in  the 
county 

Florence,  Lat.  Floreniia,  the  flourishing 
Florida,  so  called  because  discovered  on 
Easter  Sunday,  called  by  the  Spaniards 
Pascua-Jlorida 
Flushing,  68 

Fochabers,  anc.  Beul-ath,  the  mouth  of 
the  ford,  now  Faichaber,  the  plain  of 
the  confluence 
Foldvar,  68 

Folkstone,  Lat.  Lapis-Iopuli,  the  for- 
tress of  the  people 
Fondi,  68 
Fontenay,  68 
Fontenoy,  68 

Forfar,  supposed  to  have  been  named 
from  a tribe 
Forli,  69 

Formentara,  Isle,  abounding  in  grain 

Formosa,  Isle,  Lat,  beautiful 

Fossano,  68 

Frankenstein,  15 1 

Frankfurt,  or 

Frankfort,  69 

Fraubrunnen, 28 

Frederickshald,  8a 

Freiburg,  71 

Friesland,  103 

Frische  Haff,  81 

Friuli,  70 

Fuentarrabia,  68 

Fiihnen  Isle,  or  Odensey,  60 

Fulham,  72 

Funchal,  Port,  a place  abounding  in 
fennel,  funcha 
Fiirth,  69 

G 

Gainsborough,  the  town  of  the  Ganii 
Galapagos  Isles,  Span,  the  islands  of  the 
water  tortoises 
Galashiels,  141 
Galatia,  qi 

Galilee,  Heb.  a circuit 
Galicia,  91 

Galle,  Point  de,  Cingalese,  the  promon- 
tory of  the  rock,  galle 


Galway,  named  from  the  river  Gaillimh 

Ganges,  72  " 

Garioch,  73 

Garonne  R.,  73 

Gateshead,  35 

Gebirge,  v.  berg,  22 

Genappe,  75 

Geneva,  75 

Genoa,  75 

Georgia,  152 

Ghauts  Mountains,  73 

Ghent,  75 

Giant’s  Causeway,  43 
Gibraltar,  74 

Giessbach,  the  gushing  brook 
Girgeh,  St.  George’s  town,  on  the  Nile 
Girvan  R.,  the  short  stream 
Giurgevo,  St.  George’s  town 
Glamorgan,  77 

Glarus,  corrup.  from  St.  Hilarius,  to 
whom  the  church  was  dedicated 
Glogau,  77 
Gloucester,  38 
Gmiind,  74 
Goat  Fell,  66 

Goes,  or  Ter-Goes,  at  the  R.  Gu- 
saha 

Gollnitz,  77 
Goole,  72 
Goritz,  78 
Gorlitz,  78 
Goslar,  103 

Gottingen,  a patronymic 

Gouda,  or  Ter-Gouwe,  i.e.  at  the  R. 

Gouwe 
Grabow,  78 
Gran,  on  the  R.  Gran 
Grasmere,  113 
Gratz,  78 
Graudenz,  78 
Gravelines,  78 
Gravesend,  78 
Greenland,  80 
Greenlaw,  103 
Greenock,  79 
Greenwich,  176 
Grenoble,  13 1 
Gretna  Green,  85 
Grinez,  Cape,  121 

Grisons,  Ger.  Grauhunden,  the  grey 
league,  so  called  from  the  grey  home  - 
spun  worn  by  the  unionists  in  1424 
Grodno,  79 

Groningen,  a patronymic 

Grossenhain,  82 

Guadalquiver,  80 

Guadiana,  80 

Guben,  Sclav,  dove  town 

Gueret,  Fr.  land  prepared  for  tillage 

Gustrow,  Sclav,  guest  town 


INDEX. 


1 86 


H 

Haarlem,  8i 
Hadersleben,  104 
Hadleigh,  82 

Haemus  Mountains,  snow'mountains 

Hague,  The,  82 

Haguenau,  82 

Hainault,  74 

Halifax,  86 

Hall,  82 

Halle,  82 

Hamburg,  81 

Hameln,  84 

Hammerfest,  84 

Hampstead,  83  ' 

Hanover,  125 
Harbottle,  84 
Harrogate,  73 
Hartlepool,  132 
Harwich,  84 
Harz  Mountains,  84 
Haselt,  85 

Havana,  the  harbour 
Havre,  Le,  81 
Hawes,  82 

Hechingen,  a patronymic 

Hedjaz,  Ar.  the  land  of  pilgrimage 

Heidelberg,  v.  burg 

Heilbron,  86 

Heiligenstadt,  86 

Heligoland,  86 

Helsingfors,  69 

Hems,  probably  named  from  Hms,  the 
Egyptian  name  for  Isis 
Henly,  Cym.-Cel.  old  place 
Herat,  anc.  Aria-Civitas,  the  town  on 
the  Arius,  now  the  Heri 
Hereford,  69 
Hertford,  69 
Herstal,  15 1 

Hesse,  named  from  the  Catti,  or  Chatti 
Himalaya  Mountains,  103 
Hinckley,  horse  meadow 
Hindu  Koosh  Mountains,  98 
Hindustan,  152 

Hinojosa,  Span,  the  place  of  fennel 
Hirschberg,  88 
Hitchen,  84 
Hoang  Ho  R.,  88 

Hobart  Town,  named  after  one  of  the 
first  settlers 
Hohenlinden,  89 
Hohenzollern,  89 
Holland,  89 
Holstein,  145 
Holt,  90 
Holyhead,  86 
Holy  Island,  86 
Holywell,  87 
Holywood,  87  and  177 
Honiburg,  88 


Honduras,  Span,  deep  water 
Hong  Kong,  the  place  of  fragrant 
streams 
Hoorn,  90 
Horeb,  the  desert 
Horn,  Cape,  90 
Horncastle,  90 
Horsham,  83 
Howden,  85 
Howth  Head,  85 
Hoy  Island,  the  high 
Huelva,  Basque  Onoba,  at.  the  foot  of  the 
hill ; Ar.  IVuelba,  corrup.  to  Huelva 
Huesca,  anc.  Osca,  the  town  of  the 
Basques,  or  Buses 
Hull,  98 

Hungary,  Ger.  Ungam,  the  country  of 
the  Huns  ; Hung.  Magyar-  Orzag,  the 
country  of  the  Magyars 
Huntingdon,  a patronymic 
Hurdwar,  59 

Hurryhur,  named  from  Hari,  or  Vishnu 
Hurst,  84 
Hythe,  88 


I 

Ilfracombe,  46 

Illinois,  named  from  a tribe 

Inch,  V.  iNNis 

Ingleborough  Mountain,  21 

Inkermann,  Turk,  the  place  of  caverns 

Innsbruck,  28 

Interlachen,  61,  100 

Iona,  I,  or  Hy,  91 

Ipswich,  175 

Ireland,  or  lerne,  91 

Irkutsk,  147 

Irrawadi,  the  great  river 
Iserlohn,  109 

Isla,  named  after  Yula,  a Danish  prin- 
cess who  was  buried  there 
Ispahan,  Pers.  the  place  of  horses 
Issoire,  59 
Issoudun,  57 


J 

ABALON  R.,  95 

affa,  or  Joppa,  Semitic,  beauty 
amaica,  corrup.  of  Xaymarca,  land  of 
wood  and  water 

Tamboli,  Sclav,  the  city  in  the  hollow 
Janina,  Sclav.  St.  John’s  town 
Jaroslav,  named  after  its  founder 
Jassy,  Sclav,  the  marshy  place 
Jauer,  95 
Java,  54 
Jersey,  60 

Terusalem,  Semitic,  the  abode  of  peace 
Joinville,  169 


INDEX. 


187 


Jouarre,  anc.  Ara-Jovis,  the  altar  of 
God 

uliers,  91 

umna  R.,  named  after  Yamuna,  a god- 
dess 

ungfrau  Mountain,  Ger.  the  maiden 
ura  Isle,  Scand.  Deor-oe,  deer  island 
iiterbogk,  named  after  the  Sclav,  god  of 
spring 

Jutland,  named  from  the  Jutes 


K 

Kaffraria,  Ar.  the  land  of  the  unbe- 
lievers or  Kaifers 
Kaiserlautern,  96 
Kamienetz,  96 
Kampen,  34 
Kandy,  splendour 
Karlsbad,  14 

Kel  and  Kil,  v.  coille,  or  ciu. 

Kelat,  96 
Kells,  41 
Kelso,  33 
Kempen,  34 
Ken,  V.  CEANN,  39 
Kendal,  50 
Kenmare,  39 

Kensington,  a patronymic 
Kent,  39 

Kerry  Co.,  Irish  CiartaMhe,  the  dis 
trict  of  the  race  of  Ciar 
Kettering,  a patronymic 
Kew,  90 

Khartoum,  the  promontory 
Kin,  V.  CEANN,  39 
Kinghorn, 39 
Kingsclere,  43 

King’s  Co.,  named  after  Philip  II.  of 
Spain 

Kingston,  98 
Kingussie,  39 
Kirkintilloch,  33 
Kirkwall,  97 

Kissengen,  a patronymic 
Klagenfiirt,  70 
Klausenburg,  98 
Knock,  V.  CNOC 
Koniggratz,  99 
Kordofan,  the  white  land 
Koros  R.,  Hung,  red  river 
Koslin,  99 
Kothen,  ^ 

Kraszna  R.,  99 
Kremenetz,  99 
Kremnitz,  99 
Kronstadt,  99 
Kulm,  40 
Kyle,  tf.  CAOL 


L 

La  Hogue,  Cape,  85 
Laaland  Isle,  101 

Labuan  Isle,  Malay,  an  anchorage 
Laccadives,  54 
Laconia,  loi 

Ladrone  Isles,  Span,  the  islands  of 
thieves 
Lagny,  lor 
Lagos,  100 
Laguna,  100 
Lahr,  103 
Lambeth,  88 
Lambride,  102 
Lamlash,  102 
Lampeter,  102 
Lanark,  102 
Landerneau,  102 
Landscrona,  100 
Landshut,  91 
Langholm,  89 

Langres,  anc.  Langone,  named  from  the 
Lingones 
Lannion,  102 
Laon,  109 
Largo,  104 
Largs,  104 

Latakia,  corrup.  from  Laodicea 
Latheron,  103 
Lauffen,  103 
Launceston,  102 

Laval,  anc.  Vallis-Gmdonis,  the  valley 
of  Guido 

Laybach,  or  Laubach,  14 
Learn  R.,  104 
Leamington,  104 
Lebanon  Mountain,  74 
Leeds,  105 
Leibnitz,  104 
Leighlin,  77 
Leighton  Buzzard,  19 
Leinster,  153 
Leipzig,  107 

Leith,  named  from  its  river 
Leitrim,  57 

Lemberg,  or,Lowenburg,  the  city  founded 
by  Leo 

Leobschiitz,  the  place  of  the  Leubuzi,  a 
Sclav,  tribe 
Leominster,  108 

Leon,  anc.  Legio,  the  station  of  the  7th 
Roman  Legion 

Lepanto  Gulf,  corrup.' from  Naupactus, 
Gr.  the  place  of  ships 
Lerida,  anc.  Llerda,  Basque,  the  town 
Lesmahago,  107 
Letterkenny,  104 

Levant,  Lat.  the  place  of  the  sun-rising, 
as  seen  from  Italy 


i88 


INDEX. 


Liefs, 


Leven  R.  and  Lake,  104 
Lewes,  loi 

Lewis,  Scand.  Lyodhaus,  the  wharf 
Leyden,  58 

Liberia,  the  country  of  the  free,  colon- 
ised by  emancipated  slaves 
Lichfield,  the  field  of  corpses 
Lidkioping,  40 
Liege,  105 
Liegnitz,  109 
Lifford,  23 
Ligny,  patronymic 
Lille,  94 

Lima,  corrup.  from  Rimce,  the  name  of 
its  river 
Limbourg,  106 

Limerick,  corrup.  from  the  Irish  Luim- 
nech,  a barren  spot  of  land  ; lorn,  bare 
Limoges,  named  from  the  Limovices 
Linares,  Span,  flax  fields 
Lincoln,  45,  106 
Lindenaes,  106 
Linkioping,  40 
Linlithgow,  106 
Lisbellaw,  107 
Lisbon,  88 
Liskeard,  107 
Lissa,  105 
Liverpool,  13 1 

Livno,  I named  from  the 
&iaj  Vgrian  tribe 
Llanos,  Span,  the  level  plains 
Lochaber,  2 
Lockerby,  33 
Logie,  loi 

Lombardy,  the  country  of  the  Longo- 
bardi,  so  called  from  a kind  of  weapon 
which  they  used 
London,  54 
Londonderry,  53 
Longford,  70 
Loop  Head,  103 
Lorca,  92 

Loretto,  named  after  Lauretta,  the  lady 
who  gave  the  site  for  the  chapel  at  that 
place 

L’Orient,  the  east,  so  named  from  the 
establishment  of  the  French  E.  I.  C. 
at  the  place  in  1666 

Lorn,  Gael.  Labhrin,  named  after  one  of 
the  Irish  colonists  from  Dalriada 
Lossie  R.,  i 

Loughill,  Irish  Leamhchotl,  the  elm- 
wood 

Louisiana,  named  after  Louis  XIV.  of 
France 

Louisville,  169 

Louth,  in  Lincoln,  named  from  the  river 
Luda 

Louth  Co.,  Irish  Lugh  Magh,  the  field 
ol  Lugh 


Lowestoft,  161 

Lowvain,  Ger.  Lowen,  the  lion,  named 
after  a person  called  Leo 
Lubeck,  107 
Luben,  107 
Lublin,  107 
Lucca,  anc.  Luca,  109 
Lucena,  Basque  Lucea,  the  long  town 
Lucerne,  named  from  a lighthouse  or 
beacon,  lucerna,  formerly  on  a tower 
in  the  middle  of  the  river  Rheus 
Lucknow,  corrup.  from  the  native  name 
Lakshneanauti,  the  fortunate 
Ludlow,  103 
Ludwigslust,  109 
Lugano,  100 
Lugo,  109 

Lugos,  or  Lugosch,  109 
Lund,  109 

Lurgan,  Irish,  the  low  ridge 
Luxembourg,  109 

Lyme,  in  Kent,  anc.  Katnos-limen,  Gr. 

the  new  haven 
Lynn-Regis,  106 
Lyon,  or  Lyons,  58 


M 

Madeira,  i.e.  Span,  the  woody  island 
Madras,  127 

Madrid,  anc.  Majerit,  origin  unknown 
Maestricht,  56 
Maghera,  no 

Magdala,  Sem.  a watch-tower 
Magdala,  in  Saxe-Weimar,  on  the  river 
Migdel 

Maidenhead,  88 
Maidstone,  152 
Main  R.,  no 

Maine,  in  France,  named  from  the  Ceno- 
mani 

Mainland,  no 

Malabar  Coast,  or  Mala3^ar,  the  hilly 
country 

Malaga,  Phoen.  malac,  salt,  named  from 
its  trade  in  salt 
Maldives  Islands,  54 
Maldon,  58 
Mallow,  no 

Malpas,  Fr.  the  difiicult  pass 
Malton,  in 
Malvern,  116 
Manchester,  in 

Manfredonia,  named  after  Manfred,  King 
of  Naples 

Mangalore,  named  after  a Hindoo  deity 
Mans,  Le,  named  after  the  Cenomani 
Mantua,  in 

Manzanares,  Span,  apple-tree  orchards 
Maracaybo,  119 


INDEX. 


189 


MaranaQ,  Span,  place  overgrown  with 
weeds 

Marazion,  69 
Marburg,  in 
March,  112 

Marchena,  the  marshy  land 
Marengo,  113 

Margarita,  island  of  pearls 
Margate,  73 
Marienwerder,  172 
Marlow,  Great,  113 

Marmora,  Sea  of,  named  from  an  adjacent 
island,  celebrated  for  its  marble,  mar- 

77Wr 

Maros  R.,  113 
Maros-Vasarhely,  87 
Marsala,  112 

Maryland,  named  after  the  queen  of 
Charles  I. 

Massachusetts,  Ind.  the  blue  hills 
Matlock,  108 

Mauritius  Isle,  named  after  Prince  Mau- 
rice of  the  Netherlands 
May  Isle,  no 
Maynooth,  no 
Mayo,  no 

Mazzara,  Phcen.  the  castle 
Mazzarino,  the  little  castle 
Meaux,  named  from  the  Meldt 
Mecklenburg,  114 

Medellin,  named' after  its  founder,  Me- 
tellus,  the  Roman  consul 
Medina,  113 
Mediterranean  Sea,  115 
Meiningen,  no 
Meissen,  on  the  river  Meissa 
Melbourne,  named  after  Lord  Melbourne, 

1837 

Meldrum,  Old,  116 
Melrose,  116 
Melun,  58 

Memmingen,  a patronymic 
Merida,  Lat.  Augusta  Emerita,  the 
town  of  the  Emeriti,  or  veterans, 
founded  by  Augustus 
Merioneth,  named  after  Merion," a.n  an- 
cient British  champion 
Merthyr-Tydvil,  named  after  the  daugh- 
ter of  an  ancient  British  king 
Meshed,  Ar.  the  mosque 
Mesolonghi,  or  Missolonghi,  loo 
Mesopotamia,  115 
Meseritz,  115,  136 
Metz,  167 

Mexico,  named  after  the  Mexican  god  of 
war,  Mexitli 
Middelburg,  115 
Midhurst,  115 
Miklos,  114 
Milan,  115 
Milton,  120 
Mirgorod,  115 


Mississippi,  Ind.  the  fathej  of  waters  ^ 
Missouri,  Ind.  the  muddy 'stream 
Mitrovicz,  or  Mitrovitz,  126 
Mittau,  named  from  Mita,  a Sclav,  deity 
Modena,  Lat.  Mutina,  the  fortified  place 
Moffat,  the  foot  of  the  moss 
Mogadore,  named  after  a saint  whose 
tomb  is  on  an  island  off  the  coast 
Moguer,  Ar.  the  caves 
Moidart,  or  Moydart,  no 
Mola,  It.  the  mound,  anc.  Turres  Ju- 
liani  ‘ 

Mold,  118  ' 

Monaghan,  Irish  Muneachain,  a place 
abounding  in  little  hills,  or  the  place  of 
monks 

Monaster,  115 
Monasterevin,  115 
Monda,  118 
Mons,  118 
Montgomery,  118 
Montrose,  139 
Moravia,  113 
Morayshire,  119 
Morbihan,  19  and  119 
Morecambe  Bay,  34 
Morven,  119 
Morvem,  119 
Morpeth,  119 
Moscow,  119 
Moulins,  120 
Moume  Mountains,  118 
Moy,  Moyne,  no 
Muhlhausen,  86,  120 
Mull  Island,  120 
Miinden,  117 
Munich,  117 

Munster,  in  Germany,  115 
Munster,  Ireland,  153 
Murcia,  112 
Murviedro,  121 

Muscat,  or  Meschid,  Ar.  the  tomb  of  a 
saint 

Muthil,  119 


N 

Naas,  Irish,  a fair  or  meeting-place 

Nablous,  131 

Nagpur,  or  Nagpore,  132 

Nagy-Banya,  17 

Nagy-Koros,  121 

Nairn,  named  from  its  chief  river 

Nancy,  122 

Nankin,  Chinese,  the  southern  capital 
Nantes,  122 
Nantwich,  176 
Naples,  13 1 

Narbonne,  named  from  the  Narbonenses 
Naseby,  121 
Nashville,  169 


iqo 


INDEX. 


Nassau,  122 

Natal,  Colony,  so  called  because  dis- 
covered on  Christmas  Day,  1498  _ 
Natchez,  named  from  an  Indian  tribe 
Naumburg,  123 
Nauplia,  13 1 

Navan,  Irish  n' Eamhain,  literally  the 
neck  brooch,  so  named  irom  a legend 
connected  with  the  foundation  of  an 
ancient  palace  there 
Navarre,  122 
Naze,  Cape,  121 
Negropont,  132 
Neilgherry  Hills,  76 

Nemours,  the  place  of  the  sacred  grove, 
nemus 
Nenagh,  62 
Ness,  Loch  and  R.,  61 
Neston,  121 

Netherlands,  v.  Holland,  89 
Neusatz,  145 
Neusohl,  145 
Neuwied,  173 

Nevada  Mountains,  v.  Sierra,  146 
Nevers,  anc.  Noviodunum  and  Niver- 
num,  the  new  fort  on  the  Nievre 
Neviansk,  on  the  river  Neiva 
Newark,  173 
Newcastle,  37; 

Newport,  123 
New  Ross,  139 

Newry,  Irish  luhkar-cinn-iragha,  the 
yew-tree  at  the  head  of  the  strand 
Niagara,  corrup.  from  Oni-aw-ga-rah, 
the  thunder  of  waters 
Nicastro,  new  camp 
Nicopoli,  131 
Nijni  Novgorod,  79,  123 
Nimeguen,  no 
Nimes,  or  Nismes,  122 
Ning-Po,  Chinese,  the  repose  of  the 
waves 
Nogent,  123 
Noirmoutier,  115 
Nola,  123 
Norrkoping,  124 
Northumberland,  124 
Norway,  136 
Nova  Zembla,  123 

Noyon,  anc.  Novio-dunumf  flew  fort 
Nubia,  Coptic,  the  land  of  gold 
Niirnberg,  21 

Nyassa  and  Nyanza,  the  wafer 
Nyborg,  123 

Nykoping,  or  Nykiobing,  123 
Nystadt,  123 


O 

Oakham,  4 

Oban,  Gael,  the  little  bay 


Ochil  Hills,  166 
Ochiltree,  166 
Odensee,  60 
Ofen,  or  Buda,  29 
Oldenburg,  old  town 
Olekminsk,  147 

Olympus,  Gr.  the  shining ; lampas,  to  shine 

Omagh,  37 

Omsk,  147 

Oosterhout,  90 

Oporto,  129 

Oppeln,  the  town  on  the  Oppo 
Oppido,  Lat.  Oppidum 
Orange,  anc.  A raustone,  the  town  on  the 
Araise 

Orange  R.  and  Republic,  named  after 
the  Prince  of  Orange  _ 

Orissa,  named  from  a tribe 
Orkney  Islands,  93 

Orleans,  corrup.  from  Auriliacum, 
named  after  the  Emperor  Aurelian 
Ormskirk,  125 
Orvieto,  167 

Osborne,  named  after  the  Fitz- Osborne 
family 

Oschatz,  Sclav.  Osada,  the  colcny 
Osimo,  167 
Osnabriick,  28 
Ostend,  62 

Ostia,  Lat.  the  place  at  the  river’s 
mouth 

Oswestry,  48 

Otranto,  anc.  Hydruntum,  ""a  place 
almost  surrounded  by  water 
Oudenarde,  6 

Oudh,  or  Awadh,  corrup.  from  A -yoahya, 
the  invincible 
Oulart,  78 
Oundle,  51 
Ouro-preto,  133 
Ouse  R.,  166 
Overyssel,  124 

Oviedo,  said  to  have  received  this  name 
from  the  rivers  Ove  and  Divo ; its 
Lat.  name  was  Lucus-Asturum 
Owyhee,  the  hot  place 

P 

Paderborn,  29 
Padstow,  154 

Paestum,  anc.  Poseidontia,  the  city  of 
Poseidon,  or  Neptune 
Palamcotta,  47 

Palermo,  corrup.  from  Panormus,  Gr. 

the  spacious  harbour 
Palestine,  the  land  of  the  Philistines 
Palma,  the  palm-tree 
Palmas,  Las,  the  palm-trees 
Palmyra,  or  Tadmor,  the  city  of  palms 
Pampeluna,  or  Pamplona,  13 1 
Panama  Bay,  the  bay  of  mud  fish 


INDEX. 


IQI 


Panjab,  or  Punjaub,  2 
Paraguay,  127 
Parahyba,  127 
Paramaribo,  119 
Parchim,  127 
Paris,  109 

Paropamisan  Mountains,  the  flat-topped 
hills 

Passau,  38 
Patna,  127 
Paunton,  132 
Pays  de  Vaud,  168 

Peebles,  anc.  Pebli's,  Cym.-Cel.  the  tents 
or  sheds 
Peel,  128,  129 
Peiho  R.,  88 

Pe-king,  Chinese,  the  northern  capital 
Pe-ling  Mountains,  the  northern  moun- 
tains 

Pembroke,  27 
Penicuik,  128 

Pennsylvania,  named  after'William  Penn, 
1681 

Pentland  Hills,  corrup.  from  Pictland 
Hills 

"Penzance,  128 
Perekop,  99 

Perigueux,  named  from  the  Petro- 
corii 

Perm,  anc.  Biarmaland,  the  country  of 
the  Biarmi 

Pernambuco,  the  mouth  of  hell,  so  called 
from  the  violent  surf  at  the  mouth  of 
the  harbour 
Pernau, 105 
Pershore,  125 
Perth,  17 
Perugia,  127 

Peshawur,  the  advanced  fortress 
Pesth,  130 
Peterhead,  94 
Peterwarden,  168 
Petropaulovski,  147 
Pforzheim,  128 

Philadelphia,  Gr.  the  town  of  brotherly 
love 

Philippine  Isles,  named  after  Philip  II. 
of  Spain 

Phoenix  Park,  Dublin,  67 
Piedmont,  118 
Pillau,  128 
Pittenweem,  166 

Pittsburg,  named  after  William  Pitt 
Placentia,  Lat.  the  pleasant  place 
Plassy,  named  from  a grove  of  a certain 
kind  of  tree 

Plattensee,  or  Balaton,  144 
Block,  or  Plotsk,  24 
Ploermel,  130 

Plywlimmon  Mountain,  Welsh,  the 
mountain  with  five  peaks 
Podgoricza,  75 


Poitiers,  or  Poictiers,  named  from  the 
Pictone% 

Poland,  Sclav,  the  level  land 
Polynesia,  94 
Pomerania,  119 

Pondicherri,  Tamil,  the  new  village 
Pontoise,  132 
Poole,  131 

Popocatepelt  Mountain,  the  smoking 
mountain 
Portrush,  139 
Portugal,  129 

Potenza,  Lat.  Potentia,  the  powerful 
Potsdam,  130 
Pozoblanco,  133 
Pozzuoli,  133 

Prague,  Sclav.  Praha,  the  threshold 
Prato,  133 

Prenzlow,  the  town  of  Pribislav,  a proper 
name 

Presburg,  or  Brezisburg,  the  town  of 
Brazislaus 

Prescot,  46  ' 

Presteign,  162 
Preston,  162 

Privas,  anc.  Privatium  Castra,  the  for- 
tress not  belonging  to  the  state 
Prossnitz,  on  the  river  Prosna 
Prussia,  the  country  of  the  Pruezi 
Puebla,  Span,  a town  or  village 
Puente,  132 
Puerto,  129 
Pulo-Penang,  133 
Puy-de-Dome,  129 
Pwlhelli,  132 

Pyrenees  Mountains,  named  either  from 
the  Basque  pyrge,  high,  or  from,  the 
Celtic  pyr,  a fir-tree 
Pyrmont,  118 


Q 

Quatre-bras,  Fr.  the  four  arms,  t.e.  the 
meeting  of  four  roads 
Quebec  in  Canada,  named  from  Quebec 
in  Brittany,  the  village  on  the  point  3- 

ueensberry,  22 

ueen’s  County,  named  after  Queen 
Mary 

ueensferry,  64 
ueensland  and 

ueenstown,  named  after  Queen  Victoria 

uimper,  45 

uimper-le,  45 

uito,  the  deep  ravine 


R 

Radnorshire,  137 
Radom  and 


192 


INDEX, 


Radomka,  named  from  the  Sclav,  god 
Ratzi 

Rajputana,  135 
Ramgunga,  80 
Ramsgate,  73 
Randers,  135 
Raphoe,  136 

RappahannockR.,  Ind.  the  river  of  quick- 
rising  waters 
Rastadt,  135 
Ratibor,  25 

Ratisbon,  Ger.  Regensburg,  Lat.  Regina 
Castra,  the  fortress  on  the  river  Regen 
Ravenna,  66 
Reading,  a patronymic 
Recife,  the  reef 
Redruth,  or  Redrilf,  88 
Reeth,  on  the  stream,  riih 
Rega  R.,  136 
Reichenbach,  13 
Reichenhall,  82 
Reigate,  73 

Reims,  or  Rheims,  named  from  the 
Remi 

Remscheid,  142 

Renaix,  corrup.  * from  Hrodnace,  the 
town  of  Hrodno 
Renfrew,  135 

Rennes,  named  from  the  Rhedones 
Resht,  Ar.  headship 
Retford,  138 

Reutlingen,  a patronymic 
Revel,  named  from  two  small  islands 
called  Reffe,  the  sand-banks,  near  it 
Reykiavik,  or  Reikiavik,  176 
Rhine  R.,  137 
Rhode  Island,  62 
Rhone  R.,  137 

Rhyddlan,  or  Rhuddlan,  Cym.-Cel.  red 
church 
Riga,  105 

Rio  de  Janiero,  137 
Kipon,  138 
Ritzbuttel,  25 
Rive-de-Gier,  138 
Rivoli,  138 

Rochedale,  the  valley  of  the  river  Roche 
Rochefort,  70 
Rochelle,  139 

Rochester,  the  camp  on  the  rock 
Roermonde,  117 
Romania,  or  Roumili,  92 
Romans,  anc.  Romanum-Monasterium, 
the  monastery  of  the  Romans,  founded 
by  St.  Bernard 
Romorantin,  138 
Roncesvalles,  168 
Roque,  La,  Cape,  139 
Roscommon,  139 
Roscrea,  139  1 

Rosetta,  Ar.  Rascked,  headship 
Ross,  in  Hereford,  136 


Rossbach,  the  horses’  brook 
Ross-shire,  139 
Rothenburg,  137 
Rotherham,  137 
Rotherthurm,  137 
Rothesay,  60 
Rotterdam,  51 
Rouen,  III 
Koxburgh,  139 
Rudgeley,  or  Rugely,  138 
Rugen,  named  from  the  Rugii 
Runcorn,  39 
Runnymede,  140 
Rush,  139 

Russia,  named  from  the  Rossi,  a tribe  of 
Norsemen  in  the  ninth  century 
Ruthin,  54 
Rutland,  137 
Rybinsk,  140 
Ryde,  138 
Ryswick,  140 

S 

Saale  R.,  140 

Saarbriick,  28 

Saar-Louis,  10 

Sabor,  25 

Sabor  R.,  25 

Saffron  Walden,  170 

Sagan,  Sclav,  behind  the  road 

Sahara,  Ar.  the  desert 

Saida,  or  Sidon,  Semitic,  fish-town 

Saintes,  named  from  the  Santones 

Salamanca,  141 

Salford,  140 

Salins,  140 

Salonica,  corrup.  from  Thessalonica 
Salop,  contracted  from  Sloppesbury,  the 
Norman  corrup.  of  Scrobbesbury,  the 
town  among  shrubs,  now  Shrewsbury 
Saltcoats,  46 
Saltzburg,  141 

Samarcand,  said  to  have  been  named 
after  Alexander  the  Great 
Samaria,  the  city  of  Shemir 
Samos,  Phcen.  the  lofty 
Sandwich,  176 
Sangerhausen,  141 
Sanquhar,  144 
Santa  Cruz,  48 

Santa  Fe,  the  city  of  the  holy  faith, 
founded  by  Queen  Isabella  alter  the 
siege  of  Granada 

Santander,  named  after  St.  Andrew 
Saragossa,  corrup.  from  Ccesarea  Au- 
gusta ; its  Basque  name  was  Salduba, 
the  sheep-ford 

Sarawak,  Malay  Sarakau,  a cove 
Sarnow,  179 

Saul,  in  Gloucester,  v.  sahl,  140 
Saul,  Co.  Down,  u.  sabhal,  140 


INDEX, 


193 


Saumur,  anc.  Salmurium,  the  walled 
building 
Saxony,  141 
Scala-nova,  34 
Scalloway,  141 
Scarborough,  142 
Scawfell  Mountain,  65^ 

Schaffhausen,  86 
Schemnitz,  96 
Schiedam,  51 

Schlehallion  Mountain,  Gael.  Ti-chail- 
linn,  the  maiden’s  pap 
Schleswick,  176 
Schmalkalden,  143 
Schreckhorn  Mountain,  90 
Schweidnitz,  Sclav,  the  place  of  the 
cormel-tree 

Schweinfurt,  the  ford  of  the  Suevi 
Schwerin,  143 

Scilly  Islands,  the  islands  of  the  rock, 
siglio 

Scinde,  the  country  of  the  Indus,  or 
Sinde 

Scutari,  in  Albania,  corrup.  from  Scodra, 
hill  town 

Scutari,  in  Turkey,  from  Uskudar,  Pers. 

a messenger 
Sebastopol,  131 J 
Sedlitz,  145 

Segovia,  anc.  Segubta,  probably  the 
plain,  ce,  on  the  river-bend,  gubia 
Selby,  14s 
Selinga  R.,  144 
Semipalatnsk,  126 
Senlis,  144 

Sens,  named  from  the  Senones 
Seringapatam,  127  ^ 

Settle,  145 

Seville,  Phcen.  Sephala,  a marshy  plain 

Shamo,  Chinese,  the  desert 

Shan,  V.  sean,  144 

Sherborne,  143 

Shetland  Isles,  88 

Shields,  141 

Shiraz,  146 

Shrewsbury,  v.  Salop 

Sicily,  named  from  the  Stculi 

Sidlaw  Hills,  146 

Silesia,  Sclav.  Zlezia,  the  bad  land 

Silhet,  or  Sirikai,  the  rich  market 

Sion,  or  Sitten,  145 

Skagen,  147 

Skager-rack,  147 

Skaw,  Cape,  147 

Skipton,  147 

Skye  Island,  Ealan-sktanach,  winged 
island 

Slamanan,  147 

Sligo,  named  from  the  river  Sligeach, 
shelly  water 
Sluys,  143 
Slyne  Head,  39 


Snafell  Mountain,  65 ^ ^ 

Snaith,  148 
Snowdon,  59 
Socotra  Isle,  54 

Soissons,  named  from  the  Suessiones 
Sokoto,  the  market-place 
Soleure,  corrup.  from  St.  Ours  or  Ur- 
sinus,  to  whom  the  church  was  dedi- 
cated, or  from  its  anc.  name  Saui- 
durutn 
Somerset,  145 
Sommariva,  138 

Somogy,  Hung,  the  place  of  cornel-trees 
Sophia,  Gr.  wisdom,  dedicated  to  the 
second  person  of  the  Trinity 
Sost,  or  Soest,  145 
Southwark,  155 

Souvigny,  anc.  Sylviniacum,  the  woody 
place 
Spa,  68 
Spalatro,  126 

Sparta,  Gr.  the  sowed  land 
Spires,  or  Speyer,  named  from  its  river, 
the  Speyerbach 
Spitzbergen,  129 

Spurn  Head,  the  look-out  cape,  spyrian 

Stade,  150 

Stafifa,  151 

Staines,  151 

Stamboul,  131 

Stanislau,  named  after  Stanislaus  of 
Poland 
Stantz,  15 1 
Stargard,  152 
Starodub, 152 
Startpoint,  153 
Stavropol,  131 
Stellenbosch,  32 
Stepney,  88 

Stetten,  Sclav.  Zyiyn,  the  place  of  green 
corn 

Stirling,  Cym.-Cel.  isirevelyn,  the 
course  of  Melyn,  a proper  name 
Stockholm,  89 
Stockport,  154 
Stockton,  154 
Stoke,  153 
Stolpe,  154 
Stonehaven,  81 
Stow-market,  153 
Stradbally,  154 
Stralsund,  155 
Strasbourg,  154 
Strehlen,  154  , 

Striegau,  or  Cziska,  Sclav,  the  place  on 
the  snaall  stream,  tschuga 
Stuhlweissenberg,  v.  feher,  65 
Stuttgard,  73 

Styria,  or  Steyermark  (the  boundari'  of 
the  R.  Steyer) 

Sudetic  Mountains,  155 
Suez,  the  mouth  or  opening 


0 


194 


INDEX, 


Suffolk,  155 

Sumatra,  corrup.  from  Trimatray  the 
happy 

Sunderland,  155 

Surat,  Su-rashta,  the  good  country 

Surrey,  136 

Sussex,  141 

Sutherlandshire,  102 

Sviatoi-nos,  121 

Swansea,  60 

Sweden,  136 

Sydney,  named  after  a governor  of  the 
colony 

Syria,  20,  164 
Szentes,  156 
Szent-Kercsyt,  156 

T 

Tabriz,  anci  Taurus,  the  mountain  town 
Tagus,  or  Tajo,  Phoen.  the  river  of  fish 
Tain,  159 
Talavera,  26 
Tallow,  165 

Tanderagee,  Irish  Ton-Legmith,  the 
place  with  its  back  to  the  wind 
Tanjier,  Phcen.  the  city  protected  by 
God 

Tarazona,  167 

Tarifa,  named  after  Tarif-Abu-Malik,  a 
Moorish  chief 
Tarnopol,  157 
Tarporley,  105 

Tarragona,  anc.  Tarraco,  Phoen.  Tar- 
chon,  the  citadel 

Tasmania,  named  after  Abel  Tasman,  in 
1642 

Taurus  Mountain,  164 
Tavistock,  154 
Tay  R.,  156 
Tcherniz,  179 
Tzernagora,  179 
Teflis,  158 

Temeswar,  'Hung,  the  fortress  on  the 
Temes  river 

Tennessee  R.,  i.e.  the  spoon-shaped 
river,  so  called  from  its  bend 
Tenterden,  53 

Tepelini,  Turk,  the  town  among  hills ; 

tepe,  a hill  - 
Teramo,  13 
Terni,  13 
Terranova,  159 
Texas,  Ind.  hunting-ground 
Tezcuco,  Mexican,  the  place  of  detention 
Thames  R.,  156 
Thannheim,  156 
Thaxted,  150 

Thermopylae,  Gr.”  the  pass  at  the  warm 
springs 

Thian-shan,  Chinese,  the  celestial  moun- 
tains 


Thrisk,  165 
Thouars,  ii 
Thun,  58 
Thurgau,  74 
Thurles,  107 
Thurso,  I ( 

Tiber,  161 
Tideswell,  134 
Tierra-del-Fuego,  159 
Tillicoultry,  166 
Tinto  Hill,  158 
Tipperary,  161 
Tiree  Island,  159 
Tiverton,  69 

Tlascala,  Mexican,  the  place  of  bread 

Tobermory,  161 

Tobolsk,  147 

Tomantoul,  161 

Tomsk,  147 

Tongres,  156 

Tongue,  156 

Tonquin,  Chinese  Tang-king,  the  eastern 
capital 

Toome,  v.  tuaim,  165 
Toplitz,  Neu  and  Alt,  163 
Torgau,  163 
Torquay,  95 
Torres-vedras,  164 
Torquemada,  164 
Tory  Island,  164 
Toul,  50 

Toulon,  anc.  Telo  Martim,  the  name  of 
its  founder 
Tourcoing,  164 
Tournay,  164 

Tours,  named  from  the  Turones 

Trafalgar,  75 

Tralee,  164 

Tranent,  165 

Transylvania,  144 

Trapani,  anc.  Drapanum,  from  dre- 
panon,  Gr.  the  sickle 
Tras-os-montes,  118 
Traun  R.,  164 
Traunik,  164 
Traunviertel,  164 
Trave  R.,  164 

Trebizond,  Gr.  Trapezus,  the  table,  so 
called  from  its  form 

Trent,  anc.  Civitas-Trideniium,  the 
town  of  the  Tridenii 
Treves,  named  from  the  Trevirt 
Trichinapalli,  the  town  of  the  giant 
Trim,  165 

Tring,  a patronymic 

Trinidad,  so  called  by  Columbus’ from  its 
three  peaks 
Tripoli,  131 
Tripolitza,  131 

Trolhatta  Fall,  Goth,  the  abyss  of  the 
trolls,  or  demons 
Trondhjcm,  v.  Drontheim,  83 


INDEX. 


195 


Troon,  149 

Troppau,  i.e.  Zur-Oppa,  on  the  Oppa 
Troyes,  named  from  the  I'ricasses 
Truro,  165 
Tuam,  165 

Tubingen,  anc.  Diowmgen,  probably  a 
patronymic 

Tudela,  anc.  Tutela,  the  watch-tower 
Tullamore,  165 

Tulle,  anc.  Tiitela,  the  watch-tower 
Tullow,  165 

Turin,  named  from  the  Taurini,  dwel- 
lers on  hills 
Tyndrum,  157 
Tynron,  157 
Tyre,  164 

Tymau,  on  the  Tyrnau 
Tyrone,  159 

Tzerna  or  Czerna  R.,  179 


U 

UiST,  North  and  South,  Scand.  Visi,  an 
abode 

Uj-hely,  Hung,  new  place 

Ukraine,  Sclav,  the  frontier  or  boundary 

Ulleswater,  173 

Ulm,  or  Ulma,  the  place  of  elm-trees 
Ulster,  153 

Unst  Isle,  anc.  Onyst  or  Ornyst,  Scand. 
the  eagle’s  nest 

Unyamuezi,  the  land  of  the  moon 
Upsala,  140 

Ural  Mountain  and  R.,  Tartar,  the  belt 
or  girdle 

Usedom,  the  Germanized  form  of  the 
Sclav.  Huz-ysch,  the  place  of  learning 
Usk  R.,  166 
Utrecht,  56 

V 

Valais,  167 

Valence,  in  France,  and 
Valencia,  Spain,  anc.  Valentia,  the 
li  powerful 

Valenciennes  and  Valenza,  said  to  have 
been  named  after  the  Emperor  Valen- 
tinian 

Valentia  Island,  Irish  Dearbhre,  the  oak 
wood 

Valladolid,  19 
Valparaiso,  167 

Van  Diemen’s  Land,  named  after  Maria 
Van  Diemen,  by  Tasman 
Vannes,  named  from  the  Veneti 
Varna,  Turk,  the  fortress 
Varosvar,  168 
Vasarhely,  87 
Vaucluse,  168 


Vaud,  Pays  de,  168 
Velikaja  R.,  168  . 

Vendee,  and 

Vendome,  named  from  the  Veniti 
Venezuela,  little  Venice,  so  called  from 
an  Indian  village  constructed  on  piles, 
discovered  by  the  Spaniards 
Venice,  66 
Venloo,  108 
Ventnor,  125 
Ventry,  164 
Verdun,  58 
Vermont,  green  hills 
Vevey,  anc.  Vibiscum,  on  the  river  Vip  ' 
Viborg,  169 
Vick, 176 

Vienna,  Ger.  Wien,  on  the  Wien,  an 
affluent  of  the  Danube,  from  which  it 
is  named 

Viesti,  named  from  a temple  dedicated 
to  Vesta 
Vigo, 176 

Vimeira,  Port,  the  place  of  osiers,  vime 
Vincennes,  anc.  Ad-Vicenas 
Virginia,  named  after  Queen  Elizabeth 
Vistula,  or  Wisla,  the  west-flowing 
river 

Vitre,  anc.  Vicioriacum,  the  victorious 
Vitry,  with  the  same  meaning,  founded 
by  Francis  I. 

Vladimir,  founded  by  the  ducal  family  of 
that  name  in  the  twelfth  century 
Vogelberg,  the  mountain  of  birds 
Volga,  the  great  water 
Volhynia,  Sclav,  the  plain 
Voorburg,  70 

Vorarlberg,  i.e.  in  front  of  the  Arlberg 
ridge 

Vukovar,  168 


W 

Wakefield,  173 

Walcherin  Island,  anc.  Cualacra,  171 

Waldeck,  170 

Walden  Saffron,  170 

Wales,  171 

Wallachia,  171 

Wallen  dorf,  171 

Wallenstadt,  171 

Wallingford,  170 

Waltham,  170 

Walthamstow,  170 

Wandsworth,  178 

Ware,  174 

Wareham,  174 

Warminster,  174 

Warrington,  a patronymic 

Warsaw,  168 

Warwick,  172 

Waterford,  67 


196 


INDEX. 


Waterloo,  io8 
Weimar,  112 
Weissenfels,  174 

Weistritz  R.,  the' swift,  straight  stream 
Welland,  134 

Wellingborough,  a patronymic 

Wellington,  a patronymic 

Wells,  134 

Welshpool,  132 

Wem,  166 

Wemys,  166 

Werdan,  172 

Weser  R.,  i 

Wesely,  Hung,  pleasant 

Westeraas,  175 

Wetterhom,  90 

Wexford,  67 

Whitby,  32 

Whitehaven,  81 

Whithorn,  10 

Wiborg,  168 

Wick,  176 

Wicklow,  176 

Wiesbaden,  14 

Wigan,  168 

Wigton,  or  Wigtown,'i68 
Wiltshire,  145 
W'imbledon,  162 
Wimbome,  177 
Windsor,  125 
Wirksworth,  175 
Wismar,  177 
Witney,  177 
Wittenberg,  174 
Wittstock,  177 

Wladislawaw,  the  town  of  Wladislav 

Wokingham,  4 

Wolfenbuttel,  25 

Wolverhampton,  162 

Woodstock,  177 

Wooler,  178 

Woolwich,  87 

Worcester,  anc.  Huic-uoara-ceaster,  the 
camp  of  the  Huieci 
Worms,  III 
Worthing,  178 

Wrath,  Cape,  Scand.  the  cape  of  the 
hvarf,  or  turning 

Wrietzen,  or  Brietzen,  Sclav,  the  place 
of  birch-trees,  v.  brasa 
Wurtemberg,  anc.  Wrtinisberk,  the 
fortress  of  the  person  whose  name  it 
’ bears 


Wurtzburg,  178 
Wycombe,  46 

Wyoming  Valley,  corrup.  from  Maugh- 
wauwame,  Ind.  the  large  plains 


X 

Xeres  de  la  Frontera,  anc.  Asia  Regia 
Ccesariana,  the  royal  fortress  of  Caesar 
Xeres  de  los  Caballeros,  Caesar’s  town  of 
* the  cavalry 


Y 

Yakutsk,  named  from  the  Yakuts,  a 
Tartar  tribe 

Yang-tse  Kiang  R.,  the  son  of  the  great 
water  or  river 

Yeddo,  or  Jeddo,  river  door 
Yemen,  prosperous 
Yeni- Bazar,  179 
Yenisi  R.,  179 
Yeovil,  169 
York,  175 

Youghal,  anc.  Eochaill,  yew  wood 
Ypres,  or  Yperen,  the  dwelling  on  the 
Yperlee 

Ysselmonde,  117 
Yvetot,  i6i 
Yvoire,  8 


Z 

Zab  R.,  179 
Zabem,  156 

Zaragoza,  v.  Saragossa 
Zeitz,  named  from  Ciza,  a Sclav,  god- 
dess 

Zell,  or  Cell,  41 

Zerbst,  belonging  to  the  Wends,  Sserbski 
Zittau,  the  place  of  corn 
Zambor,  Sclav,  behind  the  wood 
Zuj-der-Zee,  144 

Zug,  anc.  Tugiuvi,  named  from  the 
Tugeni 
Zutphen,  66 
Zweibriicken,  28 

Zwickau,  the  place  of  goats,  Ger.  Ziege 
Zwolle,  anc.  Suole,  Old  Ger.  Sval,  at  the 
swell  of  the  water 


THE  END. 


VIRTUE  AND  CO.,  PRINTERS,  CITY  ROAD,  LONDON. 


jpor  Schools  anb  Utarntrs  in 


I. 

THE  OLD  MASTERS 

AND  THEIR  PICTURES. 

MODERN  AiNTERS 

AND  THEIR  PAINTINGS. 

By  SAEAH  TYTLER. 

AUTHOR  OP  “papers  FOR  THOUOHTPUL  GIRLS,”  “ LADY  BELL,”  &C. 


Crown  8vo,  4s.  6d.  each. 


OPINIONS  OF  THE  FBESS. 


“ An  excellent  introduction  to  the  history  of  art.” — Eaily  News. 

“A  volume  of  this  kind  has  long  been  needed.  Although  the 
authoress  describes  her  book  as  for  the  use  of  schools  and  learners  in 
art,  we  shall  be  surprised  if  it  does  not  find  a public  in  regions  other 
than  schoolrooms  and  studios.” — Graphic. 

“ The  book  is  of  general  application  and  interest,  and  is  one  to  be 
recommended  to  the  learners  and  outsiders  in  art  for  whose  behoof  it 
is  specially  intended.  We  find  in  it  traits  and  stories  of  the  great 
painters  which  are  not  indeed  unfamiliar,  but  are  freshly  set — and  a 
summary  of  the  work  of  each  successively,  his  effect  upon  his  own 
time;  and  his  bequest  to  the  ages,  admirably  put,  so  as  to  take  a ready 
place  in  the  memory.” — Spectator. 

“ The  ‘ Old  Masters  ’ really  supplies  what  has  long  been  a want. 
It  gives  a good  general  idea  of  the  various  schools  of  painting,  distin- 
guishes them  in  a broad  and  efficient  manner,  and  is  written  with  just 
BO  much  enthusiasm  for  art  as  to  temper  detail,  and  make  the  reading 
of  it  attractive.  We  are  quite  sure  ‘ Modern  Painters  ’ will  be  much 
in  demand;  for  hitherto  there  has  been  nothing  like  it— so  complete, 
simple,  and  succinct.” — British  Quarterly  Review. 


p 


“We  are  not  aware  of  any  work  of  the  kind  written  with  so  much 
intelligence  which  yet  is  so  untechnical.” — Nonconformist. 

“ The  notices  of  the  various  masters  are  necessarily  very  brief,  but 
they  are  quite  full  enough  for  their  purpose,  and  are  interestingly  and 
pleasantly  written.’  ’ — Conservative. 

“We  shall  be  surprised  if  Miss  Ty  tier’s  useful  volume  does  not  pass 
through  several  editions.” — Sour.  . 

“The  old  masters  and  their  masterpieces  are  described  with  dis- 
crimination and  true  artistic  insight.” — Standard. 

“ The  great  merit  of  ‘ Modern  Painters  ’ is  that  the  estimate  of 
each  painter  is  made  up  not  of  the  opinions  of  one  writer  or  another, 
which  on  art-subjects  are  so  often  liable  to  degenerate  into  crotchets, 
but  of  the  thoughts  and  expressions  of  some  of  our  ablest  art-critics.” 
— TicTio. 

“ The  authoress  of  these  two  volumes  has  ably  performed  her  part. 
With  sound  judgment,  and  a broad,  comprehensive  spirit  of  criticism, 
is  combined  a careful  and  constant  recollection  of  the  purpose  of  the 
books.” — School  Board  Chronicle. 

“ The  writer  fully  sustains  her  professed  intention,  and  that  with 
creditable  ability  and  taste.  To  youthful  students  in  art  the  volumes 
cannot  fail  to  be  highly  serviceable.” — Watchman. 

“ Miss  Tytler’s  book  is  carefully  written,  and  unusually  free  from 
blunders  of  any  kind.” — Westminster  Beview. 


A HANDBOOK  FOR  HOUSEHOLDS  AND  SCHOOLS 

By  the  Late  DR.  EDWARD  SMITH,  F.R.S. 

With  Illustrations.  Second  Edition,  crown  8vo,  3s.  6d. 

“ Just  the  work  that  was  required,  simple  in  style,  clear  and  direct,  and  meeting 
a want  of  great  magnitude.” — Inquirer. 


DALDY  ISBISTER,  & CO.,  56,  LUDGATE  HILL,  E.C. 


DALDY,  ISBISTER,  & CO.’S 

BOOK  LIST. 


ABLE  TO  SAVE ; or,  Encouragement  to  Patient 
Waiting.  By  the  Author  of  “ The  Pathway  of  Promise.” 
Neat  cloth,  2s.  6d. 

ABOUT’S  (Edmond)  Handbook  of  Social  Economy; 

or  the  Worker’s  ABC.  Crown  8vo,  5s. 

ACKWORTH  VOCABULARY,  or  English  Spelling 

Book ; with  the  Meaning  attached  to  each  Word.  Com- 
piled for  the  use  of  Ackworth  School.  New  Edition. 
i8mo,  IS.  6d. 

ADAMS’  (W.  H.  Davenport)  Famous  Ships  of  the 

British  Navy ; or  Stories  of  the  Enterprise  and  Daring 
of  British  Seamen.  With  Illustrations.  Crown  8vo, 
cloth  gilt  extra,  3s.  6d. 

^ESOP’S  FABLES.  With  100  Illustrations,  by  Wolf, 

Zwecker,  and  Dalziel.  Square  32mo,  cloth  gilt  extra, 
2s.  6d. ; neat  cloth,  is.  6d. 

AGAINST  THE  STREAM.  The  Story  of  an 

Heroic  Age  in  England.  By  the  Author  of  “ The 
Schonberg-Cotta  Family.”  With  Illustrations.  Post 
8vo,  6s.  6d. 

AIDS  TO  PRAYER.  Cloth  Antique,  is.  6d. 
ALFORD’S  (Dean)  The  Book  of  Genesis  and  Part 

of  the  Book  of  Exodus.  A Revised  Version,  with 
Marginal  References  and  an  Explanatory  Commentary. 
Demy  8vo,  12s. 


a 


2 


Daldy^  Isbisler,  and  Co^  s 


ALFORD’S  (Dean)  The  New  Testament.  Authorised 

Version  Revised.  Long  Primer,  crown  8vo,  6s.;  Brevier, 
fcap.  8vo,  3s.  6d. ; Nonpareil,  small  8vo,  is.  6d.,  or  in 
calf  extra,  4s.  6d. 

Essays  and  Addresses,  chiefly  on  Church 

Subjects.  Demy  8vo,  7s.  6d. 

The  Year  of  Prayer ; being  Family 

Prayers  for  the  Christian  Year.  Crown  8vo,  3s.  6d. ; 
small  8vo,  is.  6d. 

The  Week  of  Prayer.  An  Abridgment 

of  “ The  Year  of  Prayer intended  for  use  in  Schools. 

' Neat  cloth,  Qd. 

The  Year  of  Praise  ; being  Hymns  with 

Tunes,  for  the  Sundays  and  Holidays  of  the  Year.  Large 
type,  with  music,  3s.  6d. ; without  music,  is.  Small 
type,  with  music,  is.  6d;  without  music,  6d.  Tonic 
Sol-fa  Edition,  crown  8vo,  is.  6d. 

How  to  Study  the  New  Testament, 

Part  I.  The  Gospels  and  the  Acts. — II.  The  Epistles 
(first  section). — III.  The  Epistles  (second  section)  and 
the  Revelation.  Small  8vo,  3s.  6d.  each. 

— — Eastertide  Sermons.  Small  8vo,  3s.  6d. 

The  Queen’s  English.  A Manual  of 

Idiom  and  Usage.  Enlarged  Edition.  Small  8vo,  5s. 

Meditations : Advent,  Creation,  and 

Providence.  Small  8vo,  3s.  6d. 

Letters  from  Abroad.  Crown  8vo,  7s.  6d. 

Poetical  Works.  New  and  Enlarged 

Edition.  Crown  8vo,  5s. 

Fireside  Homilies.  Small  8vo,  2s.  6d. 

AMOS’S  (Professor  Sheldon)  An  English  Code ; 

its  Difficulties  and  the  Modes  of  Overcoming  Them ; a 
Practical  Application  of  the  Science  of  Jurisprudence. 
Demy  8vo,  12s. 

ANDERSEN’S  (Hans  Christian)  The  Will-o’-the- 

Wisps  are  in  Town ; and  other  New  Tales.  With  Illus- 
trations. Square  32ino,  is.  6d.j 


Book  List. 


3 


ANDREWS’  (Rev.  S.  J.)  The  Bible-Student’s  Life  of 

Our  Lord.  Crown  8vo,  3s.  6d. 

ARGYLL’S  (The  Duke  of)  The  Reign  of  Law. 

Crown  8vo,  6s.  People’s  Edition,  limp  cloth,  2s.  6d. 

Primeval  Man.  An  Examination  of  some 

Recent  Speculations.  Crown  8vo,  4s.  6d. 

Iona.  With  Illustrations.  Crown  8vo, 

3s.  6d. 

ATCHERLEY’S  (R.  J.,  Ph.D.)  Adulterations  of 

Food,  with  short  Processes  for  their  Detection.  With 
Illustrations.  Small  8vo,  2s.  6d. 

AUGUST  STORIES  (The).  By  Jacob  Abbott. 

Four  crown  8vo  volumes,  with  Illustrations,  3s.  6d.  each. 
August  and  Elvie.  Schooner  Mary  Ann. 

Hunter  and  Tom.  Granville  Valley. 

BARTLETT’S  (W.  H.)  Walks  about  the  City  and 

Environs  of  Jerusalem.  With  25  Steel  Engravings  and 
numerous  Woodcut  Illustrations.  4to,  cloth  gilt  extra, 
los.  6d. 

BAUR’S  (William)  Religious  Life  in  Germany  during 

the  Wars  of  Independence,  in  a series  of  Historical 
and  Biographical  Sketches.  Crown  8vo,  7s.  6d. 

BAYNE’S  (Peter)  Life  and  Letters  of  Hugh  Miller. 

Two  Vols.,  demy  8vo,  32s. 

The  Days  of  Jezebel.  An  Historical 

Drama.  Crown  8vo,  6s. 

BEACH’S  (Charles)  Now  or  Never;  or,  the  Trials 

and  Perilous  Adventures  of  Frederick  Lonsdale.  Crown 
8vo,  cloth  gilt  extra,  3s.  6d. 

BEECHER’S  (Henry  Ward,  D.D.)  Prayers  in  the 

Congregation.  Crown  8vo,  3s.  6d. 

Life  Thoughts.  Small  8vo,  2s.  6d. 

Royal  Truths.  Crown  8vo,  3s.  6d. 

Pleasant  Talk  about  Fruits,  Flowers, 

and  Farming.  Small  8vo,  2s.  6d. 

BERRIDGE’S  (John)  The  Christian  World  Un- 
masked. With  Life  of  the  Author  by  the  late  Dr.  Guthrie. 
Small  8vo,  2s.  6d. 


4 


Daldy^  Isbister^  and  Co^  s 


BEVERLEY’S  (May)  Romantic  Tales  from  English 

History.  New  Edition,  with  2i  Illustrations.  Crown 
8vo,  cloth  gilt  extra,  3s.  6d. 

BILLING’S  (Archibald,  M.D.,  F.R.S.)  The  Science 

of  Gems,  Jewels,  Coins,  and  Medals,  Ancient  and  Modern. 
With  Illustrations.  Demy  8vo,  cloth  gilt  extra,  21s. 

BJORNSON’S  (Bjornstjerne)  Arne;  a Sketch  of 

Norwegian  Peasant  Life.  Translated  by  Augusta  Plesner 
and  Susan  Rugeley-Powers.  Crown  8vo,  5s. 

BLACKIE’S  (J.  S.)  Lays  of  the  Highlands  and 

Islands.  Small  8vo,  6s. 

BLAIKIE’S  (W.  G.,  D.D.)  For  the  Work  of  the 

Ministry.  A Manual  of  Homiletical  and  Pastoral 
Theology.  Crown  8vo,  7s.  6d. 

Better  Days  for  Working  People.  Crown 

8vo,  boards,  is.  6d. 

Counsel  and  Cheer  for  the  Battle  of  Life. 

Crown  8vo,  boards,  is.  6d. 

Heads  and  Hands  in  the  World  of 

Labour.  Crown  8vo,  3s.  6d. 

BOARDMAN’S  (Rev.  W.  E.)  Faith  Work;  or,  the 

Labours  of  Dr.  Cullis  in  Boston.  Crown  8vo,  3s.  6d. 

The  Higher  Christian  Life.  Small 

8vo,  IS. 

BRAMSTON’S  (Mary)  Cecy’s  Recollections.  A 

Story  of  Obscure  Lives.  Crown  8vo,  cloth  gilt  extra,  5s. 

BREATHINGS  OF  THE  BETTER  LIFE.  Post 

8vo,  cloth  gilt  extra,  7s.  6d. 

BROWN’S  (John,  M.D.)  Plain  Words  on  Health. 

Lay  Sermons  to  Working  People.  Sewed,  6d. 

BROWN’S  (J.  E.  A.)  Lights  through  a Lattice.  Small 

8vo,  3s.  6d. 

Palm  Leaves.  From  the  German  of  Karl 

Gerok.  Cloth  antique,  6s. 

Thoughts  through  the  Year.  Sonnets 

suggested  by  the  Collects.  Small  8vo,  2s.  6d. 

BROWNE’S  (Matthew)  Views  and  Opinions.  Crown 

8vo,  6s. 


Book  List, 


5 


BUCHANAN’S  (Robert)  Idyls  and  Legends  of 

Inverburn.  Crown  8vo,  6s. 

London  Poems.  Crown  8vo,  6s. 

Undertones.  Small  8vo,  6s. 

The  Book  of  Orm.  Crown  8vo,  6s. 

Napoleon  Fallen.  A Lyrical  Drama. 

Crown  8 VO,  3s.  6d. 

The  Drama  of  Kings.  Post  8vo, 

I2S. 

The  Fleshly  School  of  Poetry, 

Crown  8vo,  sewed,  2s.  6d. 

BUCHSEL’S  (Rev.  Dr.)  My  Ministerial  Experiences. 

Crown  8vo,  3s.  6d. 

BULLOCK’S  (Rev.  Charles)  The  Way  Home;  or 

the  Gospel  in  the  Parable.  Small  8vo,  is.  6d. 

BUSHNELL’S  (Horace,  D.D.)  Moral  Uses  of  Dark 

Things.  Crown  8vo,  6s. 

Christ  and  His  Salvation,  in  Sermons 

variously  related  thereto.  Crown  8vo,  4s.  6d. 

Christian  Nurture ; or  the  Godly  Up- 
bringing of  Children.  Crown  8vo,*  3s.  6d. 

Nature  and  the  Supernatural,  as 

Together  constituting  the  One  System  of  God.  Crown 
8vo,  3s.  6d. 

The  Character  of  Jesus.  Limp  cloth, 

6d. 

— The  New  Life.  Crown  8vo,  3s.  6d. 

The  Vicarious  Sacrifice,  grounded 

on  Principles  of  Universal  Obligation.  Crown  8vo, 
7s.  6d. 

Work  and  Play.  Crown  8vo,  3s.  6d. 

CAMBRIDGE’S  (Ada)  The  Manor  House  and  other 

Poems.  Crown  8vo,  6s. 

CAMDEN’S  (Charles)  When  I was  Young.  A Book 

for  Boys.  With  Illustrations.  Crown  8vo,  cloth 
extra,  2s.  6d. 

The  Boys  of  Axleford.  With  Illustra- 
tions. Crown  8vo,  cloth  gilt  extra,  5s. 


6 


Daldy,  Isbister,  and  Co.^s 


CAPES’  (Rev.  J.  M.)  Reasons  for  Returning  to  the 

Church  of  England.  Crown  8vo,  5s. 

CARLYLE’S  (Rev.  Gavin)  The  Light  of  all  Ages. 

Crown  8 VO,  5s. 

CARTWRIGHT  (Peter,  the  Backwoods  Preacher), 
Autobiography  of.  Edited  by  W.  P.  Strickland.  Crown 
8vo,  2S. 

CHILD  NATURE.  By  one  of  the  Authors  of 
“ Child  World.”  With  Illustrations.  Square  32mo, 
cloth  gilt  extra,  3s.  6d. 

CHILD  WORLD.  By  the  Authors  of  “Poems 

written  for  a Child.”  With  Illustrations.  Square  32mo, 
cloth  gilt  extra,  3s.  6d. 

CHILDREN’S  JOURNEY  (The),  &c.  By  the 

Author  of  “ Voyage  en  Zigzag.”  With  Illustrations. 
Square  8vo,  cloth  extra,  los.  6d. 

CHILDREN’S  PASTIME  (The).  200  Illustra- 
tions by  Eminent  Artists.  With  Descriptive  Stories. 
By  Lisbeth  G.  Seguin.  Square  8vo,  cloth  extra,  3s.  6d. 

CHRISTIAN  COMPANIONSHIP  FOR  RE- 

TIRED HOURS.  Crown  8vo,  cloth  antique,  2S.  6d. 

COLMAN’S  (J.  F.)  The  Knightly  Heart  and  other 

Poems.  Post  8vo,  6s. 

CONDER’S  (E.  R.)  Sleepy  Forest  and  other  Stories 

for  Children,  with  Illustrations.  Crown  8vo,  cloth  gilt 
extra,  3s.  6d. 

CONDER’S  (F.  R.)  The  Child’s  History  of  Jeru- 
salem. With  Illustrations  by  Whymper.  Crown  8vo, 
cloth  gilt  extra,  5s. 

CONTRASTS.  Dedicated  to  the  Ratepayers  of 

London.  Crown  8vo,  5s. 

COOLIE  (The)  : His  Rights  and  Wrongs.  Notes 

of  a Journey  to  British  Guiana,  with  a Review  of  the 
System,  and  the  Recent  Commission  of  Inquiry.  By 
the  Author  of  “ Ginx’s  Baby.”  Post  8vo,  i6s. 

COX’S  (Rev.  Samuel)  The  Resurrection.  Crown 
8vo,  5s. 

The  Pilgrim  Psalms.  Post 


8vo,  9s. 


Book  List, 


7 


COX’S  (Rev.  Samuel)  The  Quest  of  the  Chief  Good. 

Expository  Lectures  on  the  Book  of  Ecclesiastes,  with  a 
new  Translation.  Small  4to,  7s.  6d. 

CRAIG’S  (Isa)  Duchess  Agnes,  and  other  Poems. 

Small  8vo,  5s. 

CRAIK’S  (Georgiana  M.)  Theresa.  Post  8vo,  6s. 
CRITICAL  ENGLISH  TESTAMENT  (The); 

Being  an  Adaptation  of  Bengel’s  Gnomon,  with  numerous 
Notes,  showing  the  Precise  Results  of  Modern  Criticism 
and  Exegesis.  Edited  by  Rev.  W.  L.  Blackley,  M.A., 
and  Rev.  James  Hawes,  M.A.  Complete  in  Three 
Volumes,  averaging  750  pages.  Crown  8vo,  6s.  each. 

CUPPLES’  (Mrs.  George)  Tappy’s  Chicks,  and 

other  Links  between  Nature  and  Human  Nature.  With 
Illustrations.  Crown  8vo,  cloth  gilt  extra,  5s. 

DAILY  DEVOTIONS  FOR  CHILDREN.  32mo, 

IS.  6d. 

DAILY  MEDITATIONS  FOR  CHILDREN. 

32mo,  IS.  6d. 

DALE’S  (R.  W.)  Week-Day  Sermons.  Crown  8vo, 

3s.  6d. 

DALTON’S  (Wm.)  Adventures  in  the  Wilds  of 

Abyssinia ; or,  The  Tiger  Prince.  With  Illustrations. 
Crown  8vo,  cloth  gilt  extra,  3s.  6d. 

DAVIES’  (Emily)  The  Higher  Education  of  Women. 

Small  8vo,  3s.  6d. 

DE  GASPARIN’S  (Countess)  Human  Sadness. 

Small  8vo,  5s. 

: — The  Near  and  the  Heavenly 

Horizons.  Crown  8vo,  3s.  6d. 

DE  GUERIN’S  (Eugenie)  Journal.  Crown  8vo,  5s. 

Letters.  Crown  8vo,  5s. 

DE  LIEFDE’S  (John)  The  Charities  of  Europe. 

With  Illustrations.  Crown  8vo,  5s. 


8 


Daldy^  Isbister,  and  Coh 


DE  LIEFDE’S  (John)  The  Postman’s  Bag.  A Story- 

Book  for  Boys  and  Girls.  With  Illustrations.  Crown  8vo, 
cloth  gilt  extra,  3s.  6d. 

Days  of  Grace.  With  Illustrations. 

Crown  8vo,  cloth  extra,  5s. 

The  Pastor  of  Gegenburg,  and  other 

Stories.  With  Illustrations.  Crown  8vo,  cloth  extra,  5s. 

DE  WITT’S  (Madame,  n^e  Guizot)  A French 

Country  Family.  Translated  by  the  Author  of  “John 
Halifax.”  With  Illustrations.  Crown  8vo,  cloth  gilt 
extra,  5s. 

DENISON’S  (E.  B.,  LL.B.,  Q.C.,  F.R.A.S.,  &c.) 

Life  of  Bishop  Lonsdale.  Crown  8vo,  2s.  6d. 

DICKSEE’S  (J.  R.)  School  Perspective.  A Pro- 
gressive Course  of  Instruction  in  Linear  Perspective. 
Post  8vo,  5 s. 

DOBNEY’S  (Rev.  H.  H.)  Free  Churches.  Post  8vo. 
4s.  64. 

A Vision  of  Redemption.  Sewed,  4d. 

DODD’S  (G.)  Dictionary  of  Manufactures.  Post  8vo, 

5s. 

DRESSER’S  (C.)  Unity  in  Variety,  as  deduced  from 
the  Vegetable  Kingdom.  With  Illustrations.  8vo, 
los.  6d. 

Rudiments  of  Botany,  Structural  and 

Physiological ; being  an  Introduction  to  the  Study  of 
the  Vegetable  Kingdom.  With  Illustrations.  8vo,  15s. 

DU  LYS’  (Count  Vetter)  Irma.  A Tale  of  Hun- 
garian Life.  Two  Vols.,  post  8vo,  i8s. 

DUPANLOUP’S  (Mgr.,  Bp.  of  Orleans)  Studious 

Women.  Translated  by  R.  M.  Phillimore.  Crown  8vo, 
4s. 

ECCLESIA  DEI:  The  Place  and  Function  of  the 

Church  in  the  Divine  Order  of  the  Universe,  and  its 
Relations  with  the  World.  Demy  8vo,  7s.  6d. 

EDWARDS’  (M.  Betham)  Holiday  Letters.  Crown 
8vo,  7s.  6d. 


Book  List, 


9 


EIGHT  MONTHS  ON  DUTY.  The  Diary  of  a 

Young  Officer  in  Chanzy’s  Army.  With  a Preface  by 
C.  J.  Vaughan,  D.D.,  Master  of  the  Temple.  Crown 
8vo,  5s. 

EPISODES  IN  AN  OBSCURE  LIFE.  Crown 

8vo,  6s. 

EVENINGS  AT  THE  TEA  TABLE.  With  Illus- 
trations. Uniform  with  “Stories  told  to  a Child.” 
Square  32mo,  cloth  gilt  extra,  3s.  6d. 

EWING’S  (Bishop)  Revelation  considered  as  Light. 

Post  8vo,  7s.  6d. 

FABER’S  HYMNS.  Crown  8vo,  cloth  gilt  extra,  5s. 

Small  8vo,  sewed,  is.  6d. 

FACTA,  NON  VERBA;  or  Protestant  Charity  in 

England.  By  the  Author  of  “ Contrasts.”  Crown  8vo,  5s. 

FAIRHOLT’S  (F.  W.)  Dictionary  of  Terms  in  Art. 

With  numerous  Illustrations.  Post  8vo,  6s. 

FERNYHURST  COURT.  An  Every-day  Story. 

By  the  Author  of  “ Stone  Edge.”  Crown  8vo,  6s. 

FIELD’S  (George).  The  Rudiments  of  Colours  and 

Colouring.  Revised,  and  in  part  rewritten,  by  Robert 
Mallet,  M.A.,  F.A.S.,  &c.  With  Illustrations.  Crown 
8vo,  4s.  6d.  * 

FITZGERALD’S  (Percy)  Proverbs  and  Comediettas, 

written  for  Private  Representation.  Crown  8vo,  6s. 

FRANCIS’  (Beata)  Fables  and  Fancies.  With 

Illustrations  by  J.  B.  Zwecker  and  others.  Crown  8vo, 
cloth  gilt  extra,  5s. 

FRANKLIN’S  (John)  Illustrations  to  the  Ballad  of 

St.  George  and  the  Dragon.  Small  4to,  cloth  gilt  extra, 
los.  6d. 

FRASER’S  (Rev.  R.  W.,  M.A.)  The  Seaside  Natu- 
ralist : Out-door  Studies  in  Marine  Zoology  and  Botany, 
and  Maritime  Geology.  With  Illustrations.  Crown  8vo, 
cloth  extra,  3s.  6d. 

FRIENDS  AND  ACQUAINTANCES.  By  the 

Author  of  “Episodes  in  an  Obscure  Life.”  Crown  8vo, 
6s. 


lO 


Daldy^  Isbister,  and  Co.'* s 


FRIENDLY  HANDS  AND  KINDLY  WORDS. 

Stories  illustrative  of  the  Law  of  Kindness,  the  Power 
of  Perseverance,  and  the  Advantages  of  Little  Helps. 
Crown  8vo,  cloth  gilt  extra,  3s.  6d. 

GAOL  CRADLE  (The).  Who  Rocks  it?  Cr.  8vo,  5s. 
GARRETT’S  (Edward)  Occupations  of  a Retired 

Life.  Crown  8vo,  6s. 

The  Crust  and  the  Cake.  Crown  8vo, 

6s. 

Premiums  Paid  to  Experience.  Inci- 

dents in  my  Business  Life.  Crown  8vo,  6s. 

Seen  and  Heard.  Three  Vols.  Post 

8vo. 

Crooked  Places.  A Family  Chronicle. 

With  Illustrations.  Crown  8vo,  6s. 

GEIKIE’S  (Cunningham,  D.D.)  Life.  A Book  for 

Young  Men.  Crown  8vo,  cloth  extra,  3s.  6d. 

Light  from  Beyond,  to  Cheer  the  Christian 

Pilgrim.  Cloth  antique,  2s.  6d. 

Life  in  the  Woods.  A True  Story  of 

the  Canadian  Bush.  With  Illustrations.  Crown  8vo, 
cloth  extra,  3s.  6d. 

GEIKIE’S  (James,  F.R.S.,  F.G.S.)  The  Great  Ice 

Age  and  its  Relation  to  the  Antiquity  of  Man.  With 
Maps,  Charts,  and  numerous  Illustrations.  Demy  8vo,  24s. 

GERHARDT’S  (Paul)  Spiritual  Songs.  Translated 

by  John  Kelly.  Small  square  8vo,  5s. 

GILBERT’S  (William)  De  Profundis.  A Tale  of 

the  Social  Deposits.  Crown  8vo,  6s. 

: Doctor  Austin’s  Guests.  Crown  8vo,  6s. 

The  Magic  Mirror.  A Round  of  Tales 

for  Old  and  Young.  With  Illustrations.  Square  32mo, 
cloth  gilt  extra,  2s.  6d. 

King  George’s  Middy.  With  Illustra- 

tions. Crown  8vo,  cloth  gilt  extra,  6s. 

• The  Little  Drummer;  or,  the  Washer- 

woman’s Foundling.  With  Illustrations.  Square  32mo, 
cloth  extra,  is.  6d. 


Book  List, 


1 1 


GILBERT’S  (William)  The  Wizard  of  the  Mountain. 

Two  Vols.,  post  8vo,  2 IS. 

— : Shirley  Hall  Asylum.  Crown  8vo, 

los.  6d. 

GLADSTONE’S  (The  Right  Hon.  W.  E.)  On 

“ Ecce  Homo.”  Crown  8vo,  5s. 

GOSSE’S  (Philip  Henry,  F.R.S.)  A Year  at  the 

Shore.  With  Thirty-six  Coloured  Illustrations.  Crown 
8vo,  9s. 

GOTTHELF’S  (Jeremiah)  Wealth  and  Welfare. 

Crown  8vo,  6s. 

GREAT  ARMY  (The).  Sketches  of  Life  and 

Character  in  a Thames-side  District.  By  the  Riverside 
Visitor.  Two  Vols.  post  8vo,  i6s. 

GREENWELL’S  (Dora)  Essays.  Crown  8vo,  6s. 

Poems.  Crown  8vo,  6s. 

Lacordaire.  Crown  8vo,  6s. 

The  Covenant  of  Life  and  Peace. 

Small  8vo,  3s.  6d. 

Songs  of  Salvation.  Sewed,  6d. 

The  Patience  of  Hope.  Sm.  8vo,  2s.  6d. 

• Two  Friends.  Small  8vo,  3s.  6d. 

Colloquia  Crucis.  Small  8vo,  3s.  6d. 

Carmina  Crucis.  Crown  8vo,  5s. 

The  Soul’s  Legend.  Small  8vo,  2s. 

GREGORY’S  (Benjamin)  The  Thorough  Business 

Man.  Memoirs  of  Walter  Powell,  Merchant,  of  Mel- 
bourne and  London.  With  Portrait.  Crown  8vo,  6s. 

GUTHRIE’S  (Thomas,  D.D.)  Autobiography;  and 

Memoir  by  his  Sons,  Rev.  D.  K.  Guthrie  and  Charles 
J.  Guthrie,  M.A.  Vol.  I.,  post  8vo,  los.  6d. 

The  Gospel  in  Ezekiel.  Cr.  8vo,  3s.  6d. 

Christ  and  the  Inheritance  of  the 

Saints.  Crown  8vo,  3s.  6d. 

The  Way  to  Life.  Cr.  8vo,  3s.  6d. 

Man  and  the  Gospel.  Cr.  8vo,  3s.  6d. 


12 


Daldy^  Isbister,  and  Co^  s 


GUTHRIE’S  (Thomas,  D.D.)  Our  Father’s  Business. 

Crown  8vo,  3s.  6d. 

Out  of  Harness.  Crown  8vo,  3s.  6d. 

Speaking  to  the  Heart.  Cr.  8vo,  3s.  6d. 

Studies  of  Character  from  the  Old 

Testament.  First  and  Second  Series.  Crown  8vo, 
3s.  6d.  each. 

The  Parables  Read  in  the  Light  of 

the  Present  Day.  Crown  8vo,  3s.  6d. 

Sundays  Abroad.  Crown  8vo,  3s.  6d. 

GYPSY  SERIES  (The).  By  E.  Stuart  Phelps, 

Author  of  “ The  Gates  Ajar,”  “Hedged  In,”  &c.  Four 
neat  Vols.,  with  Illustrations,  is.  6d.  each. 

Gypsy  Breynton.  Gypsy’s  Sowing  and  Reaping. 

Gypsy’s  Cousin  Joy.  Gypsy’s  Year  at  the  Golden  Crescent. 

HACK’S  (Maria)  Winter  Evenings;  or  Tales  of 
Travellers.  With  Illustrations.  Small  8vo,  cloth  gilt 
extra,  3s.  6d. 

Grecian  Stories.  With  Illustrations.  Small 

8vo,  cloth  gilt  extra,  3s.  6d. ; smaller  Edition,  2s.  6d. 

HARE’S  (Augustus  J.  C.)  Walks  in  Rome.  Two 

Vols.,  crown  8vo,  21s. 

Days  near  Rome.  With  more  than  100 

Illustrations,  by  the  Author.  Two  Vols.,  crown  8vo,  24s. 

Memorials  of  a Quiet  Life.  Two  Vols., 

crown  8 VO,  21s. 

Wanderings  in  Spain.  With  Illustrations. 

Crown  8vo,  los.  6d. 

HARE’S  (The  late  Augustus  William)  The  Alton 

Sermons.  Crown  8vo,  los.  6d. 

HAUSSER’S  (Ludwig)  The  Period  of  the  Reforma- 
tion. Two  Vols.,  post  8vo,  i8s. 

HAWEIS’  (Rev.  H.  R.)  Music  and  Morals.  With 
Portrait  of  the  Author.  Post  8vo,  12s. 


Book  List, 


13 


HAWEIS’  (Rev.  H.  R.)  Ashes  to  Ashes.  A .Cre- 

mation Prelude.  Crown  8vo,  5s. 

Pet,  or  Pastimes  and  Penalties.  With 

Fifty  Illustrations  by  M.  E.  Haweis.  Crown  8vo,  cloth, 
gilt  extra,  5s. 

HAWTHORNE’S  (Nathaniel)  Passages  from 

English  Note-books.  Two  Vols.,  post  8vo,  24s. 

Passages  from  French  and  Italian 

Note-books.  Two  Vols.,  post  8vo,  24s. 

HENRY  HOLBEACH  : Student  in  Life  and  Philo- 
sophy. A Narrative  and  a Discussion.  With  Letters  to 
Mr.  M.  Arnold,  Mr.  Alexander  Bain,  Mr.  T.  Carlyle, 
Mr.  A.  Helps,  Mr.  G.  H.  Lewes,  Rev.  H.  L.  Mansel, 
Rev.  F.  D.  Maurice,  Mr.  J.  S.  Mill,  and  Rev.  Dr.  J.  H. 
Newman.  Enlarged  Edition.  Two  Vols.,  post  8vo,  14s. 

HEROINES  OF  THE  HOUSEHOLD.  By  the 

Author  of  “ The  Heavenward  Path,”  &c.  With  Illus- 
trations. Crown  8vo,  cloth  gilt  extra,  3s.  6d. 

HERSCHEL’S  (Sir  J.  F.  W.,  Bart.)  Familiar  Lec- 
tures on  Scientific  Subjects.  Crown  8vo,  6s. 

HOGE’S  (Rev.  W.  J.)  Blind  Bartimeus  and  his  Great 

Physician.  Small  8vo,  is. 

HOLBEACH’S  (Henry)  Shoemakers’  Village.  Two 

Vols.,  crown  8vo,  i6s. 

HOLMES’  (Oliver  Wendell)  The  Autocrat  of  the 

Breakfast  Table.  With  Illustrations.  Small  8vo,  3s.  6d. 

HORNER’S  (Susan  and  Joanna)  Walks  in  Florence, 

with  Illustrations.  2 Vols.,  crowii  8vo,  21s. 

HOWE’S  (Edward)  The  Boy  in  the  Bush.  With 

Illustrations.  Crown  8vo,  cloth  gilt  extra,  5s. 

HOWSON’S  (Dean)  The  Metaphors  of  St.  Paul. 

Crown  8vo,.  3s.  6d. 

The  Companions  of  St.  Paul.  Crown 

8vo,  5s. 

The  Character  of  St.  Paul.  Cr.  8vo,  5s. 

Sacramental  Confession.  Crown  8 vo,  2s.  6d. 


14 


Daldy^  Isbister,  and  Co' s 


HUDSON’S  (E.  H.)  The  Life  and  Times  of 

Louisa,  Queen  of  Prussia  ; with  an  Introductory  Sketch 
of  Prussian  History.  Two  Vols.,  post  8vo,  21s. 

HUNT’S  (Rev.  John)  History  of  Religious  Thought 

in  England,  from  the  Reformation  to  the  End  of  Last 
Century.  Three  Vols.,  demy  8vo,  21s.  each. 

Contemporary  Essays  in  Theology. 

Demy  8vo,  i6s. 

HUNTINGTON’S  (F.  D.,  D.D.)  Christian  Believing 

and  Living.  Crown  8vo,  3s.  6d. 

HUTTON’S  (R.  H.)  Essays,  Theological  and  Lite- 

rary. Two  Vols.,  square  8vo,  24s. 

HYMNS  FOR  THE  YOUNG.  With  Music  by 

John  Hullah.  8vo,  is.  6d.  Sewed,  6d. 

INGELOW’S  (Jean)  Mopsa  the  Fairy.  With  Ulus- 

trations.  Crown  8vo,  cloth  extra,  3s.  6d. 

Studies  for  Stories.  With  Illustrations 

by  Millais  and  others.  Crown  8vo,  cloth  extra,  3s.  6d. 

A Sister’s  Bye-hours.  With  Illustra- 

tions. Cloth  extra,  3s.  6d. 

Stories  Told  to  a Child.  With  Illus- 

trations. Square  32mo,  cloth  gilt  extra,  3s.  6d. 

IRVING’S  (Edward)  Collected  Writings.  Five 

Vols.,  demy  8vo, 

Miscellanies  from  the  Collected 

Writings.  Post  8vo,  6s. 

IVAN  DE  BIRON ; or,  the  Russian  Court  in  the 
Middle  of  Last  Century.  By  the  Author  of  “ Friends  in 
Council.”  Post  8vo,  6s.  6d. 

JACOB’S  (G.  A.,  D.D.)  The  Ecclesiastical  Polity 

of  the  New  Testament.  A Study  for  the  Present  Crisis 
in  the  Church  of  England.  Post  8vo,  i6s. 

JACOB’S  (P.  W.)  Hindoo  Tales  ; or,  the  Adventures 

of  Ten  Princes.  Freely  Translated  from  the  Sanscrit  of 
the  Dasakumaracharitam.  Crown  8vo,  6s. 

JESUS — SAVIOUR.  Meditations  for  Christian  Com- 

fort. Cloth  antique,  2s.  6d. 

JOHNSTONE’S  (Rev.  J.  Barbour)  “It  is  Your 

Life.”  Preaching  for  the  People.  Crown  8vo,  2s.  6d. 


Book  List. 


15 


JONES  (Agnes  Elizabeth)  Memorials  of.  By  her 

Sister.  With  a Portrait.  Crown  8vo,  3s.  6d. 

JONES’  (Bishop)  The  Peace  of  God.  Crown 

8vo,  5s. 

JONES’  (Rev.  Harry,  M.A.)  The  Regular  Swiss 

Round.  With  Illustrations.  Small  8vo,  3s.  6d. 
JOURDAN’S  (Beatrice  A.)  Chances  and  Changes. 
Stories  of  the  Past  and  Present.  With  Illustrations. 
Crown  8vo,  cloth  gilt  extra,  5s. 

JUNO  STORIES  (The).  By  Jacob  Abbott. 

Four  small  8vo  Volumes,  with  illustrations,  is.  6d.  each. 
Juno  and  Georgie.  Juno  on  a Journey. 

Mary  Osborne.  Hubert. 

KAYE’S  (Sir  J- W.)  Lives  of  Indian  Officers,  illus- 
trative of  the  History  of  the  Civil  and  Military  Service 
of  India.  Three  Vols.,  crown  8vo,  6s.  each. 

KING  OF  LOVE  (The).  By  the  Author  of  How 

to  enter  into  Rest.”  Crown  8vo,  is.  6d. 

KINGSLEY’S  (Rev.  Charles)  Madam  How  and 

Lady  Why.  With  Illustrations.  Crown  8vo,  cloth  gilt 
extra,  5s. 

Health  and  Education.  Cr.  8vo,  6s. 

Town  Geology.  Crown  8vo,  5s. 

Selections  from  Writings.  With  Por- 

trait. Crown  8vo,  6s. 

KINGSLEY’S  (Henry)  The  Boy  in  Grey.  With 

Illustrations.  Crown  8vo,  3s.  6d. 

KINGSTON’S  (W.  H.  G.)  Foxholme  Hall,  and  other 

Amusing  Tales  for  Boys.  With  Illustrations.  Small 
8vo,  cloth  gilt  extra,  3s.  6d. 

The  Pirate’s  Treasure,  and  other 

Amusing  Tales  for  Boys.  With  Illustrations.  Small 
8vo,  cloth  gilt  extra,  3s.  6d. 

Harry  Skipwith.  A Tale  for  Boys. 

With  Illustrations.  Small  8vo,  cloth  gilt  extra,  3s.  6d. 

KNATCHBULL-HUGESSEN’S  (The  Right  Hon. 

E.  H.)  River  Legends  ; or  Father  Thames  and  Father 
Rhine.  With  Forty  Illustrations  by  Gustave  DoRb. 
Large  post  8vo,  cloth  gilt  extra,  7s.  6d. 


Daldy^  Isbis^er,  mid  Co,^s 


i6 


KNOLLYS’  (Major)  Handbook  of  Field  Fortifica- 
tions. With  numerous  Illustrations.  Crown  8vo,  4s.  6d. 

KRILOF  AND  HIS  FABLES.  By  W.  R.  S.  Ralston. 

With  Illustrations.  Crown  8vo,  7s.  6d. 

LADY  HETTY.  A Story  of  Scottish  and  Australian 

Life.  3 vols.,  post  8vo,  31s.  6d. 

LAUTERDALE.  A Story  of  Two  Generations. 

Three  Vols.,  post  8vo,  31s.  6d. 

LEE’S  (Rev.  F.  G.,  D.C.L.)  The  Christian  Doctrine 

of  Prayer  for  the  Departed.  With  copious  Notes  and 
Appendices.  Demy  8vo,  los.  6d. 

LEES’  (Florence  S.)  Handbook  for  Hospital  Sisters. 

Edited  by  Professor  Acland.  Post  8vo,  5s. 

LEGENDS  OF  KING  ARTHUR  AND  HIS 
KNIGHTS  OF  THE  ROUND  TABLE  (The).  Com- 
piled and  Edited  by  J.  T.  K.  Small  8vo,  is.  6d. 

LEITCH’S  (William,  D.D.)  God’s  Glory  in  the 

Heavens.  With  Illustrations.  Crown  8vo,  4s.  6d. 

LELAND’S  (Charles  G.)  The  Egyptian  Sketch 

Book.  Post  8vo,  7s.  6d. 

LE  PAGE’S  FRENCH  COURSE. 

“ The  sale  of  many  thousands,  and  the  almost  universal 
adoption  of  these  clever  little  books  by  M.  Le  Page, 
sufficiently  prove  the  public  approbation  of  his  plan  of 
teaching  French,  which  is  in  accordance  with  the  natural 
operation  of  a child  learning  his  native  language.” 

French  School.  Part  I.  L’Echo  de  Paris.  A 

Selection  of  Familiar  Phrases  which  a person  would  hear 
daily  if  living  in  France.  i2mo,  3s.  6d. 

N.B.  A Key  to  the  above,  being  Finishing  Exercises 
in  French  Conversation.  i8mo,  is. 

Part  II.  The  Gift  of  Fluency 

in  French  Conversation.  i2mo,  2S.  6d. 

N.B.  A Key  to  the  above:  “ Petit  Causeur;  or.  First 
Chatterings  in  French.”  i2mo,  is.  6d. 

Part  HI.  The  Last  Step  to 

French.  With  the  Versification.  i2mo,  2s.  6d. 

Petit  Lecteur  des  Colleges ; or,  the  French 
Reader,  for  Beginners  and  Elder  Classes.  A Sequel  to 
“ L’Echo  de  Paris.”  i2rao,  3s.  6d. 


Book  List, 


17 


LE  PAGE’S  FRENCH  COURSE. 

French  Master  for  Beginners ; or,  Easy  Lessons  in 

French.  i2mo,  2S.  6d. 

Juvenile  Treasury  of  French  Conversation.  With 

the  English  before  the  French.  i2mo,  3s. 

Ready  Guide  to  French  Composition.  French 
Grammar  by  Examples,  giving  Models  as  Leading-strings 
throughout  Accidence  and  Syntax.  i2mo,  3s.  6d. 

Etrennes  aux  Dames  Anglaises.  A Key  to  French 

Pronunciation  in  all  its  niceties.  Sewed,  6d. 

LILLIPUT  LEVEE.  Poems  of  Childhood,  Child- 

fancy,  and  Child-like  Moods.  With  Illustrations  by 
Millais  and  others.  Square  32mo,  cloth  gilt  extra,  2s.  6d. 

LILLIPUT  LECTURES.  By  the  Author  of  ‘‘  Lilli- 

put  Levee.”  With  Illustrations.  Square  8vo,  cloth  gilt 
extra,  5s. 

LILLIPUT  LEGENDS.  By  the  Author  of  Lilliput 

Levee.”  With  Illustrations.  Square  8vo,  cloth  gilt 
extra,  5s. 

LITTLE  LAME  PRINCE  (The).  By  the  Author 

of  “John  Halifax,  Gentleman.”  With  Twemy-four 
Illustrations.  Crown  8vo,  cloth  gilt  extra,  5s. 

LIVING  VOICES:  Selections  from  Recent  Poetry. 

With  a Preface  by  the  Archbishop  of  Canterbury.  Small 
8vo,  cloth  extra,  4s.  6d. 

LLOYD’S  (Mrs.  W.  R.)  The  Flower  of  Christian 

Chivalry.  With  Thirty-four  Illustrations  by  J.  D.  Watson 
and  others.  Crown  8vo,  cloth  gilt  extra,  3s.  6d. 

LOCKER’S  (Frederick)  London  Lyrics.  Small 

8vo,  6s. 

LUDLOW’S  (J.  M.)  AVoman’s  Work  in  the  Church. 

Small  8vo,  5s. 

and  LLOYD  JONES’  The  Pro- 
gress of  the  Worldng  Class  from  1832  to  1867.  Crown 
8vo,  2s.  6d. 

b 


i8 


Daldy^  Isbister,  and  Co.^s 


LYNCH’S  (Rev.  T.  T.)  Memoir.  Edited  by  William 
White,  with  Portrait.  Post  8vo,  7s.  6d. 

Sermons  for  my  Curates.  Edited  by  the 

Rev.  Samuel  Cox.  Post  8vo,  5s. 

Letters  to  the  Scattered.  Post  8vo,  5s. 

The  Rivulet.  A Contribution  to  Sacred 

Song.  New  Edition.  Small  8vo,  3s.  6d. 

MAC  DONALD’S  (George)  Annals  of  a Quiet  Neigh- 
bourhood. Crown  8vo,  6s. 

The  Seaboard  Parish.  Crown  8vo, 

6s. 

Wilfrid  Cumbermede.  Crown  8vo,  6s. 

Dealings  with  the  Fairies.  With 

Illustrations  by  Arthur  Hughes.  Square  32mo,  cloth 
gilt  extra,  2s.  6d. 

The  Disciple  and  other  Poems. 

Crown  8vo,  6s. 


Unspoken  Sermons.  Crown  8vo, 

3s.  6d. 

The  Miracles  of  our  Lord.  Crown 

8vo,  5s. 

At  the  Back  of  the  North  Wind. 

With  Illustrations.  Crown  8vo,  cloth  gilt  extra,  5s. 

Ranald  Bannerman’s  Boyhood. 

. With  Illustrations.  Crown  8vo,  cloth  gilt  extra,  5s. 

The  Princess  and  the  Goblin. 

With  Illustrations.  Crown  8vo,  cloth  gilt  extra,  5s. 

Works  of  Fancy  and  Imagination  : 

being  a reprint  of  Poetical  and  other  Works.  Pocket- 
volume  Edition,  in  neat  case,  £2  2S. 

MAC  DONALD’S  (Mrs.  George)  Chamber  Dramas 

for  Children.  Crown  8vo,  7s.  6d. 


Book  List, 


19 


MACLEOD’S  (Norman,  D.D.)  Peeps  at  the  Far 

East.  With  Illustrations.  Small  4to,  cloth  gilt  extra,  21s. 
Eastward.  With  Illustrations.  Crown 

8vo,  6s. 

Character  Sketches.  With  Illustra- 
tions. Post  8vo,  los.  6d. 

The  Temptation  ol  Our  Lord.  Crown 

8vo,  5s. 

Parish  Papers.  Crown  8vo,  3s.  6d. 

Reminiscences  of  a Highland  Parish. 

Crown  8vo,  6s. 

Simple  Truth  spoken  to  Working 

People.  Small  8vo,  2s.  6d. 

The  Earnest  Student : being  Memo- 
rials of  John  Mackintosh.  Crown  8vo,  3s.  6d. 

The  Gold  Thread.  A Story  for  the 

Young.  With  Illustrations.  Square  8vo,  2S.  6d. 

The  Old  Lieutenant  and  his  Son. 

With  Illustrations.  Crown  8vo,  3s.  6d. 

The  Starling.  With  Illustrations. 

Crown  8 VO,  6s. 

Wee  Davie.  Sewed,  6d. 

How  can  we  best  Relieve  our  De- 
serving Poor .?  Sewed,  6d. 

War  and  Judgment.  A Sermon 

preached  before  and  published  by  command  of  the 
Queen.  Sewed,  is. 

MACQUOID’S  (Mrs.)  Through  Normandy.  With 

Map  and  90  Illustrations.  Crown  8vo,  12s. 

^ Forgotten  by  the  World.  Crown 

8vo,  6s. 

MANSEL’S  (Dean)  The  Philosophy  of  the  Con- 
ditioned ; Sir  William  Hamilton  and  John  Stuart  Mill. 
Post  8vo,  6s. 


20 


Daldy^  Isbister,  and  Coh 


MARKBY’S  (Rev.  Thomas)  Practical  Essays  on 

Education.  Crown  8vo,-  6s. 

MARLITT’S  (E.)  Gold  Elsie.  ' Crown  8vo,  5s. 
MARSH’S  (J.  B.)  The  Story  of  Harecourt ; being 

the  History  of  an  Independent  Church.  With  an  Intro- 
duction by  Alexander  Raleigh,  D.D.  With  Illustrations. 
Crown  8vo,  6s. 

For  Liberty’s  Sake.  Post  8vo,  los.  6d. 

Stories  of  Venice  and  the  Venetians. 

Crown  8vo,  cloth  extra,  5s. 

The  Story  of  Dick  Whittington,  the 

Famous  Lord  Mayor  of  London.  With  Illustrations. 
Crown  8vo,  cloth  extra,  3s.  6d. 

MARSHMAN’S  (J.  C.)  Story  of  the  Lives  of  Carey, 

Marshman,  and  Ward.  Crown  8vo,  3s.  6d. 

MARTIN’S  (Rev.  H.)  The  Prophet  Jonah.  Crown 

8vo,  6s. 

MARTIN’S  (W.)  Noble  Boys.  Their  Deeds  of  Love 

and  Duty.  With  Illustraiions.  Crown  8vo,  cloth  gilt 
extra,  3s.  6d. 

MASSEY’S  (Gerald)  A Tale  of  Eternity,  and  other 

Poems.  Crown  8vo,  7s. 

MAURICE’S  (Rev.  F.  D.)  The  Working  Man  and 

the  Franchise ; being  Chapters  from  English  Histoiy  on 
the  Representation  and  Education  of  the  People.  Demy 
8vo,  7s.  6d. ; crown  8vo,  boards,  is.  6d. 

MAZZINI’S  (Joseph)  The  War  and  the  Commune. 

Sewed,  is. 

MEN  OF  THE  THIRD  REPUBLIC.  Crown 

8vo,  6s. 

MERIVALE’S  (Charles,  B.D.,  D.C.L.)  Homer’s 

Iliad.  In  English  Rhymed  Verse.  Two  Vols.,  demy 
8vo,  24s. 

METEYARD’S  (Eliza)  The  Doctor’s  Little 

Daughter.  The  Story  of  a Child’s  Life  amidst  the 
Woods  and  HiUs.  With  Illustrations.  Crown  8vo,  cloth 
gilt  extra,  5s. 


Book  List, 


21 


MILLAIS’  ILLUSTRATIONS.  A Collection  of 

Drawings  on  Wood.  By  John  Everett  Millais,  R.A. 
Demy  4to,  cloth  gilt  extra,  i6s. 

MONRO’S  (Rev.  Edward)  Edwin’s  Fairing.  With 

Illustrations.  Square  32ino,  cloth  gilt  extra,  2s.  6d. 

MY  MOTHER  AND  I.  By  the  Author  of  ‘‘John 

Halifax.”  With  Illustrations.  Crown  8vo,  cloth  extra, 

Ss. 

MYERS’  (Rev.  Frederic)  Catholic  Thoughts  on 

the  Church  of  Christ  and  the  Church  of  England.  Crown 
8vo,  7s.  6d. 

Catholic  Thoughts  on  the  Bible  and 

Theology.  Crown  8vo,  7s.  6d. 

NEILL’S  (Edward  D.)  The  English  Colonization  of 

America  during  the  Seventeenth  Century.  Demy  8vo, 
14s. 

NEWMAN’S  (John  Henry,  D.D.)  Miscellanies  from 

the  Oxford  Sermons,  and  other  Writings.  Crown  8vo, 
6s. 

NOEL’S  (The  Hon.  Roden)  The  Red  Flag  and 

other  Poems. ' Small  8vo,  6s. 

NUGENT’S  (E.,  C.E.)  Optics ; or  Sight  and  Light 

Theoretically  and  Practically  Treated.  With  numerous 
Woodcuts.  Enlarged  Edition.  Post  8vo,  5s. 

NUTT  ALL’S  (Dr.)  Dictionary  of  Scientific  Terms. 

Post  8vo,  5s. 

ORME’S  (Benjamin)  Treasure  Book  of  Devotional 

Reading.  Crown  8vo,  cloth  gilt  extra,  3s.  6d. 

OSBORN’S  (Rev.  H.  S.,  M.A.)  The  Holy  Land, 

Past  and  Present.  Sketches  of  Travel  in  Palestine.  With 
Illustrations  on  Wood  and  Steel.  Crown  8vo,  cloth  gilt 
extra,  3s.  6d. 

O’SHAUGHNESSY’S  (Arthur  and  Eleanor)  Toy- 

land.  Square  8vo,  cloth  extra,  5s. 

OULITA  THE  SERF.  A Tragedy.  By  the  Author 

of  “ Friends  in  Council.”  Pocket-volume  Edition.  Cloth 
extra,  5s. 


22 


Daldy^  Isbister^  and  Co?s 


OUR  NEW  MASTERS.  By  “The  Journeyman 

Engineer.”  Post  8vo,  9s. 

PAGE’S  (H.  A.)  Golden  Lives.  Biographies  for  the 

Day,  with  Portraits.  Crown  8vo,  cloth  extra,  5s. 

Noble  Workers.  A Book  of 

Examples  for  Young  Men.  With  Portraits.  Crown  8vo, 
cloth  extra,  5s. 

Out  and  All  About.  Fables  for 

Old  and  Young.  With  Eighty-five  Illustrations.  Crown 
8vo,  cloth  gilt  extra,  5s. 

PARKER’S  .(Joseph,  D.D.)  Pulpit  Notes,  with  an 

Introductory  Essay  on  the  Preaching  of  Jesus  Christ. 
Post  8vo,  6s. 

PARKES-BELLOC’S  (Bessie  Rayner)  Essays  on 

Woman’s  Work.  Small  8vo,  4s. 

La  Belle  France.  With  Illus- 

trations. Square  8vo,  12s. 

Vignettes.  Twelve  Biogra- 

phical Sketches.  Crown  8vo,  6s. 

PARR’S  (Mrs.)  Dorothy  Fox.  Crown  8vo,  6s. 
How  it  all  Happened,  and  other  Stories. 

Two  Vols.,  post  8vo,  2 IS. 

The  Prescotts  of  Pamphillon.  Three  Vols., 

post  8vo,  3 IS.  6d. 

The  Gosau  Smithy,  and  other  Stories. 

Two  vols.,  post  8vo,  2 IS. 

PARRY  (Charles,  Commander  Royal  Navy)  Me- 
morials of.  By  his  Brother,  the  Right  Rev.  Edward 
Parry,  D.D.,  Suffragan  Bishop  of  Dover.  Crown  8vo,  5s. 

PATHWAY  OF  PROMISE  (The).  Neat  cloth, 

IS.  6d. 

PAUL  GOSSLETT’S  CONFESSIONS  IN  LOVE, 
LAW,  AND  THE  CIVIL  SERVICE.  With  Illus- 
trations by  Marcus  Stone.  Post  8vo,  2s.  6d. 

PEASANT  LIFE  IN  THE  NORTH.  Crown 

8vo,  6s.  Second  Series,  crown  8vo,  9s. 

PEEPS  AT  FOREIGN  COUNTRIES.  With  Illus- 

trations. Crown  8vo,  cloth,  gilt  extra,  5s. 


Book  List, 


23 


PEROWNE’S  (Rev.  Canon)  Sermons.  Crown  8vo, 
7s.  6d. 

PERRY’S  (Rev.  F.)  Dulce  Domum.  Essays  on 
Home  Life.  Crown  8vo,  7s.  6d. 

PERSONAL  PIETY.  A Help  to  Christians  to  Walk 

worthy  of  their  Calling.  Cloth  antique,  is.  6d. 

PHELPS’  (Austin)  Man’s  Renewal.  Small  8vo, 

2s.  6d. 

The  Still  Hour.  Small  8vo,  is. 

PHILLIMORE’S  (John  George)  History  of  Eng- 
land during  the  Reign  of  George  the  Third.  Vol.  I., 
8vo,  i8s. 

PICTORIAL  SPELLING-BOOK;  or  Lessons  on 

Facts  and  Objects.  With  130  Illustrations.  New  Edi- 
tion. i2mo,  IS.  6d. 

PLUMPTRE’S  (Professor)  Biblical  Studies.  Post 

8vo,  5s. 

Christ  and  Christendom  ; being  the 

Boyle  Lectures  for  1866.  Demy  8vo,  12s. 

Lazarus  and  other  Poems.  Crown 

8vo,  5s. 

Master  and  Scholar,  and  other  Poems. 

Crown  8 VO,  5s. 

Sunday.  Sewed,  6d. 

The  Tragedies  of  ^schylos.  A New 

Translation,  with  a Biographical  Essay,  and  an  Appen- 
dix of  Rhymed  Choruses.  Crown  8vo,  7s.  6d. 

The  Tragedies  of  Sophocles.  A New 

Translation,  with  a Biographical  Essay,  and  an  Appen- 
dix of  Rhymed  Choruses.  Crown  8vo,  7s.  6d. 

Theology  and  Life.  Sermons  chiefly 

on  Special  Occasions.  Small  8vo,  6s. 

— “ The  Spirits  in  Prison.”  A Sermon 

on  the  State  of  the  Dead.  Sewed,  is. 

Confession  and  Absolution.  A Sermon 

Preached  before  the  University  of  Oxford.  Sewed,  is. 


.24 


Daldy^  Isbister,  and  Co»s 


POEMS  WRITTEN  FOR  A CHILD.  By  Two 

Friends.  With  Illustrations.  Square  32mo,  cloth  gilt 
extra,  3s.  6d. 

POLITICAL  PORTRAITS.  Characters  of  some 

of  our  Public  Men.  Crown  8vo,  6s. 

POLLOCK’S  (Archdeacon)  The  Temptation  and 

other  Poems.  Small  8vo,  3s.  6d. 

PORTER’S  (Noah,  D.D.)  The  Human  Intellect, 

with  an  Introduction  upon  Psychology  and  the  Soul. 
Demy  8vo,  i6s. 

The  Elements  of  Intellectual 

Science.  A Manual  for  Schools  and  Colleges.  Demy 
8vo,  los.  6d. 

PRESENT-DAY  PAPERS  on  Prominent  Questions 

in  Theology.  Edited  by  the  Right  Rev.  Alexander 
Ewing,  D.C.L.,  Bishop  of  Argyll  and  the  Isles.  One 
Shilling  each;  or  in  Three  Vols.,  crown  8vo,  7s.  6d. 
each. 

I.  The  Atonement. 

II.  The  Eucharist. 

III.  The  Rule  of  Faith. 

IV.  The  Present  Unbelief. 

V.  Words  for  Things, 

VI.  Prayers  and  Meditations. 

VII.  Justification  by  Faith. 

VIII.  Mother-Church. 

IX.  Use  of  the  Word  Revelation  in  the  New 
Testament. 

X.  The  Christian  Ministry.  Part  i. 

XI.  The  Christian  Ministry.  Part  2. 

XII.  The  Eternal  Life  Manifested. 

XIII.  Some  Letters  of  Thomas  Erskine  of  Lin- 

LATHEN. 

XIV.  God  and  the  Christian  Sacraments. 

XV.  St.  Augustine  and  his  Mother. 

XVI.  Some  further  Letters  of  Thomas  Erskine 
OF  Linlathen. 

XVII.  The  Future  Temporal  Support  of  the 
Ministry. 

XVIII.  The  Relation  of  Knowledge  to  Salva- 
tion. 

XIX.  Reconciliation. 


Book  List, 


25 


RAE’S  (W.  F.)  Wilkes,  Sheridan,  Fox : the  Opposi- 

tion under  George  III.  Demy  8vo,  i8s. 

Westward  by  Rail.  A Journey  to  San 

Francisco,  and  a Visit  to  the  Mormons.  With  Map. 
Small  8vo,  4s.  6d. 

RALEIGH’S  (Alexander,  D.D.)  The  Little  Sanc- 
tuary. Crown  8vo,  6s. 

REED  (Andrew)  Memoirs  of  the  Life  and  Philan- 
thropic Labours  of.  By  his  Sons.  With  Portrait  and 
Illustrations.  Crown  8vo,  6s. 

RIGG’S  (J.  H.,  D.D.)  National  Education  and  Public 

Elementary  Schools.  Crown  8vo,  12s. 

RITCHIE’S  (Archibald  T.)  The  Creation;  or. 

Dynamical  System  of  the  Earth’s  Formation.  Demy 
8vo,  i8s. 

ROBERTSON’S  (John,  D.D.)  Sermons  and  Exposi- 
tions. Post  8vo,  7s.  6d. 

ROBINSON  CRUSOE.  With  Illustrations.  i8mo, 

cloth  gilt  extra,  is.  6d. 

ROGERS’  (Henry)  Essays  from  ‘‘Good  Words.” 

Small  8vo,  5s. 

SACRISTAN’S  HOUSEHOLD  (The).  By  the 

Author  of  “ Mabel’s  Progress.”  Crown  8vo,  6s. 

SAINTE-BEUVE’S  (C.  A.)  English  Portraits.  Col- 
lected and  Translated  from  the  “ Causeries  du  Lundi.” 
With  a Biographical  and  Critical  Introduction.  Post  8vo, 
los.  6d. 

SAINT  ABE  AND  HIS  SEVEN  WIVES.  A Tale 

of  Salt  Lake  City.  Crown  8vo,  5s. 

SANDFORD  AND  MERTON.  With  Illustrations. 

i8mo,  cloth  gilt  extra,  is.  6d. 

SAPHIR’S  (Rev.  Adolph)  Conversion,  Illustrated 
from  Examples  recorded  in  the  Bible.  Small  8vo, 
3s.  6d. 

SAVING  KNOWLEDGE,  Addressed  to  Young 
Men.  By  Thomas  Guthrie,  D.D.,  and  W.  G.  Blaikie, 
D.D.  Crown  8vo,  3s.  6d. 

SEN’S  (Baboo  Keshub  Chunder)  Lectures  and 
Tracts.  Edited  by  S.  D.  Collet.  Crown  8vo,  5s. 


26 


Daldy^  Isbister^  and  Co,^s 


SEN’S  (Baboo  Keshub  Chunder)  English  Visit.  An 

Authorised  Collection  of  his  principal  Addresses  delivered 
in  England.  Edited  by  S.  D.  Collet.  Crown  8vo,  9s. 

SERBIAN  FOLK-LORE.  Popular  Tales  Selected 

and  Translated  by  Madame  Csedomille  Mijatovics. 
Edited,  with  an  Introduction,  by  the  Rev.  W.  Denton, 
M.A.  Post  8vo,  ros.  6d. 

SHELMERDINE’S  (W.)  Selection  of  the  Psalms 

and  other  Portions  of  Scripture,  arranged  and  marked 
for  Chanting.  Small  8vo,  is. 

One  Hundred  and  Eighty  Chants, 

Ancient  and  Modem.  Arranged  for  Four  Voices,  with 
Organ  and  Piano  Accompaniment.  Crown  8vo,  2s.  6d. 

SIMCOX’S  (G.  A.)  Poems  and  Romances.  Crown 

8vo,  6s. 

SMEDLEY’S  (M.  B.)  Poems.  Crown  8vo,  5s. 

Other  Folk’s  Lives.  Crown  8vo,  cloth 

gilt  extra,  5s. 

Linnet’s  Trial.  Crown  8vo,  cloth  gilt 

extra,  5s. 

SMEDLEY’S  (Frank  E.)  Gathered  Leaves.  A 

Collection  of  Poetical  Writings.  With  a Memorial, 
Preface,  Portrait,  &c.  Imp.  i6mo,  cloth  gilt,  8s.  6d. 

SMILES’  (Samuel)  The  Huguenots  in  France,  after 

the  Revocation  of  the  Edict  of  Nantes,  with  a Visit  to 
the  Country  of  the  Vaudois.  Crown  8vo,  6s. 

SMITH’S  (Alexander)  Alfred  Hagart’s  Household. 

Crown  8 VO,  6s. 

A Summer  in  Skye.  Crown  8vo,  6s. 

Dreamthorp.  A Book  of  Essays  written  in 

the  Country.  Crown  8vo,  3s.  6d. 

SMITH’S  (David)  Tales  of  Chivalry  and  Romance. 

With  Illustrations.  Crown  8vo,  cloth  gilt  extra,  3s.  6d. 

SMITH’S  (the  late  Dr.  Edward,  F.R.S.)  Health,  a 

Handbook  for  Households  and  Schools.  Crown  8vo,  3s.  6d. 

SMITH’S  (The  late  Rev.  James)  The  Coming  Man. 

Two  Vols.,  post  8vo,  2 IS. 

SMITH’S  (W.  Anderson)  Lewsiana;  or  Life  in  the 
Outer  Hebrides.  With  Illustrations.  Post  8vo,  los.  6d. 


Book  List, 


27 


SMYTH’S  (Professor  C.  Piazzi)  Our  Inheritance  in 

the  Great  Pyramid.  With  Illustrations.  Post  8vo,  i8s. 

SOCIAL  PRESSURE.  By  the  Author  of  Friends 

in  Council.”  Post  8vo,  12s. 

SOME  TALK  ABOUT  ANIMALS  AND  THEIR 

MASTERS.  By  the  Author  of  “ Friends  in  Council.” 
Crown  8vo,  4s.  6d. 

SONGS  OF  OUR  YOUTH.  By  the  Author  of 

“ John  Halifax.”  Set  to  music  and  handsomely  bound. 
Demy  4to,  cloth  gilt  extra,  15s. 

SOUTH  BY  WEST  ; or  Winter  in  the  Rocky 

Mountains  and  Spring  in  Mexico.  Edited  by  the  Rev. 
Canon  Kingsley.  With  Illustrations.  Demy  8vo,  i6s. 

SPEN’S  (Kay)  Tottie’s  Trial.  Crown  8vo,  los.  6d. 
SPURGEON’S  (Rev.  C.  H.)  The  Saint  and  his 

Saviour.  Crown  8vo,  3s.  6d. 

STANLEY’S  (Dean)  Scripture  Portraits  and  other 

Miscellanies.  Crown  8vo.  6s. 

The  Prospect  of  Christian  Missions. 

Sewed,  is. 

STAUNTON’S  (Howard)  The  Great  Schools  of 

England  : an  Account  of  their  Foundations,  Endow- 
ments, and  Discipline,  with  an  Account  of  all  the  En- 
dowed Grammar  Schools  of  England  and  Wales.  Crown 
8vo,  7s.  6d. 

STEVENSON’S  (Rev.  W.  Fleming)  Praying  and 

Working.  Crown  8vo,  3s.  6d. ; small  8vo,  2s. 

STEWART’S  (L.)  The  Wave  and  the  Battle-field : 

Adventures  by  Sea  and  Land.  With  Illustrations. 
Crown  8vo,  cloth  gilt  extra,  3s.  6d. 

STIER’S  (Rudolf,  D.D.)  The  Words  of  the  Angels. 

Crown  8vo,  3s.  6d. 

STOLBERG  (Anna,  Countess  of)  A Story  of  Our 

Own  Times.  Crown  8vo,  5s. 

STRACHEY’S  (Sir  Edward,  Bart.)  Jewish  History 

and  Politics  in  the  Times  of  Sargon  and  Sennacherib. 
New  Edition,  carefully  revised.  Demy  8vo,  i8s. 


28 


Daldy^  Isbisier,  and  Co!‘s 


/STRAUSS’S  (D.  F.)  Ulrich  von  Hutten : his  Life 

and  Times.  Translated,  with  the  Author’s  permission, 
by  Mrs.  Sturge.  Post  8vo,  los.  6d. 

STREET’S  (Rev.  B.)  The  Restoration  of  Paths  to 

Dwell  in.  Essays  on  the  Re-editing  and  Interpretation 
of  Hebrew  Scripture.  Post  8vo,  7s.  6d. 

STUDIES  IN  FRENCH  PROSE.  Specimens  of 

the  Language  from  the  Seventeenth  Centuiy  to  the  Pre- 
sent Time.  With  Chronological  and  Critical  Notices, 
Explanatory  Notes,  &c.  i2mo,  3s.  6d. 

STUDIES  IN  FRENCH  POETRY.  Specimens  of 

the  Language  from  the  Seventeenth  Century  to  the  Pre- 
sent Time.  With  Chronological  and  Critical  Notices, 
Explanatory  Notes,  &c.  i2mo,  3s.  6d. 

SUNDAY  EVENING  BOOK  (The).  Short  Papers 

for  Family  Reading.  By  J.  Hamilton,  D.D.,  A.  P.  Stan- 
ley, D.D.,  J.  Eadie,  D.D.,  Rev.  W.  M.  Punshon,  Rev. 
T.  Binney,  J.  R.  Macduff,  D.D.  Cloth  antique,  is.  6d. 

TAINE’S  (H.,  D.C.L.)  Notes  on  England.  Trans- 
lated by  W.  F.  Rae,  with  an  Introduction  by  the  Trans- 
lator. Crown  8vo,  3s.  6d. 

T AIT’S  (Gilbert)  The  Hymns  of  Denmark.  Ren- 
dered into  English.  Small  8vo,  cloth  gilt  extra,  4s.  6d. 

TANGLED  TALK.  An  Essayist’s  Holiday.  Post 

8vo,  7s.  6d. 

TAYLOR’S  (Bayard)  Faust.  A Tragedy.  By 

Johann  Wolfgang  Von  Goethe.  Translated  in  the 
original  metres.  Two  Vols.,  post  8vo,  28s. 

Lars.  A Pastoral  of  Norway.  Small 

8vo,  3s.  6d. 

THOROLD’S  (Rev.  A.  W.)  The  Presence  of  Christ. 

Crown  8vo,  3s.  6d. 

Parochial  Missions.  Limp  cloth,  is. 

THOUGHTS  ON  RECENT  SCIENTIFIC  CON- 
CLUSIONS and  their  Relation  to  Religion.  Crown 
8vo,  5s. 

THRONE  OF  GRACE  (The).  By  the  Author  of 

“ The  Pathway  of  Promise.”  Cloth  antique,  2s.  6d. 


Book  List. 


29 


TOUCHES  OF  NATURE.  By  Eminent  Artists 

and  Authors.  Imperial  4to,  cloth  gilt  extra,  21s. 

TREASURY  OF  CHOICE  QUOTATIONS. 

Crown  8vo,  cloth  extra,  3s.  6d. 

TULLOCH’S  (Principal)  Beginning  Life.  A Book 

for  Young  Men.  Crown  8vo,  cloth  extra,  3s.  6d. 

TYTLER’S  (C.  C.  Fraser)  Jasmine  Leigh.  Crown 

8vo,  cloth  extra,  5s. 

Margaret.  Crown  8vo,  6s. 

TYTLER’S  (M.  Fraser)  Tales  of  Many  Lands. 

With  Illustrations.  Small  8vo,  cloth  gilt  extra,  3s.  6d. 

TYTLER’S  (Sarah)  The  Songstresses  of  Scotland. 

Two  Vols.,  post  8vo,  1 6s. 

The  Old  Masters  and  their  Pictures. 

Crown  8vo,  4s.  6d. 

Modern  Painters  and  their  Paintings. 

Crown  8vo,  4s.  6d. 

; Citoyenne  Jacqueline.  A Woman’s  Lot 

in  the  Great  French  Revolution.  Crown  8vo,  cloth  gilt 
extra,  5s. 


Days  of  Yore.  Crown  8vo,  cloth  gilt 

extra,  5s. 

Girlhood  and  Womanhood.  Crown  8vo, 

cloth  gilt  extra,  5s. 

^ — Papers  for  Thoughtful  Girls.  With  Illus- 

trations by  Millais.  Crown  8vo,  cloth  gilt  extra,  5s. 

Heroines  in  Obscurity.  A Second  Series 

of  “ Papers  for  Thoughtful  Girls.”  Crown  8vo,  cloth  gilt 
extra,  5s. 

The  Diamond  Rose.  A Life  of  Love 

and  Duty.  Crown  8vo,  cloth  gilt  extra,  5s. 


^ L-r^lcyL^ 

U^  lU>Vy 


30 


Daldy^  Isbister,  and  Co.^ s 


I 


tj»jb 


TYTLER’S  (Sarah)  The  Huguenot  Family  in  the 

English  Village.  With  Illustrations.  Crown  8vo,  6s. 

‘‘  Noblesse  Oblige.”  An  English  Story 

of  To-day.  Crown  8vo,  6s. 

Lady  Bell.  A Story  of  Last  Century. 

With  Illustrations.  Crown  8vo,  6s. 

UPHAM’S  (Professor)  Principles  of  the  Interior 

or  Hidden  Life.  Crown  8vo,  3s.  6d. 

VAUGHAN’S  (C.  J.,  D.D.)  Last  Words  in  the  Parish 

Church  of  Doncaster.  Crown  8vo,  3s.  6d. 

Earnest  Words  for  Earnest  Men.  Small 

8vo,  3s.  6d. 

Characteristics  of  Christ’s  Teaching. 

Small  8vo,  2s.  6d. 

Christ  the  Light  of  the  World.  Small 

8vo,  2s.  6d. 

Plain  Words  on  Christian  Living. 

Small  8vo,  2s.  6d. 

Voices  of  the  Prophets  on  Faith, 

Prayer,  and  Human  Life.  Small  8vo,  2S.  6d. 

Half-hours  in  the  Temple  Church. 

Small  8vo,  3s.  6d. 

Sundays  in  the  Temple.  Small  8vo, 

3s.  6d. 

Family  Prayers.  Crown  8vo,  3s.  6d. 

The  Presence  of  God  in  his  Temple. 

Small  8vo,  3s.  6d. 

VESEY’S  (Mrs,  F.  G.)  My  Own  People.  A Family 

Chronicle.  With  Illustrations.  Post  8vo,  cloth  extra,  5s. 

VINET’S  (Alexander)  Outlines  of  Philosophy. 
Edited  by  M.  Astie.  Post  8vo,  6s. 

Outlines  of  Theology. 

Edited  by  M.  Astie.  Post  8vo,  6s. 


li 


I 


Book  List, 


31 


WAKING’S  (A.  L.)  Hymns  and  Meditations.  Gloth 

antique,  2s.  6d.  Sewed,  is.  6d. 

WARREN’S  (John  Leicester)  Searching  the  Net. 

A Book  of  Verses.  Crown  8vo,  6s. 

Rehearsals  : A Book  of  Verses.  Crown 

8 VO,  6s. 

■  Philoctetes.  A Metrical  Drama  after 

the  Antique.  Crown  8vo,  4s.  6d. 

■  Orestes.  A Metrical  Drama  after  the 

Antique.  Crown  8vo,  4s.  6d. 

WATSON’S  (Forbes,  M.R.C.S.)  Flowers  and  Gar- 
dens. Notes  on  Plant  Beauty.  Crown  8vo,  5s. 

WHEELER’S  (J.  Talboys,  F.R.G.S.)  Historical  Geo- 
graphy of  the  Old  and  New  Testaments.  Folio,  7s.  6d. 

Analysis  and  Summary  of  Old  Testa- 

ment History  and  the  Laws  of  Moses.  Post  8vo,  5s.  6d. 

Analysis  and  Summary  of  New  Testa- 

ment History.  Post  8vo,  5s.  6d. 

Popular  Abridgment  of  Old  and  New 

Testament  History.  Two  Vols.,  i8mo,  2s.  each. 

WHITE  ROSE  AND  RED.  A Love  Story.  By 

the  Author  of  “ St.  Abe.”  Crown  8vo,  6s. 

WHITEHEAD’S  (Rev.  H.)  Sermons,  chiefly  on  Sub- 
jects from  the  Sunday  Lessons.  CroMm  8vo,  6s. 

WHITNEY’S  (Adeline  T.)  Pansies.  for 

Thoughts.”  Square  8vo,  2s.  6d. 

WILBERFORCE’S  (Bishop)  Heroes  of  Hebrew 

History.  Crown  8vo,  5s. 

WILDE’S  (Robert)  Poems.  Edited  by  the  Rev. 

John  Hunt.  Small  8vo,  3s.  6d. 

WILKINS’  (Professor  A.  S.)  National  Education 

in  Greece  in  the  Fourth  Century  before  Christ.  Post 
8vo,  5s. 


Qs'hJt 

<M-'^ 


..-f 


v^^-vaX)  '''“^  '^^''^i/Aii\j' 

vrg,5vvt)l 


•/r%) 


. Z4-  ^ , 

..^^lA’vk  ^JwViw  J ®'‘''’'“"-*^  vL-v  rL..,.  ?.'>  ’.  ^ ^h'f’ 

32  Daldy^  Isbister,  and  Co?s  Book  List, 

^.-c^ \7ifH  < ■ ■-■ 


WILKINSON’S  (Rev.  W.  F.)  Personal  Names  in  the 

Bible.  Small  8vo,  6s. 

WILLEMENT’S  (E.  E.)  Familiar  Things:  their 

History,  &c.  Small  8vo,  2S.  6d. 

WILLIAMS’  (Sarah)  Twilight  Hours.  A Legacy 
of  Verse.  With  a Memoir  by  E.  H.  Plumptre,  M.A. 
Enlarged  Edition.  Crown  8vo,  5s. 

WINDWAFTED  SEED.  Edited  by  Norman  Mac- 

^ leod,  D.D.,  and  Thomas  Guthrie,  D.D.  Crown  8vo, 

CM,.,  3s*  6d. 

WOOD’S  (Rev.  J.  G.)  Man  and  Beast,  Here  and 

Hereafter,  with  Illustrative  Anecdotes.  Two  vols.,  post 
8vo,  21S.  I 

WORBOISE’S  (E.  J.)  Sir  Julian’s  Wife.  Small  8vo,  5s. 

The  Wife’s  Trials.  Small  8vo,  3s.  6d. 

^ The  Life  of  Thomas  Arnold,  D.D. 


Small  8vo,  35. 

Campion  Court.  A Tale  of  the  Days 


of  the  Ejectment  Two 
8vo,  5s. 

The  Lillingstones 


Hundred  Years  Ago.  Crown 
of  Lilljngstone. 


its  Links. 


Crown  8vo,  5s. 

Evelyn’s  Story ; or  Labour  and  Wait. 


Crown  8vo,  5s. 

WORDSWORTH’S  Poems  for  the  Young.  With 

Illustrations.  Square  8vo,  cloth  gilt  extra,  3s.  6d. 

YORKE’S  (Onslow)  The  Story  of  the  International. 

Crown  8vo,  2s. 

YOUNG’S  (John,  LL.D.)  The  Christ  of  History. 

Enlarged  Edition.  Crown  8vo,  6s. 

The  Life  and  Light  of  Men.  Post  8vo,  ys.  6d. 

The  Creator  and  the  Creation,  how  related. 


Crown  8vo,  6s. 


^ CiUJ  i Ca-^  t 

/V  5 (K,  . 


V 


n 


a he  4 


PLEASE  DO  NOT  REMOVE 
CARDS  OR  SLIPS  FROM  THIS  POCKET 


j 


UNIVERSITY  OF  TORONTO  LIBRARY 


iffil  WANTED  IN  Snli 

G 

105 

B55 

1875 

C.l 

ROBA 


V.